• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 1985

Ratio of physically and mentally handicapped people among the total population is about 3∼4%. Regardless of the extent of seriousness of handicaps, they have to sustain various difficulties in their life time and pose challenging problems to their homes, community and nation. In the spectrum of their problems, measures such as treatment, rehabilitation and welfare work all occupied important part but most significant measure is the prevention. Such handicaps items from health care of maternal and child, mostly causes throughout the process of pregnancy, delivery and upbringing. And then this study is focused on the pregnant history of the mothers with handicapped children. The objective of this study is to identify the basic factors which can create a handicapped child during pregnancy and is to prevent the birth of such a child. For this study, 301 mothers who have handicapped children were selected, now receiving various training at 5 rehabilitation and educational facilities. And questionnaires distributed to them during the period of Oct, 1983 to Dec, 14. The collected responses have been analized in terms of significant numbers, percentage and metic average. Their related results are as follows: 1. The sexual ratio between the male and female was 58.5% compare 41.5%. The average age of the handicapped children was 10.1 years old and that of mothers at the time of the children's birth was 28.9 old years. They were born as 2.14th in their family, the ratio of antenatal care for pregnant mothers was 36.2% and 22.9% were abnormally delivered. 37.9% out of the total were born from mothers with ages above 35 years and as their first baby. 2. The time of confirming the handicapped nature of children was during babyhood by 97.1% and discovery of these misfortunes were made by chance. As for causes of those-handicapped status 20.9% disease from complication, 15.3% from difficulties experience at the time of delivery, 11.3% from heredity and 10% were results of drug abuse during pregnancy, and 49.8% of the handicapped children were mentally retarded.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.589-594
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• 2013

In intestinal helminth infections, Th2 immune respones are generally associated with mucin secretion for worm expulsion from the host intestine. In particular, IL-4 and IL-13 are the important cytokines related with intestinal mucus production via STAT6 signalling in nematode infections. However, this perspective has never been studied in Gymnophalloides seoi infection. The present study aimed to observe the STAT6 signalling and cytokine responses in C57BL/6 mice, a mouse strain resistant to infection with this trematode. The results showed that worm expulsion occurred actively during days 1-2 post-infection (PI), when goblet cells began to proliferate in the small intestine. The STAT6 gene expression in the mouse spleen became remarkable from day 2 PI. Moreover, G. seoi infection induced a significant increase of IL-13 from day 4 PI in the spleen of infected mice. Our results suggested that goblet cell hyperplasia and worm expulsion in G. seoi-infected mice should be induced by STAT6 signalling, in which IL-13 may be involved as a dominant triggering cytokine.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.57-65
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of the study is 1) to improve the previously developed KHLAT(Korean Health Literacy Assessment Tool) by testing two versions of KHLAT and 2) to develop guidelines to the grade range for KHLAT. Methods: The two versions of KHLAT(2) KHLAT(4) were administered to students from 1st grade to 12th grade in Busan. Data on 2673 participants were analyzed. Comparisons were made according to the grade range in REALM and the Korean grade range. Results: Both versions showed the increase of scores as the grade level increases. Female scored higher than male. However, the mean score (39.16) of KHLAT(2) was higher than that (29.6) of KHLAT(4). This result might be due to more specified responses of KHLAT(4). This difference was more clearly shown when the REALM grade range and Korean grade range were compared. The mean scores of KHLAT were lower than the means scores of the REALM in USA. Conclusions: The guidelines which were based on Korean school grad range were more suitable for Koreans.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.262-280
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• 1999

This study was Performed to understand Pediatric Pain management status and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. In addition. it aimed to provide basic data in order to establish effective nursing intervention strategies by confirming the barriers of effective pain management in practice. The subjects were 195 nurses working in pediatric units(general pediatric unit. oncology unit, neonatal unit. neonatal ICU, Pediatric ICU) of 8 university hospitals and one general hospital. Data was collected by the questionnaire from the 3rd of August to the 20th of September in 1999. The instrument developed by Sanna(1999) to measure nurses' knowledge and their attitudes and the other tool by Cleeland(1984) to evaluate barriers in effective Pain management was used. Results of this study are summarized as follows 1. Most nurses learn about the pain management knowledges from through regular curriculum of nursing school(62.0%) And almost nurses(90.8%) don't used to utilize pain assessment tool, but the 'Faces Rating Scale' is the most frequently used by nurses. 2. The use of pain medication(65.6%) is most frequently taken by nurses as pain management and is followed by massage (55.9%) , distraction(27.7%). 3. Nurses' knowledge level is moderate (Mn=3.07). Nurses don't seem to understand pediatric Physical development (Mn = 2.86), psychological development(Mn=2.94) well, meanwhile they seem relatively Quite knowledgeable about the way pain emerges. 4. Nurses' attitudes toward pain is based on behavioral and physiological responses to Pain. They believe 'changes in behavior are a way of assessing pain in child' and 'acute pain increases the number of respiration' Nurses are ready to accept pediatric pain, but are not positive in adopting pain intervention in practice. 5. The barriers of effective pain management are inadequate assessment of pain and pain relief(81.5%), ineffective incorporation among health professionals(80%), and lack of equipment or skills(80.0%).

