• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.635-642
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to determine apparent ileal and fecal digestibilities of some grains for young pigs (15.6 kg BW). Ileal and fecal digestibility of corn, milo, wheat, barley, rice and tapioca were measured with pigs fitted with simple ileal T-cannula. Rice was the highest (p < 0.05) and tapioca was the lowest (p < 0.05) in the digestibilities of gross energy. For the crude protein digestibilities, rice, barley and wheat were higher (p < 0.05) than corn, milo and tapioca. The average ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids (AAs) were 89.9, 85.8, 81.5, 80.9, 80.2 and 76.3% for those fed rice, barley, milo, wheat, corn and tapioca diets, respectively. Regardless of the dietary carbohydrate sources, among the dispensable amino acids, glycine had lowest digestibility except for barley and milo. The apparent ileal digestibility of lysine and methionine were 90.7, 94.0% in rice, 88.3, 86.5% in barley and 86.3, 82.3% in wheat. The apparent fecal digestibility of average essential AAs were 90.8, 89.9, 87.7, 85.1, 82.5 and 77.9% in pigs fed the rice, barley, wheat, corn, milo and tapioca diets, respectively. The fecal digestibilities of essential AAs and nonessential AAs, in general, were higher than the ileal digestibilities, which indicating a loss of nitrogenous components in the cecum and colon. For all AAs, differences between ileal and fecal amino acid digestibilities ranged from 0.0 (valine) to 5.8 (threonine) in rice, 0.1 (arginine) to 14.5 (glycine) in barley, 2.8 (lysine) to 12.4 (glycine) in wheat, 1.0 (isoleucine) to 12.9 (glycine) in corn, 0.2 (serine, glutamic acid) to 6.5 (methionine) in milo and 0.5 (valine) to 22.1 (glycine) percentage units in tapioca diets. In conclusion, whether it is ileal or fecal, rice and barley appeared to be excellent alternative carbohydrate sources for young pigs in terms of AAs digestibility. However, energy value and cost for each grain should be considered when formulating diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.873-882
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• 2008

Eight ileally cannulated pigs (BW $35.9{\pm}0.9kg$) were randomly allotted according to a $4{\times}3$ Latin square design to determine the effects of cellulose, pectin and starch on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) as well as on the bacterial AA contribution in feces. The pigs were fed the control diet (20.2% CP, % dry matter (DM)) or one of the three experimental diets in which 25% of the control diet was substituted by cellulose, starch or pectin. Due to this substitution, dietary CP levels were lower in the cellulose (15.5% CP, % DM), pectin (15.4% CP, % DM) and starch diet (15.2% CP, % DM). Following a 15-d adaptation period, feces were collected for 5 d and ileal digesta for a total of 24 h. Starch increased SID of CP, while cellulose and pectin had no significant effect on the digestibility of CP. Overall, starch supplementation resulted in higher (p<0.05) SID values of histidine, isoleucine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine and serine compared with cellulose, while pectin decreased (p<0.05) SID of valine and proline compared with the starch and control diet. Both cellulose and pectin reduced (p<0.05) the ATTD of CP and AA, while starch decreased (p<0.05) ATTD of phenylalanine, alanine, proline and serine compared with the control. With regard to bacterial AA composition of the fecal mixed bacterial mass (MBM), cellulose supplementation increased (p<0.05) its content of N and almost all AA, except for valine, while pectin caused higher contents of arginine, histidine and proline compared with the control (p<0.05). The bacterial contribution of arginine in feces was higher (p<0.05) in the cellulose treatment, while pectin reduced (p<0.05) the bacterial contribution of leucine, alanine, glutamic acid and proline in feces compared with the control. In conclusion, the effects of cellulose, starch and pectin on SID were rather small. Bacterial activity in the large intestine can only explain the reduced ATTD values for arginine in the cellulose treatment, but not for the other AA in the cellulose and pectin treatments, suggesting higher endogenous losses of these AA in the large intestine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2016

