• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.143-148
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• 2015

In some pathogenic bacteria, there are RNA thermometers, which regulate the production of virulence associated factors or heat shock proteins depending on temperature changes. Like a riboswitches, RNA thermometers are located in the 5'-untranslated region and involved translational gene regulatory mechanism. RNA thermometers block the ribosome-binding site and start codon area under the $37^{\circ}C$ within their secondary structure. After bacterial infection, increased the temperature in the host causes conformations changes of RNA, and the ribosome-binding site is exposed for translational initiation. Because structural differences between open and closed forms of RNA thermometers are mainly mediated by base pairing changes, NMR spectroscopy is a very useful method to study these thermodynamically changing RNA structure. In this review, we briefly provide a fundamental function of RNA thermometers, and also suggest a proper NMR experiments for studying RNA thermometers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.93-106
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• 1974

The purposes of this study are to identify the necessity of utilization of electric thermometer, to determine the difference of clinical thermometers to reach maximum or optimum temperature, and to determine the length of time necessary for temperature taking, with Fahrenheit thermometer, electric thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk ll centigrade thermometer. The first and second comparative Experiments were' conducted from August 25 through September 30, 1973. In the first experiment, Fahrenheit thermometer, which had been accurately teated two times, and electric thermometer have been utilized. These two kinds of thermometers were inserted simultaneously under the central area of the tongue and the mouth kept closed while thermometers were in place. All temperature readings were done at one minute interval until leaching-maximum temperature. These procedures were repeated one hundred times and the data were-analyzed statistically by means of the t-test. In the second experiment, Fahrenheit thermometer, which had been accurately tested two. times, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer have been utilized. These three kinds of thermometers were inserted simultaneously under the central area of the. tongue and the mouth kept closed while thermometer were in place. All temperature readings were done at one minute interval until reaching maximum temperature. These procedures were. repeated one hundred times and the data were analyzed statistically by means of the F-ratio Under the eight hypotheses designed for this study, the findings obtained are as follows: 1. There were no significant differences in the maximum temperature between Fahrenheit thermometer and electric thermometer. The mean maximum temperature for Fahrenheit thermometers was 37.06℃ and for electric thermometer was 37.09℃. 2. The placement time to reach maximum temperature taken by Fahrenheit thermometer was significantly shorter than that by electric thermometer. The mean placement time for Fahrenheit thermometers was 4.04 minutes, for electric thermometer was 5.52 minutes. In the case of Fahrenheit thermometers, 45 to 77 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 Percent after 7 minutes, and 100 percent after 10 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. When the electric thermometer was used, 23 to 54 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 9 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. 5. There ware no significant differences in the maximum temperature among Fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer. The mean maximum temperature for Fahrenheit thermometers was 36.67℃, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, was 33.73℃, and for Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 37.76℃. 6. There were no significant differences in placement time to reach maximum temperature among Fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade Thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer. The mean placement time (or Fahrenheit thermometers was 7.77 minutes, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 7.25 minutes, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 7.25 minutes. In the case of Fahrenheit thermometers, 8 to 24 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 11 minutes, and 100 percent after 13 minutes, had reached maximum temperature. When the Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer was used, 10 to 27 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 11 minutes, an8 103 percent after 13 minutes, had reached maximum temperature. When the Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer was used, 11 to 27 Percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 11 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached maximum temperature. 7. There were no significant differences in the optimum temperature(the maximum temperature minus 0.1℃) among fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱcentigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer. The mean optimum temperature for Fahrenheit thermometers was 36.60℃, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 36.69℃, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 36.69℃. 8. There were no significant differences in placement time to reach optimum temperature among Fahrenheit thermometer, Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer, and Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometer The mean placement time for Fahrenheit thermometers was 5.70 minutes, for Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 5.54 minutes, and for Kuk Ⅱ centigrade thermometers was 5.28 minutes. In the case of Fahrenheit thermometers, 21 to 49 percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 9 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. When the Yu Ⅱ centigrade thermometer was used, 23 to 51 percent after 3 to 5 minutes over 90 percent after 10 minutes, and 100 percent after 12 minutes, had reached optimum temperature. When the Kuk Ⅱ centigrade Thermometer was used, 23 to 57 Percent after 3 to 5 minutes, over 90 percent after 9 minutes, and 100 Precent after 11 minutes, had reached optimum temperature.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.429-436
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• 2008

