• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.207-222
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• 2010

Fire incident in buildings is common, so the fire safety design of the framed structure is imperative, especially for the unprotected or partly protected bare steel frames. However, software for structural fire analysis is not widely available. As a result, the performance-based structural fire design is urged on the basis of using user-friendly and conventional nonlinear computer analysis programs so that engineers do not need to acquire new structural analysis software for structural fire analysis and design. The tool is desired to have the capacity of simulating the different fire scenarios and associated detrimental effects efficiently, which includes second-order P-D and P-d effects and material yielding. Also the nonlinear behaviour of large-scale structure becomes complicated when under fire, and thus its simulation relies on an efficient and effective numerical analysis to cope with intricate nonlinear effects due to fire. To this end, the present fire study utilizes a second-order elastic/plastic analysis software NIDA to predict structural behaviour of bare steel framed structures at elevated temperatures. This fire study considers thermal expansion and material degradation due to heating. Degradation of material strength with increasing temperature is included by a set of temperature-stress-strain curves according to BS5950 Part 8 mainly, which implicitly allows for creep deformation. This finite element stiffness formulation of beam-column elements is derived from the fifth-order PEP element which facilitates the computer modeling by one member per element. The Newton-Raphson method is used in the nonlinear solution procedure in order to trace the nonlinear equilibrium path at specified elevated temperatures. Several numerical and experimental verifications of framed structures are presented and compared against solutions in literature. The proposed method permits engineers to adopt the performance-based structural fire analysis and design using typical second-order nonlinear structural analysis software.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.193-206
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• 2007

The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute has developed an advanced fast reactor concept, KALIMER-600, which satisfies the Generation IV reactor design goals of sustainability, economics, safety, and proliferation resistance. The concept enables an efficient utilization of uranium resources and a reduction of the radioactive waste. The core design has been developed with a strong emphasis on proliferation resistance by adopting a single enrichment fuel without blanket assemblies. In addition, a passive residual heat removal system, shortened intermediate heat-transport system piping and seismic isolation have been realized in the reactor system design as enhancements to its safety and economics. The inherent safety characteristics of the KALIMER-600 design have been confirmed by a safety analysis of its bounding events. Research on important thermal-hydraulic phenomena and sensing technologies were performed to support the design study. The integrity of the reactor head against creep fatigue was confirmed using a CFD method, and a model for density-wave instability in a helical-coiled steam generator was developed. Gas entrainment on an agitating pool surface was investigated and an experimental correlation on a critical entrainment condition was obtained. An experimental study on sodium-water reactions was also performed to validate the developed SELPSTA code, which predicts the data accurately. An acoustic leak detection method utilizing a neural network and signal processing units were developed and applied successfully for the detection of a signal up to a noise level of -20 dB. Waveguide sensor visualization technology is being developed to inspect the reactor internals and fuel subassemblies. These research and developmental efforts contribute significantly to enhance the safety, economics, and efficiency of the KALIMER-600 design concept.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2004

Boiler tubes in power plants are often leaked due to various material degradations including creep and thermal fatigue damage under severe operating conditions such as high temperature and high pressure over an extended period of time. To monitor and diagnose the tubes on site and in real time, the acoustic emission (AE) technology was applied. We developed an AE leak detection system, and used it to study the variation of AE signal from the on-site tubes in response to the changes in the boiler operation condition and to detect the locations of leakage based on it. Detection of leak was performed by acquiring and evaluating the signals in separate regimes of high and low frequency signal. As a result of these studies, we found that on-line monitoring and detection of leak location for boiler tubes is possible using the developed system. Thus, the system is expected to contribute to the safe operation of power plants, and prevent economic losses due to potential leak.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.1549-1559
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• 2022