Milk-related traits (milk yield, fat and protein) have been crucial to selection of Holstein. It is essential to find the current selection trends of Holstein. Despite this, uncovering the current trends of selection have been ignored in previous studies. We suggest a new formula to detect the current selection trends based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). This suggestion is based on the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) and the Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection both of which are trait-dependent. Fisher's theorem links the additive genetic variance to the selection coefficient. For Holstein milk production traits, we estimated the additive genetic variance using SNP effect from BLUP and selection coefficients based on genetic variance to search highly selective SNPs. Through these processes, we identified significantly selective SNPs. The number of genes containing highly selective SNPs with p-value <0.01 (nearly top 1% SNPs) in all traits and p-value <0.001 (nearly top 0.1%) in any traits was 14. They are phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B), serine/threonine kinase 40 (STK40), collagen, type XI, alpha 1 (COL11A1), ephrin-A1 (EFNA1), netrin 4 (NTN4), neuron specific gene family member 1 (NSG1), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), neurexin 3 (NRXN3), spectrin, beta, non-erythrocytic 1 (SPTBN1), ADP-ribosylation factor interacting protein 1 (ARFIP1), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), transmembrane channel-like 7 (TMC7), carboxypeptidase X, member 2 (CPXM2) and ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 (ADAM12). These genes may be important for future artificial selection trends. Also, we found that the SNP effect predicted from BLUP was the key factor to determine the expected current selection coefficient of SNP. Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of SNP markers in current generation, the selection coefficient is equivalent to $2^*SNP$ effect.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.328-337
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between the KAP11.1 and the regulation wool fineness. Methods: In previous work, we constructed a skin cDNA library and isolated a full-length cDNA clone termed KAP11.1. On this basis, we conducted a series of bioinformatics analysis. Tissue distribution of KAP11.1 mRNA was performed using semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The expression of KAP11.1 mRNA in primary and secondary hair follicles was performed using real-time PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) analysis. The expression location of KAP11.1 mRNA in primary and secondary hair follicles was performed using in situ hybridization. Results: Bioinformatics analysis showed that KAP11.1 gene encodes a putative 158 amino acid protein that exhibited a high content of cysteine, serine, threonine, and valine and has a pubertal mammary gland) structural domain. Secondary structure prediction revealed a high proportion of random coils (76.73%). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that KAP11.1 gene was expressed in heart, skin, and liver, but not expressed in spleen, lung and kidney. Real time PCR results showed that the expression of KAP11.1 has a higher expression in catagen than in anagen in the primary hair follicles. However, in the secondary hair follicles, KAP11.1 has a significantly higher expression in anagen than in catagen. Moreover, KAP11.1 gene has a strong expression in inner root sheath, hair matrix, and a lower expression in hair bulb. Conclusion: We conclude that KAP11.1 gene may play an important role in regulating the fiber diameter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1724-1732
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) in 15 sources of soybean meal (SBM) produced from soybeans from different countries and subsequently to establish equations for predicting the AID and SID in SBM based on their chemical composition. Methods: Eighteen barrows ($57.9{\pm}6.1kg$) fitted with a simple T-cannula were allotted into three $6{\times}6$ Latin square designs. Each period comprised a 6-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The 15 test diets included SBM as a sole source of AA in the diet. Another nitrogen-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an inert marker in each diet. Results: The AID of lysine in SBM from China and USA tended to be greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.10). The SID of valine and proline in SBM from China was greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.05). The SID of lysine, threonine, cysteine and glycine in SBM from China tended to be greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.10). From a stepwise regression analysis, a series of AID and SID prediction equations were generated. The best fit equations for lysine in SBM were: AID lysine = 1.16 sucrose-1.81 raffinose+82.10 ($R^2=0.69$, p<0.01) and SID lysine = 1.14 sucrose-1.93 raffinose-0.99 ether extract (EE)+85.26 ($R^2=0.77$, p<0.01). Conclusion: It was concluded that under the conditions of this experiment, the oligosaccharides (such as sucrose and raffinose) can be used to predict the AID and SID of AA in SBM with reasonable accuracy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1633-1642
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• 2017

Objective: Evaluation of exercise effects in racehorses is important in horseracing industry and animal health care. In this study, we compared metabolic patterns between before and after exercise to screen metabolic biomarkers for exercise effects in thoroughbreds. Methods: The concentration of metabolites in muscle, plasma, and urine was measured by $^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis and the relative metabolite levels in the three samples were compared between before and after exercise. Subsequently, multivariate data analysis based on the metabolic profiles was performed using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and variable important plots and t-test was used for basic statistical analysis. Results: From $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy analysis, 35, 25, and 34 metabolites were detected in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Aspartate, betaine, choline, cysteine, ethanol, and threonine were increased over 2-fold in the muscle; propionate and trimethylamine were increased over 2-fold in the plasma; and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were increased over 2-fold whereas acetoacetate, arginine, citrulline, creatine, glutamine, glutarate, hippurate, lysine, methionine, phenylacetylglycine, taurine, trigonelline, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine N-oxide were decreased below 0.5-fold in the urine. The OPLS-DA showed clear separation of the metabolic patterns before and after exercise in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Statistical analysis showed that after exercise, acetoacetate, arginine, glutamine, hippurate, phenylacetylglycine trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and trigonelline were significantly decreased and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were significantly increased in the urine (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, we analyzed integrated metabolic patterns in the muscle, plasma, and urine before and after exercise in racehorses. We found changed patterns of metabolites in the muscle, plasma, and urine of racehorses before and after exercise.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.523-532
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{R}$) supplementation in combination with enzyme complex (composed of enzymes targeted to SBM dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{R}$) to diet with low nutrient levels on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total of 210 crossbred weaned pigs (Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc), 6.68$\pm$0.98 kg of initial body weight, were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments, based on weight and age, according to a randomized complete block design. There were three pens per treatment and 14 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were 1) CON (Control diet with no phytase and enzyme complex (EC)), 2) LP+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower available phosphorus (aP) level+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 3) LP+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP level+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex, 4) LPEA+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels (lysine, methionine, threonine and typtophan)+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 5) LPEA+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/ kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex). For the determination of ileal nutrients digestibility, a total of 15 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; 7.52$\pm$1.24 kg; 3 replicates per treatment) were used in the present study. Piglets were weighted and allotted into same dietary treatments as one in growth trial and phase I experimental diets were provided for ileal digestibility study. