• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.68-73
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• 2019

${\alpha}$-titanium alloy has a relatively low heat treatment characteristic and it is mainly subjected to heat treatment for residual stress, recovery or dynamic recrystallization. In this study, commercially pure titanium hollow castings was fabricated by gravity casting. Heat treatments were carried out at $750^{\circ}C$, $850^{\circ}C$ and $950^{\circ}C$ to investigate the effect of post-heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties. Beta-transus temperature ($T_{\beta}$) was about $913^{\circ}C$, and equiaxed microstructure was shown at temperature below $T_{\beta}$ and lath-type microstructure at temperature above $T_{\beta}$. Microstructure and mechanical properties did not show any significant difference in the direction of solidification for titanium hollow billet, so it can be seen that it was a well-made material for extrusion process. The optimum heat treatment condition of hollow billet castings for the seamless tube production was $850^{\circ}C$, 4 hr, FC, indicating a combination of equiaxed microstructure and appropriate mechanical properties.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.78-87
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• 2022

PURPOSE. This study aimed to compare the effect of different surface treatments and luting agent types on the shear bond strength of two ceramics to commercially pure titanium (Cp Ti). MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 160 Cp Ti specimens were divided into 4 subgroups (n = 40) according to surface treatments received (control, 50 ㎛ airborne-particle abrasion, 110 ㎛ airborne-particle abrasion, and tribochemical coating). The cementation surfaces of titanium and all-ceramic specimens were treated with a universal primer. Two cubic all-ceramic discs (lithium disilicate ceramic (LDC) and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (ZLC)) were cemented to titanium using two types of resin-based luting agents: self-cure and dual-cure (n = 10). After cementation, all specimens were subjected to 5000 cycles of thermal aging. A shear bond strength (SBS) test was conducted, and the failure mode was determined using a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA, and the Tukey-HSD test was used for post hoc comparisons (P < .05). RESULTS. Significant differences were found among the groups based on surface treatment, resin-based luting agent, and ceramic type (P < .05). Among the surface treatments, 50 ㎛ air-abrasion showed the highest SBS, while the control group showed the lowest. SBS was higher for dual-cure resin-based luting agent than self-cure luting agent. ZLC showed better SBS values than LDC. CONCLUSION. The cementation of ZLC with dual-cure resin-based luting agent showed better bonding effectiveness to commercially pure titanium treated with 50 ㎛ airborne-particle abrasion.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.737-746
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• 2018

Objective : The purpose of this study was to compare the cosmetic outcome and complications after cranioplasty (CP) due to three different implant materials, and analyze the mean implant survival and cumulative survival rate based on these results. Methods : We reviewed 108 patients retrospectively who underwent CP between January 2014 and November 2016. Autologous bone (AB; 45 patients) and synthetic materials with porous polyethylene (PP; 32 patients) and custom-made 3-dimensional printed titanium mesh (CT; 31 patients) were used as implants. Results : Regardless of implanted materials, more than 89.8% of the CP patients were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome. No statistically significant difference was observed among the three groups. The overall postoperative complication rates of each group were 31.1% in the AB group, 15.6% in the PP group and 3.2% in the CT group. The CT group showed lower complication rates compared with AB and PP groups (${\chi}^2$-test : AB vs. PP, p=0.34; AB vs. CT, p=0.00; PP vs. CT, p=0.03). The AB and PP groups demonstrated a higher post-CP infection rate (11.1% and 6.3%) than the CT group (3.2%). However, no significant difference in the incidence of post-CP infection was observed among the three groups. The PP and CT groups demonstrated a higher mean implant survival time and cumulative survival rate than the AB group at the last follow-up (p<0.05). Conclusion : In comparison with AB and PP, cranioplasty with CT shows benefits in terms of lower post-CP complication, less intraoperative bleeding loss, shorter operation time and in-hospital stay. The PP and CT groups showed higher implant survival time and cumulative survival rate compared with the AB group.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.47.1-47.9
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to use a laboratory model to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental bleaching agent. Materials and Methods: The model used human extracted molars that were treated and measured for bleaching efficacy. Teeth (n = 50) were distributed into 5 groups: Negative control (NC): immersion in water for 8 hours; Nanofibers (NFs): Experimental titanium dioxide nanofibers with stirring and light activation for 8 hours; Whitestrips (WS): Crest 3D White Glamorous White Whitestrips, 2 applications daily for 30 minutes, 14 days; 1% hydrogen peroxide (HP) standard: 1% hydrogen peroxide for 8 hours; and 30% HP standard: 30% hydrogen peroxide for 8 hours. Instrumental measurements were performed using a spectrophotometer. Results were recorded at baseline, 1-day post-bleaching, and 1-week post-bleaching. Kruskal-Wallis procedure was used to determine differences in color change. Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between visual and instrumental measurements. Tests of hypotheses were 2-sided with alpha = 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference in color parameters (L1, a1, b1, and shade guide units [SGU]) at baseline (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference among the groups for overall color change (ΔE^*ab) and change in shade guide units (ΔSGU) at 1-day and 1-week post-bleaching (p < 0.05). The higher the HP concentration, the higher the color change as expressed in ΔSGU and ΔE^*ab. The negative control exceeded the perceptibility threshold of ΔE^* = 1.2 regardless of time point. NFs showed a decrease in chroma, but were not statistically different compared to the negative control. Conclusions: The laboratory model was successful in screening an experimental bleaching agent.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.55-60
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• 2017

