• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.56-66
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• 2010

This study proposes a thesis of architectural concepts and visual dimension systems, and the comparison between steps of spatial formation and dimensional alteration. The second chapter, to form the basis of this study, explains the dimensional alterations and changes of fundamental notion of space. In the third chapter, history of space, architectural formations, and changes of the viewpoint are analyzed as objects of study. The forth chapter presents the interrelation between dimensional alteration and the transition in fundamental notion of space, demonstrating that modern architecture has been born from these cultural movements. Lastly, the fifth chapter suggests possibilities on further studies and the following conclusions: First, architectural spaces have been changed, in accordance with the changes of culture, art and the tools that regulate architectural design. Proportional regulations by two-dimensional tools and depth through three-dimensional drawings are created. Second, architectural spaces gained depth by recognizing movement and time that have induced formations to change, creating various aesthetic backgrounds and attempts. Third, the aesthetic background and cosmologic spatial concept have led the visualization and changes of architectural experience. It created the design tools and shapes originated in dynamism and vitality. Forth, diversification of fundamental spatial concepts has become palimpsest and complex, and been divided into four dimensions; expressional two-dimensional space, perspective three-dimensional space, forth-dimensional space of time and experience, and imagery space formed by body movement. Fifth, architecture has been influenced by the elevated viewpoint that understands the whole world as a space. It has evolved from the two-dimensional proportion principle, change of depth and vanishing point to multidimensional space of movement and time. Sixth, changes of fundamental notion of space have arisen from changes of visual dimensions in times. In other words, space has been developed from two-dimensional space to multidimensional space by accepting visual dimension, grasping distance, direction, depth, height, velocity, movement, gravity, power and structure.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the planning of adolescents preferred space, and fur the purpose of the study analyzed the spaces made by them in the web site where 3-dimension space manipulating is possible and captured their consciousness of space. The study was to interview 60 adolescents in the web-site by video chatting and observation by video ethnography. The results are as follows. 1) Three-dimension space is where adolescents express their present preference for spaces of residence, leisure and outer activities, and where they reveal their desire to be realized in the future. 2) Adolescents foster friendship in the cyberspace, where they meet friends and enjoy talking and share their desire for space creation which is hardly come true in reality. 3) It is possible to grasp their latent preference of space, and actualization of the cyber preference would give them more satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.161-169
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• 2012

In general, Euclidean minimum spanning tree is a tree connecting input nodes with minimum connecting cost. But the tree may not be optimal when applied to real world problems of three dimension. In this paper, three dimension Euclidean minimum spanning tree is proposed, connecting all input nodes of 3-dimensional space with minimum cost. In experiments for 30,000 input nodes with 100% space ratio, the tree produced by the proposed method can reduce 90.0% connection cost tree, compared with the tree by two dimension Prim's minimum spanning tree. In two dimension plane, the proposed tree increases 251.2% connecting cost, which is pointless in 3-dimensional real world. Therefore, the proposed method can work well for many connecting problems in real world space of three dimensions.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.373-391
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• 2007

We study an (n+3)($n\;{\geq}\;7-dimensional$ real submanifold of a (4m+3)-unit sphere $S^{4m+3}$ with Sasakian 3-structure induced from the canonical quaternionic $K\"{a}hler$ structure of quaternionic (m+1)-number space $Q^{m+1}$, and especially determine contact three CR-submanifolds with (p-1) contact three CR-dimension under the equality conditions given in (4.1), where p = 4m - n denotes the codimension of the submanifold. Also we provide necessary conditions concerning sectional curvature in order that a compact contact three CR-submanifold of (p-1) contact three CR-dimension in $S^{4m+3}$ is the model space $S^{4n_1+3}(r_1){\times}S^{4n_2+3}(r_2)$ for some portion $(n_1,\;n_2)$ of (n-3)/4 and some $r_1,\;r_2$ with $r^{2}_{1}+r^{2}_{2}=1$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.489-496
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• 2010