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among dietary treatments during the whole experimental period (0 to 5 weeks). However, piglets in LP+EC 100 group had a significantly higher gain/feed ratio (G:F) than piglets had in control (p<0.05). Crude protein, energy and phosphorus digestibilities were significantly improved when both of phytase and enzyme complex were supplemented at the revel of 0.1%, respectively to diets with low nutrient level (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) (p<0.05). Piglets in LP+EC 100 and LPEA+EC 100 groups showed significantly higher phosphorus content (%) in bone than that of piglets in control group (p<0.05). Supplementation of both of phytase and enzyme complex at 0.1%, respectively, to diet with low nutrient levels (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) significantly improved total ileal essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid digestibilities compared to control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest that the simultaneous inclusion of phytase and enzyme complex to diets at recommended level is advantageous with respect to improving growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs and may contribute to increased economic return when added to corn-soy based weaned pig diets.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2020

본 연구는 건조버섯 분말을 이용하여 다양한 가공제품에 혼합 가공하기 위하여 국내에서 소비도 및 인지도가 높은 식용버섯인 느타리, 큰느타리, 노루궁뎅이를 대상으로 로스팅 처리 후 건조분말 버섯시료의 생리활성과 영양성분의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 실험을 수행하였다. 가정용 멀티오븐(HR)을 이용하여 로스팅 시간별로 생리활성 성분의 변화를 분석한 결과 생버섯(fresh) 시료에 비하여 소거활성과 함량치가 낮아지거나 비슷였으나, 회전드럼식 로스팅(CR) 처리 후 아질산염 소거능은 큰느타리와 노루궁뎅이의 로스팅 시료에서 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 총 폴리페놀 함량은 노루궁뎅이 로스팅 시료가 생버섯(fresh) 시료에 비하여 크게 증가하였다. 가정용 멀티 오븐 60분 로스팅 처리(HR60) 및 회전드럼식 로스팅 처리(CR) 후 각 건조시료의 아미노산 성분 분석한 결과, 느타리의 경우 회전드럼식 로스팅 처리로 인하여 감칠맛을 내는 성분과 단맛을 내는 성분이 증가하였고, 반대로 쓴맛을 내는 성분은 생버섯(fresh)에 비하여 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 큰느타리는 감칠맛과 단맛을 내는 성분이 로스팅 처리 후 증가하였으나, 쓴맛을 내는 성분들도 로스팅 처리로 인하여 동시에 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 노루궁뎅이는 단맛을 내는 성분은 회전드럼식 로스팅(CR) 처리 후 증가하였고 동시에 쓴맛을 내는 성분도 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 위와 같은 결과로부터 전반적으로 수분함량이 많은 버섯은 초기 건조 후 여분의 수분을 증발시키며 로스팅하는 방법이 가정용 멀티오븐에 비하여 생리활성 성분의 증가에 효과적이었으며 아미노산의 단맛과 감칠맛을 증대시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 향후 더 다양한 식용버섯 및 버섯과 혼합 가능한 첨가물들에 대한 검토가 이루어져야 하며, 이들 단독으로 또는 혼합하여 로스팅한 후의 생리활성 및 영양성분의 변화에 대한 연구를 진행하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1723-1727
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• 2008

클로렐라의 생리활성 물질을 활용하여 기능성 식품을 개발하기 위한 기초 자료를 얻기 위하여 클로렐라 배양장에서 생육이 빠른 클로렐라를 분리하여 동정하고 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 분리된 클로렐라는 전형적인 둥근 모양과 $3{\mu}m$ 크기로 주름진 형태를 취하고 있었다. 분리된 클로렐라의 동정을 위하여 18S rRNA sequences를 실시한 결과 Chlorella sp. IFRPD 1018와 99%의 높은 상동성을 보여 Chlorella sp.와 거의 일치하여 Chlorella sp. CMS-1로 명명하였다. 클로렐라 열수 추출물에 조단백질 함량이 59.21%로 많이 함유되어 있었고, 조지방 함량은 0.01%로 미량 함유되어 있었다. 클로렐라 CMS-1의 무기질 농도는 K 2.52%, P 2.25%, Mg 0.63%, Ca 0.63% 순으로 함유되어 있었다. 클로렐라 CMS-1의 주요 구성 아미노산은 glutamic acid 6.21%, alanine 5.76%, aspartic acid 5.44% 순이였으며, 특히 유리아미노산 중 ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA)의 함량은 7.13%로 전체 유리아미노산의 63.8% 비율로 차지하였고 그 다음으로 L-alanine 1.44%, L-glutamic acid 0.90%, L-leucine 0.26%, L-glycine 0.20% 순으로 함유되어 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.82-90
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• 2004

곰보버섯을 약용과 식용으로 이용하고자 일반성분, 무기질, 총아미노산, 유리 아미노산, 비타민 등을 분석 검토한 결과 조지방이 3.8 g%, 탄수화물이 43.5 g%, 조단백질이 29.7 g%이었다. 무기물은 K가 3558.0 mg%로 가장 많이 함유되어있고, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, Zn의 순으로 함유되었다. 총 아미노산은 glutamic arid가 1,433 mg%로 가장 많이 함유되어있고, leucine, alanine, arginine, valine, threonine등의 순으로 23종의 아미노산을 함유하고 있으며 필수아미노산은 3510mgmg% 함유되어 있다. 유리아미노산은 glutamic acid가 522 $\mug%$로 가장 많이 함유되어 있고, asparaginine, arginine등의 순이며, 총 함유량은 2,397 $\mug%$이고, 25종을 함유하고 있기 때문에 곰보버섯의 맛에 영향을 미치리아 생각되어 진다. 비타민의 경우 vitamin A가 2.23$\mug%$, vitamin $B_1$은 0.13 mg%, vitamin $B_2$는 0.07 mg%, vitamin $B_6$는 0.27 mg%, vitamin C는 0.17 mg%, vitamin $D_311$는 52.27$\mug%$, vitamin E는 5.26 mg%, vitamin$K_1$, 은 3.23 $\mug%$정도 함유하고 있었다. 특히 vitamin C와 vitamin E가 함유되어 있어 노화방지에 좋으리라 생각된다.