• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.41
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• pp.79-102
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• 2009

L/C transaction, the most important issue for the seller and the buyer is the theory of documentary transaction and the theory of strict compliance which are the principles of L/C transactions. According to the leading cases in England and America where the practice of L/C transactions was created and developed, the descriptions of the commodities specified on all the documents which are submitted based on an L/C, should be identical to the descriptions of commodities specified in the L/C. And further, many leading cases of L/C continuously repeat to emphasize strict compliance. However, the recent leading cases in and out of the country show that the principle of strict compliance is being weakened. The leading cases in America show two trends of weakening the principle of strict compliance. That is, on the contrary to strict compliance, tends to apply substantial compliance (which puts more value on the substance of the documents). These leading cases reflect the attitudes of the judicial and the legislative authorization that don't want to approve formal approach to the commercial law. Recently, the Supreme Court of Korea is giving a decision on the principle of strict compliance, "The documents attached to an L/C should strictly comply with the conditions in the L/C, but it doesn't mean that they should be perfectly identical without any mistake in words. In case the bank can understand through reasonable care that a small mistake in words is too trivial to give different meaning or to give damage to the conditions of the L/C, the documents are regarded to comply with the conditions of the L/C. However, the judgment should be based on whether the difference between the documents and the L/C can be admitted by the international standard bank transaction practice or not." This decision tells that the principle of strict compliance is quite much modified so application of this modification can't be ignored. However, from the viewpoint of the party who requests to open an L/C, there is a criticism that a bank's arbitrary judgement can be involved. Therefore, reviewing the original purpose of L/C transactions (activating international transactions), the principle of strict compliance may be thought old-fashioned because it emphasizes a form, but in reality, for prompt transaction and payment, the principle of strict compliance should be observed in L/C transactions. And further, if a legislative device is prepared to systematically compensate for several side-effects, the principle of strict compliance will improve dynamic flow of prompt and low-costly L/C transactions. On the other hand, it will be able to protect the interested parties.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2000

Sufficient conditions for boundary controllability of time varying delay integrodifferential systems in Banach spaces are established. The results are obtained by using the strongly continuous semigroup theory and the Banach contraction principle.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.145-184
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• 2016

Williamson(1994) proved incompatibility of Gab Theory and Tarski T-schema. But this does not means that Gab Theory could not involve intuition on truth that is expressed by T-schema. I will show that Gab Theory and mutual entailment of 'p' and 'it is true that p'(p⊨T

and T

⊨p) are compatible. It will draw that Gab Theory can involve minimal intuition on truth. After all what I want to reveal is logical space for Gab Theory through the compatibility of the mutual entailment and negation of the Principle of Bivalence. To prove the compatibility, I will present a consequent relation which should be accepted whenever we accept Gab Theory and demonstrate Gab Theory and the mutual entailment imply following two thesis; 1) not-T

and T are not equivalent. 2) p entails T

but not-T

does not entails not-p.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2020

This work focuses on the behavior of non-local shear deformation beam theory for the vibration of functionally graded (FG) nanobeams with porosities that may occur inside the functionally graded materials (FG) during their fabrication, using the non-local differential constitutive relations of Eringen. For this purpose, the developed theory accounts for the higher-order variation of transverse shear strain through the depth of the nanobeam. The material properties of the FG nanobeam are assumed to vary in the thickness direction. The equations of motion are derived from Hamilton's principle. Analytical solutions are presented for a simply supported FG nanobeam with porosities. The validity of this theory is verified by comparing some of the present results with other higher-order theories reported in the literature, the influence of material parameters, the volume fraction of porosity and the thickness ratio on the behavior mechanical P-FGM beam are represented by numerical examples.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.27-33
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• 2003

Circular Distributed-feedback (DFB) guiding structures can be incorporated in most of the semiconductor laser devices because of the frequency-selective property applicable as an optical filter in optical communications. In this paper, we present a novel and simple modal transmission-line theory (MTLT) using Floquet-Babinet's principle to analyze the optical filtering characteristics of Bragg gratings with cylindrical profile. The numerical results reveal that this method offers a simple and convenient algorithm to analyze the filtering characteristics of circular DFB configurations as well as is extended conveniently to evaluate the guiding problems of circular multi-layered periodic structures.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 2003

Marston (1913) and Spangler's (1982) theory was widely used in the analysis of the earth pressure of the narrow and long excavated ditch type backfield ground. Their theory was more clearly explained by expressing the minor principle stress arch connecting the minor principle stress link induced by interaction between the excavated wall surface and the backfilled earth. which was done by R.L. Handy(1985). Later C.G. Kellogg(1993) extended the study from vertical symmetric to incline symmetric in the backfill space type research. In the C.G. Kellogg's study, it is assumed that the resistance of wall friction on the sloping wall could be replaced by the internal friction angle in the sloping section bottom. In the study, the resistance of wall friction in the sloping section bottom, which was applied by C.G. Kellogg, would be different in magnitude with the resistance of wall friction in sloping section. The magnitude is expected to affect in the earth pressure calculation and verified by the soil test box, the C.G. Kellogg's theory, the numerical analysis and the modified C.G. Kellogg's theory considering the friction resistance to influence the incline wall.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.15
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• pp.87-116
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• 2018

This study is a study on applying the teaching-learning theory of education to military school education. For the purpose, the theories of constructivist, cognitive, and behavioral theories of teaching-learning theory are reviewed and applied to military school education. The application of teaching-learning theory to military school education suggested the application of constructivist, cognitive, and behavioral education methods to each core curriculum and OBC curriculum. In addition, Gagne's 9th instructional design model of teaching and learning theory was applied in school education design. Applying the teaching-learning theory of education to military, discussion of situation education is constructivist education method, L&T education is cognitive education method, mastery education is behavioral education method, teaching principle, applicable education method. Based on the teaching-learning theory presented in this study, it is expected that the design of military school education and the application of education method will achieve the goal of more effective military school education.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.43-47
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• 1980

In this note the characteristics of ocean waves is reviewed from standpoint of practical application. To describe the ocean wave in mathematical terms many wave theories have been developed, each under some different aspects. Among well-established wave theories the gravity wave theory and the cnoidal wave theory are examined by a mathematical principle. Finally valid range of each theory is suggested for its numerical evaluation.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to uncover weaknesses in the constructivism in mathematics education and to search for ways to complement these deficiencies. We contemplate the relationship between the capability of construction and the performance of it, with the view of the 'Twofold-Structure of Mind.' From this, it is claimed that the construction of mathematical knowledge should be to experience and reveal the upper layer of Mind, the Reality. Based on the examination on the conflict and relation between the structuralism and the constructivism, with reference to the 'theory of principle' and the 'theory of material force' in Neo-Confucianist theory, it is asserted that the construction of mathematical knowledge must be the construction of the structure of mathematical knowledge. To comprehend the processes involved in the construction of the structure of mathematical knowledge, the epistemology of Michael Polanyi is studied. And also, the theory of mathematization, the historico-genetic principle, and the theory on the levels of mathematical thinking are reinterpreted. Finally, on the basis of the theory of twofold-structure, the roles and attitudes of teachers and students are discussed.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.426-431
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• 2000

A decoupled thermo-piezoelectric-mechanical model of composite laminates with surface bonded piezoelectric actuators, subjected to externally applied load, temperature change load, electric field load is developed. The governing differential equations are obtained by applying the principle of free energy and variational techniques. A higher order zigzag theory displacement field is employed to accurately capture the transverse shear and normal effects in laminated composite plates of arbitrary thickness.