A system is designed and fabricated for the automatic low temperature calibration by comparison of industrial resistance thermometers. The cryostat is suitable for the calibration of four capsule type thermometers and four long stem thermometers. By the automatic temperature control of the cryostat, we could calibrate thermometers from $-200^{\circ}C$ to $0^{\circ}C$ for ${\sim}15$ hours by one fill of liquid nitrogen in the test run of the system. The uncertainty of the calibration for industrial platinum resistance thermometers using the automatic system is about 30mK with a 95.% confidence interval.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2010

The thermometers is widely used in diagnostic medical devices, and the safety and accurate performance of these devices are important in the diagnosis and monitoring of personal health. Especially, the accuracy of infra-red thermometer is highly emphasized. Here two typical thermometers are utilized for this purpose: the electronic thermometers measure body temperature by contacting to subject while infra-red thermometers measure by no contacting to subject. Therefore, the evaluating items of each thermometer are different, and the standard for each temperature is highly needed. But, there have been no international standards of each thermometer such as IEC. In this paper, we developed the standards of electronic and infra-red thermometer based on national standards such as KS, ASTM, EN, JIS and FDA guidance. The new standards focused on the safety and suitable performance for health care. This standards were applied to enact and revise the electronic medical device standards. So it can be applied to evaluate the safety and performance on technical file review. We predict that this standard will improve the quality of diagnostic medical devices (thermometers) and increase the international competitive power of domestic product.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2008

For the accurate calibrations of thermometers at low temperatures, triple points of oxygen and argon have been realized using sealed-type triple point cells. The triple points were realized with both adiabatic and continuous heating methods. The resistance of three capsule-type standard platinum resistance thermometers were measured at the triple points of oxygen, argon, mercury and water for the calibrations of these thermometers in the range from $-220^{\circ}C$ to $0.01^{\circ}C$. The extended uncertainty, with the coverage factor of 2, of the calibration in this range is smaller than 1 mK.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.746-759
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• 2013

Purpose: Infrared thermometers are increasingly used as a convenient, non-invasive assessment method for febrile children. However, the diagnostic accuracy of the infrared thermometer for children has been questioned, particularly in relation to sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermometers in febrile children. Methods: Articles published between 1966 and 2012 from periodicals indexed in the Ovid Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, KoreaMed, NDSL, KERIS and other databases were selected, using the following keywords: 'infrared thermometer'. The QUADAS-II was applied to assess the internal validity of the diagnostic studies. Selected studies were analyzed using meta-analysis with MetaDisc 1.4. Results: Nineteen diagnostic studies with high methodological quality, involving 4,304 children, were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the pooled sensitivity, specificity and AUC (Area Under the Curve) of infrared tympanic thermometers in children over 1 year were 0.80 (95% CI 0.78, 0.81), 0.94 (95% CI 0.93, 0.95) and 0.95 respectively. However the diagnostic accuracy of infrared tympanic thermometers in children with hyperthermia was low. Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of infrared tympanic thermometer was similar to axillary and rectal thermometers indicating a need for further research to substantiate these findings in children with hyperthermia.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2002

