• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.104-114
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• 2024

Sheet Music of the National Anthem of Korea with Lyrics in Korean, Chinese, and English is a four-sided sheet of paper folded in half. It was first introduced to Korea on November 12, 1945, by Kim Ku, the president of the Provisional Government. The sheet music was published in three languages and is a valuable document for researching the evolution of the anthem and its history. Although it was published in large quantities at the time, it is currently known as the only in Korea and has been designated and managed as a national registered heritage. The sheet music was not significantly damaged, but discoloration and physical damage suggested raised the need for conservation treatment. A pre-treatment examination of the conservation condition revealed that the artifact was received on archival film and had been folded in half for many years, leaving it vulnerable to tears at the top and bottom of the folds and partial wear and tear at the edges. In addition, the pigments used on both sides of the sheet had discolored and transferred to the opposite side. Portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was conducted to investigate the pigments used in the sheet music cover, specifically focusing on red, black, and light blue pigments. Titanium (Ti) was detected in the light blue pigment, characterized by a powdery coloring layer. The remaining colors in the printed form were difficult to sample and could not be analyzed further. The light blue sample underwent additional analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Raman spectroscopy. Cross-validation of the results with the artifact's historical context suggested that the bright blue color observed in the 1945 sheet music is likely due to the use of anatase white pigment, rather than rutile. Furthermore, the bright blue pigment is believed to be a blend of phthalocyanine blue, a synthetic pigment introduced in 1936. Fiber analysis revealed longitudinal striations in the hemp fibers and twists in the cotton fibers, suggesting that the paper was made from a mixture of cotton and hemp fibers. Based on the findings of the condition survey, the conservation treatment for the artifact focused on minimizing moisture to avoid stressing the paper and reinforcing the physically vulnerable areas. The reinforcement paper was dyed to match the base of the artifacts, pre-coated repair paper was used for conservation, and appropriate folders and boxes were made for storage after treatment. This study is expected to serve as an important foundational resource on the materials used in modern and contemporary records.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.431-438
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• 2008

Purpose: The common deformity after the correction of unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity is nasal asymmetry, and it is caused by the hypoplasia of the pyriform aperture. To correct this, many procedures have been applied, but still many problems are present. Authors performed the inlay and onlay insertion of porous high density polyethylene sheet(1 mm thickness $Medpor{(R)}$ sheet) in the hypoplastic pyriform margin of cleft side and obtained satisfactory results. Methods: 11 cases were performed and the mean follow up period was 15.1 months. Their mean age was 23.6 years. Under general anesthesia, bilateral pyriform margin was exposed. $Medpor{(R)}$ sheets in "match stick" like shaped were inlay inserted, and kidney shaped were onlay inserted fixating with two 6 mm titanium screws. After the surgery, the results was evaluated by photogrammetric analysis. On the basal view, the distance from the subalare and labiale superius' to the transverse baseline connecting the both cheilions was measured from the cleft side and the non-cleft side. Then, the postoperative symmetry was assessed by obtaining the cleft side against the non-cleft side as proportion index, defined as lateral and medial upper lip contour index. Results: There were 2 infections. The cause was because the inserted implant was too long and thus protruded to the base of nasal cavity. The lateral upper lip contour index was from 95.49 to 103.27, and medial upper lip contour index was from 90.92 to 100.49, it was statistically increased, and thus the symmetry was improved. However clinically mild depression remained at nostril floor. Conclusion: Authors performed porous high density polyethylene sheet inlay and onlay insertion for the hypoplasia of the pyriform margin in unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity. It was found that depressed pyriform margin and upper lip were corrected effectively except for the nostril floor, for which an additional soft tissue augmentation would be necessary. The inlay insertion has risk of protrusion, thus the guideline of the use of artificial prosthesis should be observed strictly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 1990

