• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.11
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• pp.39.1-39.12
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• 2016

Background: The current study investigates the anti-stress effects of clove (Eugenia caryophyllus) extracts (0, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) on serum antioxidant biomarkers, immune response, immunological organ growth index, and expression levels of acute phase proteins (APPs); ovotransferrin (OVT), ceruloplasmin (CP), ceruloplasmin (AGP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum amyloid-A (SAA) mRNA in the immunological organs of 63-d-old male black-meated Silkie fowls subjected to 21 d chronic heat stress at $35{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. Results: The results demonstrated that clove extract supplementation in the diet of Silkie fowls subjected to elevated temperature (ET) improve growth performance, immune responses, and suppressed the activities of glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD); reduced serum malonaldehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations when compared with fowls raised under thermoneutral condition (TC). Upon chronic heat stress and supplementation of clove extracts, the Silkie fowls showed a linear increase in GSH-Px, SOD, CAT, and TXNRD activities (P = 0.01) compared with fowls fed diets without clove extract. ET decreased (P < 0.05) the growth index of the liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus. However, the growth index of the liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus increased significantly (P < 0.05) which corresponded to an increase in clove supplemented levels. The expression of OVT, CP, AGP, CRP, and SAA mRNA in the liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus were elevated (P < 0.01) by ET compared with those maintained at TC. Nevertheless, clove mitigates heat stress-induced overexpression of OVT, CP, AGP, CRP and SAA mRNA in the immune organs of fowls fed 400 mg clove/kg compared to other groups. Conclusions: The results showed that clove extracts supplementation decreased oxidative stress in the heat-stressed black-meated fowls by alleviating negative effects of heat stress via improvement in growth performance, antioxidant defense mechanisms, immunity, and regulate the expression of acute phase genes in the liver and immunological organs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.223-223
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• 1996

Effects of Panax ginseng were tested on morphine-and steroids-induced immunosuppression, focusing on mechanism and identification of active components. To investigate overall effects of morphine and ginseng total saponin (GTS) on immune system, body weight and lymphoid organ weight were measured. Morphine significantly reduced body weight, spleen/body weight, and thymus/body weight ratio. GTS, at 100mg/kg (oral), restored spleen/body weight ratio. Because morphine is known to increase corticosterone level, serum corticosterone level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum corticosterone was increased by morphine and it was restored to the control level by GTS 100mg/kg (oral). In vitro proliferation studies were also conducted to study the effects of ginseng on steroids-induced immunosuppression. While ginsenoside Rg$_1$ and ginseng alkaloids were effective on proliferation and dexamethasone-induced death of thymocytes, 50% ginseng ethanol extract and polysaccharides were effective on splenocytes. In vivo mprohine-induced apoptosis of thymus was partly protected by GTS.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.3 no.3_4
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• pp.29-37
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• 1988

Experiments were performed on mice to investigate the effect of panax ginseng extracts on the immunotoxicity of ethanol. Immune response were evaluated by antibody production, Arthus reaction, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), Rosette froming cell (RFC) and macrophage activity in mice, sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells. The weight of liver, spleen and thymus were measured. Following results obtained in this experiment. The exposure of ethanol decreased humoral and cellular immune response, the body weight and macrophage activity. Ginseng extracts such as ethanol extract, petroleum ether extract and n-butanol fraction were significantly increased the body weight. The administration of ginseng ethanol extract and ginseng petroleum ether extract were restored or increased humoral and cellular immune response. Macrophage activity was decreased by ethanol, but restored by the ginseng extracts.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.252-257
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• 2018

