• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2012

We define a language $\mathcal{RS}$, a subclass of the scheduling language $\mathcal{RS}V$ (resource constrained project scheduling with variant processes). $\mathcal{RS}$ involves the determination of the starting times for ground activities of a project satisfying precedence and resource constraints, in order to minimize the total project duration. In $\mathcal{RS}$ ground activities and two structural symbols (operators) 'seq' and 'pll' are used to construct activity-terms representing scheduling problems. We consider three different variants for formalizing the $\mathcal{RS}$-scheduling problem, the optimizing variant, the number variant and the decision variant. Using the decision variant we show that the problem $\mathcal{RS}$ is $\mathcal{NP}$-complete. Further we show that the optimizing variant (or number variant) of the $\mathcal{RS}$-problem is computable in polynomial time iff the decision variant is computable in polynomial time.

• BMB Reports
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.179-183
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• 2014

Investigators planning to use animals in their research and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) members who review the research protocols must take personal responsibility for ensuring that they have the skills and knowledge to perform their duties, applying the Three Rs principles of Russell and Burch. The two Korean laws introduced in 2008 and 2009 regulating animal use for scientific purposes in line with the Three Rs principles have been revised a total of 11 times over the last 6 years. Both regulatory agencies, e.g., the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency and the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, provide regular training based on the legal requirements. Based on the amended Animal Welfare Act, the IACUC appointment framework has been upgraded: appointments are now for two-year terms and require a qualified training certificate issued by the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency since 2012. The authors reviewed the current curricular programs and types of training conducted by the two governing agencies through Internet searches. Our Internet survey results suggest that: a) diversity should be provided in training curricula, based on the roles, backgrounds and needs of the individual trainees; b) proper and continued educational programs should be provided, based on trainees' experiences; and c) active encouragement by government authorities can improve the quality of training curricula.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1770-1778
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to reveal potential metabolic differences of dairy cows fed corn stover (CS) and rice straw (RS) instead of alfalfa hay (AH) as main forage source. Methods: Thirty multiparous mid-late lactation Holstein dairy cows were selected and randomly assigned to three diets, AH, CS, or RS (n = 10). After 13 weeks of the feeding trial, coccygeal arterial and superficial epigastric venous plasma samples were collected before morning feeding for gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry analyses. Results: In the artery, 8 and 13 metabolites were detected as differential metabolites between AH and CS, and between AH and RS, respectively. The relative abundance of phenylpropanoate (log₂fold change [FC]) = 1.30, 1.09), panthenol (log₂FC = 2.36, 2.20), threitol (log₂FC = 1.00, 1.07), and 3,7,12-trihydroxycoprostane (log₂FC = 0.79, 0.78) were greater in both CS and RS than in AH, and tyrosine (log₂FC = -0.32), phenylalanine (log₂FC = -0.30), and pyruvic acid (log₂FC = -0.30) were lower in RS than in AH. In the vein, 1 and 7 metabolites were detected as differential metabolites between AH and CS, and between AH and RS, respectively. By comparing AH and RS, we found that metabolic pathways of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism were enriched by integrative artery and vein analysis. Furthermore, AH and RS, arterial phenylpropanoate and 4-hydroxyproline were positively, and phenylalanine was negatively correlated with milk urea nitrogen. Finally, in AH and CS, arterial panthenol was negatively correlated with feed efficiency. Conclusion: Arterial metabolic profiles changed more than those in the veins from animals on three forage diets, differing in amino acids. We found that phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism were restricted when cows were fed low-quality cereal straw diets.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1357-1366
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to identify the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the dual-specificity phosphatase 8 (DUSP8) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) genes and to explore their effects on inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP), inosine, and hypoxanthine contents in Korean native chicken -red-brown line (KNC-R Line). Methods: A total sample of 284 (males, n = 127; females n = 157) and 230 (males, n = 106; females, n = 124) aged of 10 weeks old KNC-R line was used for genotyping of DUSP8 and IGF2 genes, respectively. One SNP (rs313443014 C>T) in DUSP8 gene and two SNPs (rs315806609A/G and rs313810945T/C) in IGF2 gene were used for genotyping by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and KASP methods, respectively. The Two-way analysis of variance of the R program was used to associate DUSP8 and IGF2 genotypes with nucleotide contents in KNC-R chickens. Results: The DUSP8 (rs313443014 C>T) was polymorphic in KNC-R line and showed three genotypes: CC, CT, and TT. The IGF2 gene (rs315806609A/G and rs313810945T/C) was also polymorphic and had three genotypes per SNP, including GG, AG, and AA for the SNP rs315806609A/G and genotypes: CC, CT, and TT for the SNP rs313810945T/C. Association resulted into a strong significant association (p<0.01) with IMP, inosine, and hypoxanthine. Moreover, the significant effect of sex (p<0.05) on nucleotide content was also observed. Conclusion: The SNPs in the DUSP8 and IGF2 genes might be used as genetic markers in the selection and production of chickens with highly flavored meat.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.9-16
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• 2016