In this paper, a self-organization framework for swarm systems in three dimensions is presented. The framework uses artificial potential functions(APFs) to direct the robots toward the goal as well as to keep them in a swarm system. This research extends conventional APFs used for self-organizations in two dimension environment to three dimensions. In three dimension environment, the ground potential for the boundary surfaces that commonly appear in three dimension environments is proposed. Accordingly, the comparison between the paths without and with the ground potentials shows the necessity and effect of ground potentials. Extensive simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the extended potentials and various properties in three dimension environments.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure of consumption emotions that consumers experienced in the process of consuming apparel products. Data was collected from 144 female college students living in Busan, and analyzed by salience, diversity, H-index, Clamor's V, and multi-dimensional scaling. The results showed as following; 1. The consumption emotions related to apparel products appeared three dimensions; ‘Relaxed-tense’ dimension, ‘Pleasant-unpleasant’ dimension, and ‘Outward-inward’ dimension. Considering elements of consumption system, the dimensions of consumption emotions in relation to apparel performances were 'Pleasant-unpleasant' and ‘Outward-inward’. The dimensions of consumption emotions experienced in usage situations were ‘Relaxed-tense’ and ‘pleasant-unpleasant’. The consumption emotions related to specific products were composed of ‘Pleasant-unpleasant’ dimension and ‘Outward-inward’ dimension. 2. As the multi-dimension map of this study has much space, it suggested that the scope of consumption emotions related to apparel products was more limited than those related to general situations and products. 3. The structure of consumption emotions in relation to apparel performances appeared to be bisected, while those related to usage situations showed relatively to be dispersed. 4. Although Pleasant-unpleasant dimension was consistent with results of prestudies, the dimensions of ‘Relaxed-tense’ and ‘Outward-inward’ were newly confirmed as the dimensions of consumption emotions related to apparel products. Therefore, consumer's consumption emotions of apparel products were composed of three dimensions, tended to be more limited than those of general consumption situations and products, and differentiated across apparel performances, usage situation, and specific products.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.61-70
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• 2011

This study aims to establish the concept about a new approaching method dor remodeling in the planning step. also, this study sets up the way how to approach in a dimensional way by classifying the conceptual composition of the target housing as a method. The dimensional definition is as below. The one dimensional approach: the spot. the two dimensional approach: the line, the three dimensional approach: the apatial mass, the four dimensional approach: space + time, the n dimensional (multi-dimensional) approach: the space + time + emotion. The research findings are as follows : For the purpose of remodeling, the old housing should be viewed in the three dimensional shape and space. It is defined as multi-dimensional module method to design the shape and space of the target housing in a multi-dimensional point, considering the three dimensional space composition, the emotion of the user, the housing itself. and the time of the user.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.53-61
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• 2012

As aging society progresses, it is necessary to establish a housing standard that provides a healthy, safe, and convenient environment for the elderly. The objective of the study is to propose a housing space standard that is geared towards elderly living in the urban area. Three steps were taken to attain the objective. First, characteristics of housing preference, spatial usage and furniture preference of the elderly were attained through a survey. The survey was conducted targeting the respondents of the ages 60 to 79 living in three different administrative districts in Seoul. Second, the required floor space to perform individual specific behavior using anthropometric dimension of the elderly was investigated by literature review. Lastly, floor space of each space is suggested combining each area for individual specific behavior which reflects characteristics of housing preference and spatial usage. The results of the research as follows. A bedroom was planned, which includes the function of receiving guests by giving the area for the placement of a sofa. The space for the use of dinning table for two person was planned in the kitchen and The space for the behavior of showering on a chair was planned in a bathroom. Lastly, the space for the behavior of taking off shoes on a chair was considered in the entrance area. Consequently, $35.4m^2$ is suggested as the necessary floor space for the elderly housing considering the characteristics of the elderly in urban area. However, because of space composition and space for accessibility, the additional space should be considered to plan the elderly housing.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.715-728
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• 2022

The aim of this article is to study the h-almost Ricci solitons and h-almost gradient Ricci solitons on generalized Sasakian-space-forms. First, we consider h-almost Ricci soliton with the potential vector field V as a contact vector field on generalized Sasakian-space-form of dimension greater than three. Next, we study h-almost gradient Ricci solitons on a three-dimensional quasi-Sasakian generalized Sasakian-space-form. In both the cases, several interesting results are obtained.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.163-181
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• 1998

The paper deals with some aspects of early childhood geometry in the Czech Republic. Children's first geometrical experiences come from real life. In our opinion, there exist four types of geometrical experience which can be called the partition of space, the filling of space motion in space and the dimension of space. We distinguish three levels of the mathematical learning process: a spontaneous level, an operational level and a theoretical level.