• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.160-170
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develop an explanatory model to predict factors related to continuous participation in the Pap smear screening among Korean women. A hypothetical model was constructed on the basis of Health Belief Model and extensive review of literature on the Pap smear screening. Exogeneous variables included in this model were knowledge, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, negative and positive emotional responses and professional support from physicians and nurses. Endogeneous variables were threat to cervical cancer, perceived benefit of the Pap smear screening, perceived barrier, and the final outcome variable was continuous participation in the Pap smear screening. The hypothetical model was tested with an empirical study. The data was collected from 623 married women whose age range was 24 - 83 using a self-reported survey questionnaire which was developed by the researcher. It's Cronbach's alpha score ranged from .6478 to .9118. Data was collected at different locations in Seoul; a university hospital, a local health center, and apartment complexes. Data analysis was done using SPSS 7.5 WIN Program for descriptive statistics and LISREL 8.12a WIN Program for covariance structural analysis. In conclusion, threat, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, positive emotion and professional support had a significant direct effect on continuous participation in the Pap smear screening among Korean women. The results of this study also showed that perceived barrier had the most significant direct effect on continuous participation in the Pap smear screening while negative emotional response had the most significant direct effect on perceived barrier. It can be suggested that decreasing perceived barrier by reducing negative emotional responses may be the most effective strategies for increasing continuous participation in the Pap smear screening among married Korean women.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 2016

Background: Workplace violence was recognized to be social problems that might impact the health status and the job satisfaction of employee in hospitals. This study investigated the current status of violence and job stress among hospital employees working at administration and discharging department. Methods: The study subjects were 213 administrative employees working at 20 general hospitals. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaire that included information such as demographics, job-related characteristics, experience of violence, and job stress. The violence was classified as verbal violence, physical threat, and physical violence occurred by patients and caregivers. Analysis of variance, t-tests, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to examine the associated factors with job stress. Results: The levels of verbal violence, physical threat, and physical violence were $1.64{\pm}1.08$, $0.54{\pm}0.67$, and $0.04{\pm}0.17$, respectively. The score of job stress was $2.74{\pm}0.50$ and it was associated with age, existence of spouse, drinking frequency, subjective health status, disease history, night-time treatment, and public health administration career in simple analysis. In multiple linear regression analysis, the level of verbal violence experience was significantly associated with job stress (B=0.09, p=0.001). Also physical threats (B=0.18, p<0.001) and physical violence (B=0.48, p=0.008) showed positive association with job stress. Conclusion: This study attempted to examine the association between experience of violence and job stress in administrative employees at medical institutions. Levels of violence showed positive correlation with the job stress. Environment improvement to protect employee from violence and management of employees who experienced workplace violence are needed to reduce the job stress.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.3 no.12
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• pp.463-478
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• 2014

Portal site is not only providing search engine and e-mail service but also various services including blog, news, shopping, and others. The fact that average number of daily login for Korean portal site Naver is reaching 300 million suggests that many people are using portal sites. With the increase in number of users followed by the diversity in types of services provided by portal sites, the attack is also increasing. Most of studies of password authentication is focused on threat and countermeasures, however, in this study, we analyse the security threats and security requirement of membership, login, password reset first phase, password reset second phase. Also, we measure security score with common criteria of attack potential. As a result, we compare password authentication system of domestic and abroad portal sites.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.91-98
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• 2021

Today's information and communication technology is rapidly developing, the security of IT infrastructure is becoming more important, and at the same time, cyber attacks of various forms are becoming more advanced and sophisticated like intelligent persistent attacks (Advanced Persistent Threat). Early defense or prediction of increasingly sophisticated cyber attacks is extremely important, and in many cases, the analysis of network-based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) related data alone cannot prevent rapidly changing cyber attacks. Therefore, we are currently using data generated by intrusion detection systems to protect against cyber attacks described above through Host-based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) data analysis. In this paper, we conducted a comparative study on machine learning algorithms using LID-DS (Leipzig Intrusion Detection-Data Set) host-based intrusion detection data including thread information, metadata, and buffer data missing from previously used data sets. The algorithms used were Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, MLP (Multi-Layer Perceptron), Logistic Regression, LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory model), and RNN (Recurrent Neural Network). Accuracy, accuracy, recall, F1-Score indicators and error rates were measured for evaluation. As a result, the LSTM algorithm had the highest accuracy.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1100-1118
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• 2021

In a wide range of ML applications, the training data contains privacy-sensitive information that should be kept secure. Training the ML systems by privacy-sensitive data makes the ML model inherent to the data. As the structure of the model has been fine-tuned by training data, the model can be abused for accessing the data by the estimation in a reverse process called model inversion attack (MIA). Although, MIA has been applied to shallow neural network models of recognizers in literature and its threat in privacy violation has been approved, in the case of a deep learning (DL) model, its efficiency was under question. It was due to the complexity of a DL model structure, big number of DL model parameters, the huge size of training data, big number of registered users to a DL model and thereof big number of class labels. This research work first analyses the possibility of MIA on a deep learning model of a recognition system, namely a face recognizer. Second, despite the conventional MIA under the white box scenario of having partial access to the users' non-sensitive information in addition to the model structure, the MIA is implemented on a deep face recognition system by just having the model structure and parameters but not any user information. In this aspect, it is under a semi-white box scenario or in other words a gray-box scenario. The experimental results in targeting five registered users of a CNN-based face recognition system approve the possibility of regeneration of users' face images even for a deep model by MIA under a gray box scenario. Although, for some images the evaluation recognition score is low and the generated images are not easily recognizable, but for some other images the score is high and facial features of the targeted identities are observable. The objective and subjective evaluations demonstrate that privacy cyber-attack by MIA on a deep recognition system not only is feasible but also is a serious threat with increasing alert state in the future as there is considerable potential for integration more advanced ML techniques to MIA.