The formation of Ti-silicides with the type of substrate, the species and the concentration of dopant, and the annealing temperature was investigated with sheet resistance and thickness measurement, elemental depth profilling, and microstructure. It was directly affected by the type of substrate, the species and the concentration of dopant, and the annealing temperature. For the amorphous Si substrate, the smothness of $TiSi_2/Si$ interface was increased. Above concentr-ation of $1{\times}10^{16}ions/cm^2$, the rate of $TiSi_2/Si$ formation was decreased and the sheet resistance was increased. The initial profile of dopant according to the implantation energy was one of the factors influencing the out-diffusion of dopant. In $POCI_3$ process, this was less than in ion implantation process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.31A no.8
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• pp.80-90
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• 1994

The ultra shallow junction was formed by 2-step RTP. Phosphorus solid source(P$_{2}O_{5}$) was transfered on wafer surface during RTG(Rapid Thermal Glass Transfer) of which process condition was 80$0^{\circ}C$ and 60sec. The process temperature and time of the RTD(Rapid Thermal Diffusion) were 950~105$0^{\circ}C$ during 5~15sec respectively sheet resistances were measured as 175~320$\Omega$/m and junction depth and dopth and dopant surface concentration were measured as 0.075~0.18$\mu$m and 5${\times}10^{19}cm^{4}$ respectively. Ti-silicide was formed by 2-step RTA after 300$\AA$ Titanium was deposited. The 1st RTA (2nd RTA) was carried out at the temperature of $600^{\circ}C$(700~80$0^{\circ}C$) for 30 seconds (10~60 seconds) under N$_2$ ambient. Sheet resistances after 2nd RTA were measured as 46~63$\Omega$/D. Si/Ti component ratio was evaulated as 1.6~1.9 from Auger depth profile. Ti-Silicided n-p junction diode (pattern size : 400$\times$400$\mu$m) was fabricated under the RTD(the process was carried out at the temperature of 100$0^{\circ}C$ for 10seconds) and 2nd RTA(theprocess was carried out at the temperature of 750$^{\circ}C$ for 60 seconds). Leakage current was measured 1.8${\times}10^{7}A/mm^{2}$ at 5V reverse voltage. Whent the RTD process condition is at the temperature of 100$0^{\circ}C$ for 10seconds and the 2nd RTA process condition is at the temperature of 75$0^{\circ}C$ for 60 seconds leakage current was 29.15${\times}10^{9}A$(at 5V).

• Korean Journal of Dental Materials
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.243-256
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the anodization and cyclic calcification treatment on the surface characteristic and bioactivity of the titanium thin sheet in order to obtain basic data for the production of bioactive titanium membrane. A $30{\times}20{\times}0.08mm$ titanium sheets were prepared, and then they were pickled for 10 seconds in the solution which was mixed with $HNO_3:HF:H_2O$ in a ratio of 12: 7: 81. The $TiO_2$ nanotube layer was formed to increase the specific surface area of the titanium, and then the cyclic calcification treatment was performed to induce precipitation of hydroxiapatite by improvement of the bioactivity. The corrosion resistance test, wettability test and immersion test in simulated body solution were conducted to investigate the effect of these surface treatments. The nanotubes formed by the anodization treatment have a dense structure in which small diameter tubes are formed between relatively large diameter tubes, and their inside was hollow and the outer walls were coupled to each other. The hydroxyapatite precipitates were well combined on the nanotubes by the penetration into the nanotube layer by successive cyclic calcification treatment, and the precipitation of hydroxyapatite tended to increase proportionally after immersion in simulated body solution as the number of cycles increased. In conclusion, it was confirmed that induction of precipitation of hydroxyapatite by cyclic calcification treatment after forming the nanotube $TiO_2$ nanotube layer on the surface of the titanium membrane can contribute to improvement of bioactivity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.221-232
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• 2017

In this study, bipolar plates in fuel cells are formed using rubber forming process. The effects of important parameters in rubber forming such as hardness and thickness of rubber pad, speed and pressure of punch that compress blank, and physical property of materials on the channel depth were analyzed. In the soft material sheet Al1050, deeper channels are formed than in materials STS304 and Ti-G5. Formed channel depth was increased when hardness of rubber pad was lower, thickness of rubber pad was high, and speed and pressure of punch were high. It was found the deepest channel was achieved when forming process condition was set with punch speed and pressure at 30 mm/s and 55 MPa, respectively using rubber pad having hardness Shore A 20 and thickness 60 mm. The channel depths of bipolar plates formed with Al1050, STS304 and Ti-G5 under the above process condition were 0.453, 0.307, and 0.270 mm, respectively. There were no defects such as wrinkle, distortion, and crack found from formed bipolar plates.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.711-716
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• 2003

