• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.73-85
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• 2015

This study investigated the extent and magnitude of the woodland edge effects on users' thermal environments according to distance from woodland border. A series of experiments to measure air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, MRT and UTCI were conducted over six days between July 31 and August 5, 2015, which corresponded with extremely hot weather, at the south-facing edge of Hadongsongrim(pure Pinus densiflora stands, tree age: $100{\pm}33yr$, tree height: $12.8{\pm}2.7m$, canopy closure: 75%, N $35^{\circ}03^{\prime}34.7^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, E $127^{\circ}44^{\prime}43.3^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, elevation 7~10m) and east-facing edge of Hamyangsangrim (Quercus serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii community, tree age: 102~125yr/58~123yr, tree height: tree layer $18.6{\pm}2.3m/subtree$ layer $5.9{\pm}3.2m/shrub$ layer $0.5{\pm}0.5m$, herbaceous layer coverage ratio 60%, canopy closure: 96%, N $35^{\circ}31^{\prime}28.1^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, E $127^{\circ}43^{\prime}09.8^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, elevation 170~180m) in rural villages of Hadong and Hamyang, Korea. The minus result value of depth means woodland's outside. The depth of edge influence(DEI) on the maximum air temperature, minimum relative humidity and wind speed at maximum air temperature time during the daytime(10:00~17:00) were detected to be $12.7{\pm}4.9$, $15.8{\pm}9.8$ and $23.8{\pm}26.2m$, respectively, in the mature evergreen conifer woodland of Hadongsongrim. These were detected to be $3.7{\pm}2.2$, $4.9{\pm}4.4$ and $2.6{\pm}7.8m$, respectively, in the deciduous broadleaf woodland of Hamyansangrim. The DEI on the maximum 10 minutes average MRT, UTCI from the three-dimensional environment absorbed by the human-biometeorological reference person during the daytime(10:00~17:00) were detected to be $7.1{\pm}1.7$ and $4.3{\pm}4.6m$, respectively, in the relatively sparse woodland of Hadongsongrim. These were detected to be $5.8{\pm}4.9$ and $3.5{\pm}4.1m$, respectively, in the dense and closed woodland of Hadongsongrim. Edge effects on the thermal environments of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, MRT and UTCI in the sparse woodland of Hadongsongrim were less pronounced than those recorded in densed and closed woodland of Hamyansangrim. The gradient variation was less steep for maximum 10 minutes average UTCI with at least $4.3{\pm}4.6m$(Hadongsongrim) and $3.5{\pm}4.1m$(Hamyansangrim) being required to stabilize the UTCI at mature woodlands. Therefore it is suggested that the woodlands buffer widths based on the UTCI values should be 3.5~7.6 m(Hamyansangrim) and 4.3~8.9(Hadongsongrim) m on each side of mature woodlands for users' thermal comfort environments. The woodland edge structure should be multi-layered canopies and closed edge for the buffer effect of woodland edge on woodland users' thermal comfort.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.1 s.45
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• pp.59-73
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to experiments the environmental conditions and the adaption of the human body in the vinyl house. The study was done in spring and winter and experimental clothes were used working clothes in the vinyl house. The results are as follows. 1. Environmental Conditions In the spring season, the indoor air temperature was $27.4{\pm}3.7^{\circ}C$ and the outdoor air temperature was $14.4{\pm}2.7^{\circ}C$. In the winter season, the indoor air temperature was $18.3{\pm}4.8^{\circ}C$ and the outdoor air temperature was $7.6{\pm}2.5^{\circ}C$ on the average. 2. Skin Temperature In the spring season, the mean skin temperatures indoor and outdoor were $33.81{\pm}0.7^{\circ}C\;and\;31.57{\pm}0.8^{\circ}C$ respectively, a difference of $2.24^{\circ}C$. In the winter season, they were $31.95{\pm}1.93^{\circ}C\;and\;29.86{\pm}0.55^{\circ}C$ respectively, a difference of $2.09^{\circ}C$. 3. Clothing Climate In the spring season, the temperature and humidity in the inner layer of clothing were $34.77{\pm}0.80^{\circ}C\;and\;70.75{\pm}1.65%$ indoor, $31.9{\pm}0.52^{\circ}C\;and\;51.9{\pm}3.70%$ outdoor respectively. In the winter season, those were $32.52{\pm}1.04^{\circ}C\;and\;64.65{\pm}3.68%$ indoor, $30.27{\pm}0.96^{\circ}C\;and\;45.07{\pm}2.68%$ outdoor respectively. 4. Physiological Factors Body temperature increased slightly and the pulse rate also rises, but blood pressure decreased a little with the rise of environmental temperature both in the spring and winter seasons. 5. Psychological Factors Thermal sensation in the spring season was expressed as 'slightly warm' or 'warm' indoor and as 'neutral' in the open air, while in the winter it was expressed as 'neutral' or 'slightly warm' outdoor the house and as 'cold' in the open air. Comfort sensation was characterized as 'uncomfortable' or 'slightly uncomfortable' indoor both in the spring and winter seasons, but in the open air it was characterized as 'comfortable' in the spring and as 'slightly uncomfortable' in the winter.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