As an accident tolerant fuel (ATF) concept, oxide dispersion strengthened Zircaloy-4 (ODS Zry-4) cladding has been developed to enhance the mechanical properties of cladding using laser processing technology. In this study, a simulation technique was established to investigate the mechanical properties and effects of Y₂O₃ particles for the ODS Zry-4. A 3D representative volume element (RVE) model was developed considering the parameters of the size, shape, distribution and volume fraction (VF) of the Y₂O₃ particles. From the 3D RVE model, the Young's modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and creep strain rate of the ODS Zry-4 were effectively calculated. It was observed that the VF of Y₂O₃ particles had a significant effect on the aforementioned mechanical properties. In addition, the predicted properties of ODS Zry-4 were applied to a simulation model to investigate cladding deformation under a transient condition. The ODS Zry-4 cladding showed better performance, such as a delay in large deformation compared to Zry-4 cladding, which was also found experimentally. Accordingly, it is expected that the simulation approach developed here can be efficiently employed to predict more properties and to provide useful information with which to improve ODS Zry-4.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.156-167
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to develop a data base for material selection of turbofan engines, which is preferred in these days on many application due to their high performance with economical operation. Hundreds of Super Alloys have been developed by this time, each having special properties. Since it is very difficult task for a design engineer to select materials of adequate Properties for specific engine components, a good data bate is strongly desired to manage informations on various kinds of materials. However, no basic research is reported in this area so far in our country. The operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, rpm of spools are assumed to be provided by other mechanical studies. Creep rupture strength, corrosion resistance, yield strength, thermal expansion, melting point, etc., are considered as typical properties in this study to search a group of candidate materials. Formability, manufacturing or purchase cost can also be important variables to be considered. As a result of this study, a user-friendly computer program has been developed for input of new material information, interactive material selection, and output of selection results. Finally, discussion is presented from. the viewpoint of materials engineering. A method to evaluate the performance of the selected materials is also suggested.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.737-742
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• 2016

We prepared five different ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPCs) for use as the encapsulant of a photovoltaic module. All of the polymers were of commercial grade from ExxonMobile company and had different ethylene/propylene compositions. The crystallization behaviors and crystal structures of the polymers were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X-ray scattering diffractometry, respectively. We observed the general trend that the degree of crystallization, density and glass transition temperature of the EPCs decreased with increasing ethylene content. However, an unexpected result was also observed: the EPC with the highest ethylene content (22.2 mol. %) showed the highest melting temperature. As a result, the EPC with 22.2 mol. % of ethylene shows the highest light transmittance, due to its having the lowest degree of crystallization and highest thermal creep resistance. This abnormal result is attributed to the blocky structure prepared by ExxonMobile's special catalyst technology. It was also observed that new additional melting peaks appeared as the crystallization time increased. Using wide angle X-ray scattering diffractometry, it was confirmed that these additional peaks originated from the formation of a new crystal structure caused by annealing.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.497-508
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• 2013

This paper introduces a numerical model which can evaluate the fire-resistant capacity of reinforced concrete members. On the basis of the transient heat transfer considering the heat conduction, convection and radiation, time-dependent temperature distribution across a section is determined. A layered fiber section method is adopted to consider non-linear material properties depending on the temperature and varying with the position of a fiber. Furthermore, effects of non-mechanical strains of each fiber like thermal expansion, transient strain and creep strain are reflected on the non-linear structural analysis to take into account the extreme temperature variation induced by the fire. Analysis results by the numerical model are compared with experimental data from the standard fire tests to validate an exactness of the introduced numerical model. Also, time-dependent changes in the resisting capacities of reinforced concrete members exposed to fire are investigated through the analyses and, the resisting capacities evaluated are compared with those determined by the design code.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.1018-1024
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• 1999

The effects of operating temperature and stress on degradation of components in high temperature steam generator were investigated. Several 2.25CrlMo tubes which had operated over 20 years and an unused 9CrlMoVNb tube were tested. For the former samples, the amount of $\textrm{M}_{6}\textrm{C}$ carbide and its size are increased with the aging or operating time. The precipitation behavior of carbides ($\textrm{M}_{2}\textrm{O}$, $\textrm{M}_{6}\textrm{C}$) is changed with the operating temperature of the tubes. However, unused 9CrlMoVNb samples show a different carbide precipitation process due to high chromium, vanadium, and niobium contents. The amount of Cr-rich $\textrm{M}_{23}\textrm{C}_{6}$ carbide is significantly increased with aging time, but that of $\textrm{M}_{6}\textrm{C}$ type carbide is rarely changed with aging time at elevated temperatures.