It is noted that Dioscorea quinqueloba is a medicinal herb that is widely used to treat cardiovascular disease and is assessed as useful to treat other various medical conditions. The immunopotentiating effects of the protein extract (DQP-1) from Dioscorea quinqueloba were thus formally investigated in vivo under incident of cold stress. In this case study, the spleen and thymus weight in mice was shown to have decreased after a measured exposure to cold stress, while the adrenal gland weight in the mice was shown to have increased. The systematic oral administration of DQP-1 significantly recovered the weight loss of the spleen and suppressed the adrenal gland hypertrophy during the association with cold stress. Additionally, the DQP-1 also restored the ascorbic acid level in the adrenal gland reduced after cold stress. The cold stress exposure lowered the percentage of $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ cells in the mouse thymus as determined by the flow cytometric analysis, as well as the levels of some serum immunological cytokines(interleukin-2, interleukin-12, and interferon-${\gamma}$) in the studied mice. The resulting identified weakened immunity caused by cold stress was also recovered by a treatment with DQP-1. The DQP-1 significantly suppressed the formation of serum enzymes of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, which were systematically elevated during the cold stress episode. These results indicate that DQP-1 can improve immunity in mice that are characteristically weakened under stress.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.714-719
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• 2002

To examine effects of Whadamcheongwha-tang(WDCWT) extract, the mice investigated the gastrin and histamine secreting cells of the stomach by immunohistochemical method, and the lymphocytes of the spleen and thymus by flow cytometry after the oral administration of WDCWT extract(0.2ml/day) and omeprazole (1mg/day) for 7, 14 and 21 days. The result are as follows; 1. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 7 days, in result, gastrin secreting cells were unchanged. When omeprazole was administrated for 7 and 14 days, gastrin secreting cells were slightly increased than that of normal control group. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 21 days, in result, gastrin secreting cells were significantly increased 1.9 times than that of normal control group. When omeprazole was administrated for 21 days, gastrin secreting cells were increased 1.96 times than that of normal control group. 2. When WDCWT extract and omeprazole were administrated for 7 days, in result, histamine secreting cells were unchanged. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 21 days, in result, histamine secreting cells were significantly increased 1.9 times more than that of normal control group. When omeprazole was administrated for 21 days, in result, histamine secreting cells were increased 2.1 times compared with normal control group. 3. When WDCWT extract administrated for 7, 14 and 21 days, in result, splenic Band T lymphocytes, especially T/sub H/ lymphocytes were significantly increased compared with normal control group, and thymic T/sub H/ lymphocytes were also increased in WDCWT administrated group for 14 days. The results suggest that WDCWT extract inhibit a gastric acid secretion in mice stomach, and is useful in the treatment of the hyperacidity and gastric ulcer.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.579-589
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• 2014

Atopic dermatitis (AD) syndrome is one of the most common and severe skin diseases in Korea; a large population has this disease. We examined the effects of the extract from the leaf and sprig of Camellia sinensis on the development of AD by using NC mice as a model of atopic dermatitis. Oral administration of the extract to NC/Nga mice treated with 2,4?dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) inhibited the development of AD-like skin lesions as shown by a significant decrease in the skin symptoms of the disease and a decrease in ear thickness and levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and thymus-and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) level in the skin. Administration of the extract markedly suppressed the DNCB-induced mRNA expression of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$). The findings suggest that transdermal application of the extract may modulate in the skin of NC/Nga mice. The extract was effective for the prevention and treatment of AD.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.667-673
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Kamisamchulsamja-tang (KSST) water extract on the antitumor activity. The results were summarized as follows: KSST extract exhibited a weak cytotoxicity against HT1080, A549, SK-OV-3, B16-F10 and SK-MEL-2 cells. KSST extract showed a inhibitoty effect on DNA topoisomerase I from calf thymus in a dose-dependent manner. Also, KSST extract showed antiadhesive effect on HT1080 cells but didn't showed on A549 cells to complex extracellular matrix. In pumonary colonization assay, a number of colonies in the lungs were decreased significantly in KSST treated group as compared with control group. In vitro neovascularization assays, angiogenesis was significantly inhibited in KSST treated group than control group. In CAM assay, KSST extract inhibited angiogenesis significantly at 15㎍/egg concentration as compared with control. From the above results it was concluded that KSST showed antitumor effect through the antimetastatic effect. So it is expected to be clinically helpful on the prevention of metastasis of cancer.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.6 no.1_2
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• pp.39-57
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• 1991