Since 2000, family tour has increased a lot by effect of five-day workweek in South Korea. So, it became much needed road station. however road station's facilities are lacking. Recently, there is a growing emphasis on rural regional activation. So the government is concentrating in rural policy. In Japan case study, Road Station(RS, Michinoeki) make regional activation by Road station service. Rs is rest area for motor driver in rural area. In general, it is construct at rural roads, not a highway. In this paper, we hope to take a lesson from the RS case study. 2015, 2016, in japan, we visited to 7 case study and interviewed to a staff. As a result, In Japan's Rs was offering convenient services to motor driver and raising farmers's profits by selling local produce. The aim of that this paper is to suggest to Korean Type's Rs. There are five results from this paper as follows : First, Japan Rs, it works well to improve in regional activation in rural area. Two, Also Rs has to community facilities attached to the culture, welfare, library etc. Three, 5 Korean Type Rs can sort out. There are Community type, Joint tourism type, 6th industrialization type, Urban-Rural Interchange type, Shopping center type. This RS is introduced to Korea hopes to contribute to the regional activation in rural area.

• BMB Reports
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.335-337
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• 2013

Scientists planning research that involves the use of animals are required by international and/or national law to examine the possibilities for the implementation of Replacement, Reduction and/or Refinement (the Three Rs principles of Russell and Burch) in experiments for research, testing, and education. There are two Korean laws legislating humane use of animals and ethical review prior to animal experiments. This report reviews current practice of the literature search by the researchers and protocol review by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees on the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement alternatives in Korea. The promotion and protection of the laboratory animals are one of the core competencies of investigators exploring the ethical conduct of research and good science.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2013

Normal-karyotype acute myeloid leukemia (NK-AML) is a highly malignant and cytogenetically heterogeneous hematologic cancer. We searched for somatic mutations from 10 pairs of tumor and normal cells by using a highly efficient and reliable analysis workflow for whole-exome sequencing data and performed association tests between the NK-AML and somatic mutations. We identified 21 nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants (SNVs) located in a coding region of 18 genes. Among them, the SNVs of three leukemia-related genes (MUC4, CNTNAP2, and GNAS) reported in previous studies were replicated in this study. We conducted stepwise genetic risk score (GRS) models composed of the NK-AML susceptible variants and evaluated the prediction accuracy of each GRS model by computing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The GRS model that was composed of five SNVs (rs75156964, rs56213454, rs6604516, rs10888338, and rs2443878) showed 100% prediction accuracy, and the combined effect of the three reported genes was validated in the current study (AUC, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.92 to 1.00). Further study with large sample sizes is warranted to validate the combined effect of these somatic point mutations, and the discovery of novel markers may provide an opportunity to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for NK-AML.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.999-1009
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• 2022