It is indispensable for child care centers to investigate and manage indoor air quality (IAQ) because they perform education and day care for children who usually have weak immunity. Nevertheless, there is insufficient research being done, given its importance. This study aims to investigate indoor pollutants' concentration and to seek the causes in order to improve the air quality conditions. Also it aims to secure data which can be used for further researches. Measurements were performed for air temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, fine particle mass, formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds. Temperature, humidity, CO and CO2 were measured 30times(1min/time) and PM10 was measured 10times (3min/time). Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds were measured and analyzed based on The Indoor Air Quality Official Test Method. The results show that the temperatures were within the comfort zone in over half of the centers. CO2 was found to be the main pollutants as its concentration exceeded the IAQ standard. The concentrations of TVOC and PM10 exceeded the standard, by 32% and 24% respectively, whereas those of HCHO and CO were under the standard. HCHO and CO concentrations were under the guideline. 24% of child care centers for education were found to exceed the standard in 2 or more of the pollutants. 82% of were found to exceed the standard by 1 or more. Therefor it is requested for IAQ to manage and improve in child care center for education.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2015

Purpose : Improvement of indoor thermal comfort and reduction of the energy consumption in building can be obtained by applying a double skin facade system. In order to achieve effectively this purpose, design team would have to perform easy and appropriate performance analysis for making better design decision during the design process. Method : This paper focus on the natural ventilation performance of a multi-story type double skin facade with main causes which are pressure difference according to the wind and temperature difference between indoor and outdoor (Buoyancy Effect). Using this main causes, the natural ventilation ratio of wind effect-to-buoyancy effect in cavity of multi-story type double skin facade were analyzed through the performance analysis results of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. Result : When the wind velocity was 2m/s, the ventilation rate in the cavity was highest. If wind velocity was slower than 2m/s wind velocity, buoyancy effect has more influence on the ventilation rate in the cavity, and if wind velocity was faster than 2m/s wind velocity, wind effect has more influence on the ventilation rate in the cavity.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.177-183
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• 2011

VES-LMC(very-early strength latex modified concrete) has been widely used as repair material for bridge deck overlay or rehabilitation, because it could be opened to the traffic after 3 hours of curing. However, the bright color of VES-LMC disturb driver's sigh. A black VES-LMC, matching to asphalt concrete, was developed and applied at a filed for driver's comfort and safety. The black VES-LMC included 2% carbon black in cement weight ratio. A series of performance evaluation for black VES-LMC was done in terms of field applicability, pavement color and temperature change. The field applicability test result showed that there were no change of workability, slump and air void, and the compressive strengthen developed more than 20MPa after 4 hours of placement. The thermal stress of black VES-LMC was smaller than that of OPC and asphalt concrete, which means the stability of black VES-LMC. The performance evaluation result showed that the black VES-LMC could prevent road icing at below zero temperatures and promote thawing at melting temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.14 no.1 s.33
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• pp.20-30
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• 1990

In order to investigate the mechanism of the formation of clothing microclimate with different blouse designs and materials, physiological and subjective sensational changes were measured. Experimental clothing were four types of blouse made of $100\%$ cotton, $100\%$ regular polyes­ter, and $100\%$ hygroscopic polyester. Four types of box style blouse were with stand collar and long sleeve, with stand collar and sleeveless, with long sleeve and collarless, and sleeveless and collarless. Five healthy female were chosen as subjects. Experiments were carried out in the environ­mental chamber controlled at $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ , $70{\pm}5\%$ RH. and still-air condition for SO min. The skin temperature (9 spots), oral temperature, humidity inside chest, and subjective sensations were measured. Obtained results are: I) Material which is capable of absorbing sweat effectively and transfering moisture rapidly made a comfortable feeling, because cloth­ing humidity is increasing slowly at this material. 2) During exercise period, covered arms have more influenced on thermal comfort than a covered neck.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.669-676
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the improved cold tolerance resulting from cool clothing in winter on heat tolerance in summer. Ten healthy women were divided into two groups, cold group(C group) (n=5) and warm group(W group) (n=5) . In the previous study, C group was proved that their cold acclimatization was achieved through wearing cool clothing from September to February of the following year, while Wgroup was not proved because of wearing warm clothing during same period. After February, no more clothing training was continued in two groups. To determine the heat tolerance, both groups were exposed from a thermoneutral environment(25$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5% R.H.) to a hot environment (35$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5% R.H.) before and after clothing training, respectively September in 1994 and truly in 1995. Rectal temperature, skin temperatures, thermal sensation and comfort were measured every 10 min., and Os uptake was measured at 10, 45, 85 min. after entering the chamber for 5 min. Body weight was measured before and after the experiment and amount of local sweat was measured during the 90 min long experiment. The results are as follows: Rectal temperatures in 35'c environment of C group were increased after training when compared with before clothing, while those of W group were not changed. But the changes of rectal temperature and heat production during 90 min in hot environment were almost the same in two groups after training. And mean skin temperatures, the changes of mean skin temperatures during 90 min in hot environment, total sweat amount and local sweat amount after training were also the same in two groups. From these results, it might be supposed that the heat loss of two groups were the same but the heat production, especially heat production during rest in C group was higher than in Wgroup. This fact suggests that the increase of rest heat production from cold acclimatization in winter is maintained to summer of the following year. And mild cold acclimatization coming from westing cool clothing does not have a negative effect on heat tolerance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.141-146
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• 2001