The supercritical $CO_2$ (sc-$CO_2$) mixture and the sc-$CO_2$-based Photoresist(PR) stripping(SCPS) process were applied to the removal of the post etch/ash PR residue on aluminum patterned wafers and the results were observed by scanning of electron microscope(SEM). In the case of MDII wafers, the carbonized PR was able to be effectively removed without pre-stripping by oxygen plasma ashing by using sc-$CO_2$ mixture containing the optimum formulated additives at the proper pressure and temperature, and the same result was also able to be obtained in the case of HDII wafer. It was found that the efficiency of SCPS of ion implanted wafer improved as the temperature of SCPS was high, so a very large amount of MEA in the sc-$CO_2$ mixture could be reduced if the temperature could be increased at condition that a process permits, and the ion implanted photoresist(IIP) on the wafer was able to be removed completely without pre-treatment of plasma ashing by using the only 1 step SCPS process. By using SCPS process, PR polymers formed on sidewalls of metal conductive layers such as aluminum films, titanium and titanium nitride films by dry etching and ashing processes were removed effectively with the minimization of the corrosion of the metal conductive layers.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.372-376
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• 1998

Using calcium-phosphate-powder targets with the Ca/P ratios of 1.0-1.67, hydroxyapatite ($Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$, HAp) thin films with 4-7㎛ thickness were prepared on titanium metal plates by r.f. magnetron sputtering, followed an annealing at $200^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr under a high water vapor pressure using an autoclave. All the specimens were systematically characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and EDS analyses. The post-annealed films were confirmed to be a nonstoichiometric oxyhydroxyapatite by XRD and FT-IR measurements.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.331-339
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• 2007

Titanium or titanium alloy is a widely used implant material according to its certified biocompatibility, sufficient strength and ready availability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative biocompatibility of titanium and titanium alloy specimens (Ti-29Nb-13Ta, TiNb and Ti-6Al-4V, Ti64) using in vivo and in vitro methods. For in vivo experiment, the specimens were implanted in the abdominal subcutaneous region of female mice for 2 and 4 weeks. The reaction of connective tissue to specimens was evaluated histologically. The specimens were encapsulated by fibrous connective tissue consisting of fibroblast, fibrocyte and other cells including neutrophil, macrophage, giant multinucleated cell and unidentified cells. Some newly formed blood vessels were located in the fibrous capsule surrounding the implant. Cell types and the thickness of fibrous capsules were examined quantitatively. Most of cell types located in the fibrous capsule were fibroblasts and fibrocytes. The average thickness of fibrous capsules for the TiNb specimens was much thinner than that of the titanium alloy, Ti64. The thickness of the fibrous capsule around all titanium specimens decreased at 4 weeks compared to 2 weeks post-implantation. The biocompatibility of titanium and titanium alloy specimens were also investigated in in vitro method using alkaline phosphatase from MG-63 cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity of the TiNb specimen showed higher activity than the titanium alloy, Ti64. In conclusion, the TiNb alloy with thin capsule thickness in vivo and high alkaline phosphatase activity in vitro will be of considerable use in biomedical applications.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.184-188
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• 2013