• Atmosphere
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.435-453
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• 2007

KEOP (Korea Enhanced Observing Period)-2004 intensive summer observation was carried out from 20 June to 5 July 2004 over the Southwestern part of the Korean peninsula. In this study, the effects of KEOP-2004 intensive observation data on the simulation of precipitation system are investigated using KLAPS (Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System) and PSU/NCAR MM5. Three precipitation cases during the intensive observation are selected for detailed analysis. In addition to the control experiments using the traditional data for its initial and boundary conditions, two sensitivity experiments using KEOP data with and without Jindo radar are performed. Although it is hard to find a clear and consistent improvement in the verification score (threat score), it is found that the KEOP data play a role in improving the position and intensity of the simulated precipitation system. The experiments started at 00 and 12 UTC show more positive effect than those of 06 and 18 UTC. The effect of Jindo radar is dependent on the case. It plays a significant role in the heavy rain cases related to a mesoscale low over Changma front and the landing of a Typhoon. KEOP data produce more strong difference in the 06/18 UTC experiments than in 00/12 UTC, but give more positive effects in 00/12 UTC experiments. One of the possible explanations for this is that : KEOP data could properly correct the atmosphere around them when there are certain amounts of data, while gives excessive effect to the atmospheric field when there are few data. CRA analysis supports this reasoning. According to the CRA (Contiguous Rain Area) analysis, KEOP data in 00/12 UTC experiments improve only the surrounding area, resulting in essentially same precipitation system so the effects remain only in each convective cell rather than the system itself. On the other hand, KEOP data modify the precipitation system itself in 06/18 UTC experiments. Therefore the effects become amplified with time integration.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.71-85
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among the variables, personality type, stress, and job satisfaction in firefighters. Methods: The questionnaire research was conducted for field service firefighters who work in two cities for the period of June 20, 2005 through July 20, 2005. A total number of 308 data were used for this analysis. For analysis of the data, the SPSSWIN 10.0 program was used to analyze descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: The mean score of subjects' stress was 3.30 and the mean score of job satisfaction was 2.86. There were significant differences on stress and job satisfaction by general characteristics. Stress was significantly differed by field of working. Job satisfaction was significantly differed by marital status and field of working. Also, there were significant differences on stress and job satisfaction by characteristics related to working. Stress was significantly differed by sleeping time at night shift, witness their superior's or companion's death or injury, and a threat to death or injury. Job satisfaction was significantly differed by an aptitude for field of working and wish to change the field of working. But there was no significant differences on stress and job satisfaction by personality type. There was statistically significant negative correlation between stress and job satisfaction. Conclusion: Strategies that can decrease their stress need to be developed to increase job satisfaction.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 1990

This study was intended to analyse the relation between the psychic traumatic experience and the psychological health of the aged. The authors carried out this study by means of the combined anxiety-depression scale(CADS) and the preadolescence traumatic experience scale(PTES) with 278 aged men and women residing in Taegu from September to October 1988. The results were as follows : 1. Based on the scores avaluated by CADS, the scores of the both groups showed that comparative group was accounted for $40.15{\pm}6.19$, while the experimental group for $57.75{\pm}6.37$, which showed significantly higher score in the experimental group(p<0.001). 2. The experimental group showed significantly higher early experience score than the comparative group in the dietary difficulty, alcoholism among family members, disunion between husband and wife, trouble between mother and children, early mother loss, parent's indifference and unwanted birth(p<0.001). 3. The experimental group showed higher early experience score than the comparative group by sex, age, marital status and grown location(p<0.001). 4. When the subjects were included in the unemployed and in the middle or low classes and their parents were engaged in agriculture and commercial business and believing in buddhism or non-religion, showed higher experience score (p<0.001).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.36-49
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• 2000

The purpose of the study was to find the sociopsychological factors predicting the intention of compliance with the dietary regimen in diabetes with a questionnaire. Data were collected from 282 adult noninsulin-dependent diabetics in Seoul, Kyoggida, and Kyongsangbukdo in Korea. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted with predictor variables from theories of the Health Belief Model, Social Cognitive Model, The Theory of Reasoned Action , and Social Support. The behavioral intention of compliance with the prescribed diet was the independent variable. Subjects norm self-efficacy knowledge about diet therapy, outcome expectation, relationship with medical team, threat of deterioration of disease, and social support were the independent variables, The mean score of behavior intention was high ie 35.3 out to 42. Subjective norm and self-efficacy were the significant variables to predict the intention of dietary compliance. These variables comprised 39% of the common variance. To increase dietary compliance by influence of the referents and improve self-efficacy significant referents must be included and concrete and practical methods to follow the dietary regimen must be provided in nutrition education.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.235-240
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• 2017

Regional cathodic protection has significant impact on pipeline integrity management. After risk analyses of a newly built gas distribution station constructed in an area with large dwelling density, risk score was high because of potential threat caused by galvanic corrosion. Except reinforced steel in concrete, there are four kinds of metal buried under earth: carbon steel, galvanized flat steel, zinc rod and graphite module. To protect buried pipeline from external corrosion, design and construction of regional cathodic protection was proposed. Current density was measured with potential using potential dynamic test and boundary element method (BEM) was used to calculate current requirement and optimize best anode placement during design. From our calculation on the potential, optimized conditions for this area were that an applied current was 3A and anode was placed at 40 meters deep from the soil surface. It results in potential range between $-1.128V_{CSE}$ and $-0.863V_{CSE}$, meeting the $-0.85V_{CSE}$ criterion and the $-1.2V_{CSE}$ criterion that no potential was more negative than $-1.2V_{CSE}$ to cause hydrogen evolution at defects in coating of the pipeline.