These studies were carried out to develop some easy-checking thermometers instead of taking temperature of ectum for the farmers to detect easily a diseased animal with fever. Thermometers such as pincher-type, hood-type, raser-type, stick-type, and wrap-type were devised for the experiments. The experimental animals were cattle, horse, swine, aprine, and canine. Temperature-taking parts of the body were ear, shoulder, axilla, gluteal part, and coccygeal part according o the devised thermometer. Rectal temperature was taken at the same time for the comparison of temperature between rectum nd the certain part. The difference of temperature between rectum and shoulder part using eraser-type thermometer for the domestic animals were $3.37^{\circ}C$ for cattle, $1.94^{\circ}C$ for horses, $2.04^{\circ}C$ for swine, $1.27^{\circ}C$ for caprine, $0.9^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of temperature between rectum and gluteal part using eraser-type thermometer for domestic animals were $3.46^{\circ}C$ for cattle, $1.98^{\circ}C$ for horses, $2.22^{\circ}C$ for swine, and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of intra-individual temperature taken by eraser-type thermometer of shoulder and gluteal part were 0.3 and $0.8^{\circ}C$ for cattle, 0.7 and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for horses, 0.6 and $0.7^{\circ}C$ for swine, 0.9 and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of temperature between rectum and shoulder part taken by hood-type thermometer for cattle was $3.93^{\circ}C$ and the difference of intra-individual temperature was $0.8^{\circ}C$. The difference of temperature between rectum and gluteal part taken by stick-type thermometer for cattle was $3.7^{\circ}C$ and the difference of intra-individual temperature was $0.8^{\circ}C$. The other types of thermometers than the above three were not proved to be reliable to detect temperature of domestic animals. It was concluded that hood-type, stick-type and eraser-type thermometers are recommendable devices of thermometer to detect easily the status of body temperature and that the eraser-type was proved to be a practical one of the thermometers used in this study.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2001

A study on temperature control of freezers & refrigerators in department stores and supermakets was conducted in Taegu are from July 15 through August 30 in order to determine how the temperature is effectively controled for food safety. Five departments and four supermarkets were selected randomly and fifty seven refrigerators and fifty nine freezers were inspected to observe temperature of thermometers and measure the temperature of the coolers by laser thermometer. The results are as follow; 1. Out of one hundred and sixteen coolers, eighty six (74.1%) were open type coolers and thirty (25.9%) were closed types (p<.05). 2. Twenty five (89.3%) of refrigerators and twenty three (82.1%) of freezers in department stores had thermometers and twenty seven refrigerators (93.1%) and twenty two (71%) of freezers in supermarkets had thermometers respectively (p<.01). 3. The measured temperatures of coolers increased in the afternoon to compared to the temperatures of them in the morning time (p<.01). The difference of temperatures of coolers between department stores and supermarkets was wider in the supermarkets and difference of temperatures of food items between refrigerators and freezers was wider in the refrigerators but the difference was not statistically significant. 4. The temperatures of forty four (84.6%) out of fifty two refrigerators within recommended ranges and those of forty two (93.3%) of forty five freezers higher than recommended ranges (p<.05).

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2010

Purpose : To examine the effect of unilateral otitis media and unilateral cerumen occlusion of the ear canal on thermometers. Methods : One hundred eighty six children with unilateral otitis media, fifty children with unilateral cerumen occlusion, and fifty children with neither otitis media nor cerumen were enrolled. Temperature was measured in both ear canals using thermometers. After 15 minutes, second temperature was measured again in both ears. Unilateral otitis media was graded by video otoscope for 7 grades. Differences in temperatures between affected ears and unaffected ears were analyzed. Results : No temperature difference between the normal and cerumen groups was observed. The mean temperature of the otitis media ear canal was $0.13{\pm}0.20^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the intact ear canal ($36.99{\pm}0.54^{\circ}C$ vs $36.86{\pm}0.52^{\circ}C$; P<0.001). There was no statistically significant temperature difference between grades. Conclusion : Unilateral otits media can affect estimation of body temperature measured by thermometers.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.322-326
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• 2009

To estimate the measurement uncertainty for industrial platinum resistance thermometers(IPRTs) made with 3-wire connection, the immersion temperature profile was investigated using a liquid bath. Two types of IPRTs having lead wires made of silver and nickel were constructed and the immersion profiles were measured at temperatures from -50 $^{\circ}C$ to 250 $^{\circ}C$ using 3-wire and 4-wire method. As immersion depth and temperature increased, the resistances measured by 3-wire method increased linearly but not for 4-wire method. To calibrate a 3-wire IPRT, the immersion effect must be accounted for. We propose a linear equation to assess correctly the measurement uncertainty.