실내 공기조화를 하는 거주역에 대한 온열환경요소의 자극 변화를 통해 실내 에너지를 절약할 수도 있으며 쾌적감도 향상시킬 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 거주자의 온열감각을 자극할 수 있는 온열요소 중 비교적 영향이 크고 용이하게 제어할 수 있는 온도 및 기류의 변동으로 한국인의 온열감각(온냉감, 쾌적감, 만족감)에 미치는 영향을 실험을 통하여 파악하였다. 온도 및 기류별 실험을 통하여 22$^{\circ}C$, 24$^{\circ}C$, 26$^{\circ}C$의 각 온도에 대한 패케지 에어컨의 강, 중, 약 기류에 대한 인체순응 시간과 인체 변화를 파악하였다. 또한 인체순응시간을 고려한 온도 상승 실험을 통하여 24$^{\circ}C$, 26$^{\circ}C$에서 1$^{\circ}C$온도 상승시 인체의 온열쾌적감의 변화를 파악하였으며 온도 상승을 통한 인체 순응시간을 도출하였다. 본 실험을 통하여 초기공조 조건을 24C$^{\circ}C$ 로 한 경우 인체순응을 통한 온도 상승으로 30분 후의 공조중기와 공조후기에 온도 및 기류의 지속적인 변동 자극으로 온냉감은 "약간 서늘하다"를 지속적으로 유지하고 있으며 온도상승으로 인한 쾌적존의 높은 온도에서도 기류의 영향으로 쾌적감은 30분 이후부터 "쾌적"을 지속적으로 유지하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 인체순응을 고려한 온도 및 기류의 자극을 통하여 공조초기부터 공조말기의 장시간에도 인체가 지속적인 쾌적성을 유지한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.성을 유지한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2012

This study was undertaken to develop protective gloves for rose farmers who work on thorny plant in Korea. Prototype of protective gloves was designed and evaluated in terms of thermal comfort and mobility. Gloves were made with arm protectors attached to them, so that they could protect the lower part of arms, and rubber bands were inserted into the arm protectors for them not to slip down. The bending part of each finger was punched in order to give ventilation. Also, the bending parts of the fingers in the upper and lower part of gloves were inserted with sponges and were stitched together in order to enhance gripping movement. According to compared evaluation of the developed gloves and the existing gloves, temperature inside the gloves didn't show any significant differences, but humidity inside the gloves showed significant differences. There were significant differences in terms of comparison of objective mobility, that is, pegboard run-time and grip power, from statistical aspects. In addition, a comparison of subjective discomfort showed significant differences and so the suitability of developed gloves was proved.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1994

This study was conducted to examine whether there is any effect of the local body exposure to hot and cold alternate stress on the blood flow and heart rate. Environmental condition was $20^{\circ}C$ air temperature, 65% relative humidity and 0.2m/s air movement. 22~32 years old four healthy female subjects wore clothes which they felt comfort sitting on a chair. And then their left hand was immersed twice in ($42^{\circ}C$\;and\;15^{\circ}C$ water alternately. Two of the subjects (E-group) were continually exposed to above condition 12 times. While, the other two (C-group) were exposed twice only at the 1st and 12th time of E-group's exposure. The results obtained from this experiment were as follows. \circled1 The initial response of the finger blood flow in I-group to the thermal stress showed more sensitively at the post-training than pre-training. \circled2 Heart .ate was higher in hand immersion at hot water ($42^{\circ}C$) than at cold water ($15^{\circ}C$) \circled3 The pattern of the blood flow of the finger and heart rate was different between E-group and C-group.