The effect of red ginseng ethanol extract on the immunotoxicity of diethylstilbestrol (DES) was studied in ICR mice. ICR male mice were divided into S groups (10 mice/group), and red ginseng ethanol extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body wt., respectively) and DES (1 mg/kg body wt.) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) to ICR mice once a day for 2 weeks. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (S-RBC). Immune response were evaluated by humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, non-specific immunity, and circulating leukocyte counts. The results of this study were summarized as followings: 1. The DES-treated control group as compared with normal group showed the tendency to decrease body weight rate and relative liver weight, decreased both humoral and cellular immune responses, phagocyte activity, and circulating leukocyte counts, but increased the natural killer (NK) cell activity. 2. Compared with the DES-treated control group, DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract-treated groups significantly decreased the body weight rate (P<0.01). Relative liver weight was significantly decreased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (50mg/kg)-treated group (P<0.01), but significantly increased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (100mg/kg)-treated group (P<0.01). Relative spleen and thymus weights were significantly enhanced in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (100 mg/kg)-treated group (P<0.01), but significantly decreased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (200 mg/kg)-treated group (P<0.01). 3. Both humoral and cellular immune responses were significantly decreased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract-treated groups rather than in the DES-treated control group (P<0.01). Especially, it weakened the decrease in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (100 mg/kg)-treated group. 4. Phagocyte activity and circulating leukocyte counts were significantly decreased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract-treated groups rather than in the DES-treated control group (P<0.01). Especially, it weakened the decrease in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (100 mg/kg)-treated group. NK cell activity was significantly enhanced in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (100 mg/kg)-treated group (P<0.01), but significantly decreased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (50 and 200 mg/kg)-treated groups (P<0.01).

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.256-261
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• 2007

Apoptosis is a step of the cell cycle which is important in the regulation of immune cell populations. Chungkookjang is a Korean traditional fermented soybean containing microorganisms, enzymes, and bioactive compounds which was used in the treatment of mouse spleen as well as thymus cells (CH1-fermented soybean containing barley, wormwood, and sea tangle; CH2-fermented soybean) and was found to exhibit substantially reduced small DNA fragmentation. An MTT assay showed that the treatment of CH1 and CH2 into the mouse splenocytes and thymocytes sharply increased their survival. Moreover, a FACS analysis also showed that CH1 and CH2 are effective at suppressing the apoptosis of splenocytes and thymocytes. The fermented soybean isoflavone concentrations, which are implicated in lowering breast and prostate cancers, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and improving bone health, were determined using Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrochemical Detection (CE-ED). The amount of Daidzein in fermented soybean significantly increased by 44-fold dramatically, compared with those in unfermented soybean. In this study, we demonstrated that ethanol extracts of Chungkookjang promote the survival of the mouse spleen and thymus cells in culture by suppressing their apoptotic death. Future studies should investigate which genes are related to apoptosis of the immune cells.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2003

The present investigation was undertaken to study whether tumor-associated macrophages of Daltons lymphoma (DL), a spontaneous transplantable T cell lymphoma can be activated to tumoricidal state by alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (ALTC). In vivo administration of ALTC (200 mg/kg body weight) in DL-bearing mice resulted in an enhanced RNI production and an augmented cytotoxic response of tumor-associated macrophages. Earlier we had reported that DL-bearing mice show a regression of thymus and an enlargement of spleen. In vivo administration of ALTC to DL-bearing hosts resulted in a decrease in the weight of spleen and counts of splenocytes along with an increase in the weight of thymus as compared to control DL-bearing mice. In vivo administration of ALTC in DL-bearing mice also resulted in an increase in the proliferation of splenocytes/thymocytes and BMC. The results of this study indicate that the ALTC upon in vivo administration in DL-bearing shows immuno-modulatory effects and thus may have clinical significance.