Objective: To improve the feeding value of rice straw (RS), this study evaluated the potential of rice straw fermented with Pleurotus sajor-caju (FRS) as dairy goat feed. Methods: Spent Pleurotus sajor-caju mushroom substrate was used as fungi inoculum to break the lignocellulose linkage of rice straw, which was solid-fermented at 25℃ to 30℃ for 8 weeks. The ruminal degradation of pangolagrass hay (PG), FRS, and RS were measured in situ for 96 hours in three dry Holstein cows, respectively. Effect of fungi fermented RS on milking performance was studied in feeding trials. A total of 21 Alpine goats a trial were divided into 3 groups: a control group in which PG accounted for 15% of the diet dry matter, and FRS or RS was used to replace the PG in the control group. Goats were fed twice a day under two 28-day trial in individual pens. Meanwhile, a 3×3 Latin square trial (14 days/period) was conducted to study the rumen digestion of three diets by using three fistulated dry goats. Rumen contents were collected for metabolite analyses every one to three hours on the last two days. Results: In situ study showed that fermentation could elevate the rumen degradable fraction and effective degradability of RS (p<0.05). Effective degradability of FRS dry matter was significantly increased from 29.5% of RS to 41.7%. Lactating trial results showed that dry matter intake and milk yield in the PG group and FRS group were similar and higher than those in RS group (p<0.05). The concentration of propionic acid and total volatile fatty acid in the RS group tended to be lower than those in PG group (p<0.10). There were no differences in rumen pH value and ammonia nitrogen level among the groups tested. Conclusion: Fermentation of rice straw by spent Pleurotus sajor-caju mushroom substrate could substantially enhance its feeding value to be equivalent to PG as an effective fiber source for dairy goat. The fermented rice straw is recommended to account for 15% in diet dry matter.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2018

We established an in vitro system to investigate transcription levels of the RsMYB1 gene expressed in T2 20-day-old transgenic Petunia plants (three independent lines: PhRs1, PhRs2, and PhRs3), and the association between those transcription levels and anthocyanin production at various pH values (3.0 to 8.0) for a period of 10 days. All the lines treated with pH 5.0-7.0 exhibited increased anthocyanin content and delays in growth compared to the wild-type (WT) seedlings. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed that the enhancement of anthocyanin production in the transgenic lines was due to the upregulation of RsMYB1 transcription at various pH values. The results suggest that pH value can control expression of RsMYB1 which is associated with anthocyanin production.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.111-123
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• 2010

Backgrounds : Stroke is characterized by loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain, and classified into hemorrhage and ischemia. Stroke is known to be affected by genetic factors and other diseases such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. However, the distinctive association between stroke and genetic variations has not discovered yet. Objectives : This study investigated the effects of fibrinogen level and genetic variations in FGA (Fibrinogen alpha chain) gene on stroke in Korean stroke patients and controls. Methods : DNA samples from 674 stroke patients diagnosed by Oriental medical hospitals and 267 controls were used in this study. Two common single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) with high minor allele frequency(MAF), rs2070011G/A of promoter region and nonsynonymous rs6050A/G of exon 5 in FGA gene, were targeted for Taqman genotyping. Because the TOAST classification is important to the factors and symptoms of stroke, ischemic patients were further classified into five subtypes using diagnosis and clinical data. One-way ANOVA and chi-square test were used for clinical data and genetic association, respectively. Haploview v4.1 program was used for linkage disequilibrium(LD), haplotype and haplotype block analysis. Results : The levels of red blood cells and fibrinogen from clinical data were shown to be significant factors for the sub-groups of TOAST classification. No significant associations of stroke, hemorrhage, ischemic and subtypes of TOAST with rs2070011 and rs6050 of FGA gene were found(P > 0.05). However, rs2070011 in promoter region and nonsynonymous rs6050 in exon 5 which produce the amino acid change from threonine to alanine showed a haplotype block and three haplotypes of A-G, G-A, A-A, suggesting that rs2070011 and rs6050 might be co-segregated in generic recombination. Although A-A haplotype of stroke patients showed 64-69% low frequency compared to controls, there was no significant association between stroke and haplotype(P > 0.05). Conclusion : This study showed that there was no significant association between stroke and two SNP of rs2070011G/A and nonsynonymous rs6050A/G in FGA gene. However, these two SNP compose a haplotype block and three haplotypes of A-G, G-A, A-A. This finding suggests that rs2070011 and rs6050 are so close as to be positioned as linkage disequilibrium. Nevertheless, no significant association between haplotypes and stroke was found.