Post-traumatic enophthalmos is a relatively common problem following orbitozygomatic fractures. Bony-volume expansion and soft tissue atrophy are considered the main etiological causes of this condition. Enophthalmos is corrected mostly through reducing the enlarged orbit volume. Autogenous graft and various alloplastic materials are used for this purpose. Porous polyethylene is highly biocompatible, durable, and remarkably stable. Also, the titanium plate embedded in a porous polyethylene sheet provides radiographic visibility and increased sheet strength and contour retention. We present experiences of titanium reinforced porous polyethylene for correction of the traumatic enophthalmos with literature review.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2014

Purpose: Vertical root fracture (VRF) is a common complication in endodontically treated teeth. Considering the poor prognosis of VRF, a reliable and valid detection method is necessary. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been reported to be a reliable tool for the detection of VRF; however, the presence of metallic intracanal posts can decrease the diagnostic values of CBCT systems. This study evaluated and compared the effects of intracanal stainless steel or titanium posts on the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of VRF detection using a NewTom VG CBCT system. Materials and Methods: Eighty extracted single-rooted teeth were selected and sectioned at the cemento-enamel junction. The roots were divided into two groups of 40. Root fracture was induced in the test group by using an Instron machine, while the control group was kept intact. Roots were randomly embedded in acrylic blocks and radiographed with the NewTom VG, both with titanium and stainless steel posts and also without posts. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values were calculated as compared to the gold standard. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of VRF diagnosis were significantly lower in teeth with stainless steel and titanium posts than in those without posts. Interobserver agreement was the highest in teeth without posts, followed by stainless steel posts, and then titanium posts. Conclusion: Intracanal posts significantly decreased the VRF diagnostic values of CBCT. The stainless steel posts decreased the diagnostic values more than the titanium posts.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2024

Purpose: This study compared sequential changes in skeletal stability and the pharyngeal airway following mandibular setback surgery involving fixation with either a titanium or a bioabsorbable plate and screws. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight patients with mandibular prognathism undergoing bilateral sagittal split osteotomy by titanium or bioabsorbable fixation were randomly selected in this study. Lateral cephalometric analysis was conducted preoperatively and at 1 week, 3-6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Mandibular stability was assessed by examining horizontal (BX), vertical (BY), and angular measurements including the sella-nasion to point B angle and the mandibular plane angle (MPA). Pharyngeal airway changes were evaluated by analyzing the nasopharynx, uvula-pharynx, tongue-pharynx, and epiglottis-pharynx (EOP) distances. Mandibular and pharyngeal airway changes were examined sequentially. To evaluate postoperative changes within groups, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was employed, while the Mann-Whitney U test was used for between-group comparisons. Immediate postoperative changes in the airway were correlated to surgical movements using the Spearman rank test. Results: Significant changes in the MPA were observed in both the titanium and bioabsorbable groups at 3-6 months post-surgery, with significance persisting in the bioabsorbable group at 1 year postoperatively (2.29°±2.28°; P<0.05). The bioabsorbable group also exhibited significant EOP changes (-1.21±1.54 mm; P<0.05) at 3-6 months, which gradually returned to non-significant levels by 1 year postoperatively. Conclusion: Osteofixation using bioabsorbable plates and screws is comparable to that achieved with titanium in long-term skeletal stability and maintaining pharyngeal airway dimensions. However, a tendency for relapse exists, especially regarding the MPA.