Gate length, height, and silicide thickness have all been shrinking linearly as device density has progressively increased over the years. We investigated the effect of the cobalt diffusion during the silicide formation process on the 60$\AA$-thick gate oxide lying underneath the Ti/Co and Co/Ti bilayers. We prepared four different cobalt silicides, which have similar sheet resistance, made from the film structure of Co/Ti(interlayer), and Ti(capping layer)/Co, and peformed the current-voltage, time-to-break down, and capacitance-voltage measurements. Our result revealed that the cobalt silicide process without the Ti capping layer allowed cobalt atoms to diffuse into the upper interface of gate oxides. We propose that 100$\AA$-thick titanium interlayer may lessen the diffusion of cobalt to gate oxides in 1500-$\AA$ height polysilicon gates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 1996

Flame propagation in a four-valve spark-ignition optical engine was visualized under lean-bum conditions with A/F=18 at 2000rpm. The early flame development in a four-valve pentroof-chamber single-cylinder engine was examined with imaging of the laser-induced Mie scattered light using an image-intensified CCD camera. Flame profiles along the line-of-sight were also visualized through a quartz piston window. Two-dimensional flame structures were visualized with a Proxitronic HF-1 fast motion camera system by Mie scattering from titanium dioxide particles along a planar laser sheet generated by a copper vapor laser. The flame propagation images were subsequently analysed with an image processing programme to obtain information about the flame structure under different tumble flow conditions generated by sleeved and non-sleeved intake ports. This allowed enhancement of the flame images and calculation of the enflamed area, and the displacement of its center, as a function of the tumble flow induced by the pentroof-chamber in the vicinity of spark plug. Image processing of the early flame development quantified the correlation between flame and flow characteristics near the spark plug at the time of ignition which has been known to be one of the most important factors in cyclic combustion variations in lean-burn engines. The results were also compared with direct flame images obtained from the natural flame luminosity of the lean mixture.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.609-614
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• 2017

The proposed stretchable transparent electrodes based on silver nanowires (AgNWs) were prepared on a polyurethane (PU) substrate. In order toavoid the surface roughness caused by the silver nanowires, a titanium oxide ($TiO_2$) buffer layer was addedby coating and heating the organometallic sol-gel solution. The fabricated stretchable electrodes showedan electrical sheet resistance of $24{\Omega}sq^{-1}$, 78% transmittance at 550 nm, and an average surface roughness below 5 nm. Furthermore, the AgNW-based electrode maintained its initial electrical resistance under 130% strain testing conditions, without the assistance of additional conductive polymer layers. In this paper, the critical role of the $TiO_2$ buffer layer between the AgNW network and the PU substrate has been discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 1995

Recently, because of the worse of the air pollution, the excessive airtught of building and the inferiority of air conditioning system, the development of high efficiency air purification technology was enlarged to the environmental improvement of an indoor or a harmful working condition. The air purification technology has used chemical filters or charcoal filters or charcoal to remove hazardouse gaseous pollutants (SO$_{x}$, NO$_{x}$, NH$_{3}$, etc.) by air pollutant control technology, but they have many problems of high pressure loss, short life, wide space possession, and treatment of secondary wastes. For these reason, the object of reasearch shall be hazardous gaseous pollutants removal by the surface discharge induced plasma chemical process that is A.C. discharge of multistreams applied A.C. voltage and frequency between plane induced eletrode and line discharge eletrode of tungsten, platinum or titanium with a high purified alumina sheet having a film-like plane. As a result, the control performance for hazardous gaseous pollutants showed very high efficiency in the normal temperature and pressure. Also, after comtact oxidation decomposition of harmful gaseous pollutants, the remainded ozone concentration was found much lower than that of ACGIH or air pollution criteria in Korea.rea.