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.152-164
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• 2005

Purpose : A survey was conducted to investigate the intake pattern of health food by using questionnaire. Methods : This study was carried out to patients visiting OB&GY clinic in Jaseng and Dongseo hospital of oriental medicine during 2005.3.4-2005.5.13. Results : 1. Among the 114 respondents, most respondents(66.6%) were located between 3rd and 4th decade. 2. Among the respondents, 107(93.9%) persons had the experience of intake of health foods and 7(6.1%) persons not. 3. Among the health foods, the natural foods(48.0%) were most frequently taken. 4. Two major reasons for the intake of the health food were 'for relieving easy fatigability'(24.8%) and 'for the prevention of disease'(23.0%). 5. Most respondents felt that the effects of health foods were 'intermideate'(65.8%). Positive responses to the effect were 24.6%, and negative ones were 3.5%. 6. The discussion with medical personnel about taking health foods was present in fractionary population (13.2% ). 7. Among 107 respondents who had taken health food, 7 respondents(6.1%) experienced side effect of health food. Side effects were gastrointestinal disturbance in 4 cases, dermatologic problems in 2 cases. Conclusion : A study on analysis of health food in Oriental Medicine is necessary to make a guide for efficient use of that.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.293-300
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to measure preservice teachers' perceptions of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). The researcher analyzed responses on the TPACK scale of 307 students in A University located in Chungcheongbuk-do. During the statistical analysis, IBM SPSS 21 program was used to implement Independent Samples T-test, One-way Analysis of Variance, and Multiple Regression Analysis (Enter method). The results are as follows. First, for the mean difference by gender, the mean of female students was higher than that of male students in Pedagogical Knowledge, Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Technological Pedagogical Knowledge, and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Second, for the mean difference by grade level, the mean of the 1^st, 3^rd and 4^th graders was higher than that of the 2^nd graders in the Content Knowledge at a statistically significant level. Third, toward Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Pedagogical Knowledge of .11 beta value, Pedagogical Content Knowledge of .11 beta value, and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge of .715 beta value were found to be statistically significant predictors. Finally, the researcher discussed development of the TPACK implementation manual and workbook and provision of various technology practice opportunities.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to understand the sensory processing capacity and behavioral characteristics for preschoolers without disabilities, and to investigate the relationship between sensory processing skills and the behavioral characteristics. Methods : Mothers of preschoolers without disabilities between ages of 4 and 6 who attend Y kindergarten which is located in Busan, H kindergarten in Suwon, S kindergarten in Gimhae was participated. Mothers filled out the questionnaire at home from 4th to 14th of January in 2004. We used SSP(short sensory profile) which was used by Kim, Mi-Sun in 2001 to understand the sensory processing skills. We also used Behavior During Testing Checklist find their places in Miller Assessment for preschoolers to understand behavior characteristics. The results were analyzed with SPSS 10.0. Results : 1. Total incidents in sensory processing were 157 out of 190. Among sub items of the sensory processing, the mark of lower energy/weak was highest with 4.39 point and the mark of taste/smell sensitivity was lowest with 3.60 point. Total incidents in behavioral characteristics were 20 out of 24. Among the area of behavioral characteristics, the mark of sensory responses/threshold area was highest with 2.73 point and the mark of social interaction area was lowest with 2.29 point. 2. Children's total sensory processing capacity correlates with behavioral characteristics, the more sensory processing capacity, the more behavioral characteristics. Sensory processing point correlates with behavioral characteristics points except this item, reaction to separation from caretaker. Conclusions : We hope that the children who have behavioral characteristics with difficulties in sensory processing skills can be distinguished on the basis of this studying. Also, as we find and relieve early stage of the symptoms, following study which can present based to facilitate children's social development and improve the learning ability.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 1998

The responses to antifolales of ToxopLasmc Bondii were investigated by measuring the dihydrorolate redLlctase (DHFR) activity. quantity of DHFR mRNA, and single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) pattern. Pyrimethamine (PYM) and methotrexate (MTX) were tested ds anlifolates. When T. gondii was treated wish PYM, the viability was decreased by the increasing concentration of PYM. DHFR activity tended to increase as the passage proceeded. and the quantity of mRNA expressed was also increased according to passages. The viability of 7. gonnii was decreased by the increasing concentration of MTX, but it was maintained over 40% up to $100{\;}{\mu\textrm{m}}$ MTX. DHFR activity was 77.4% in the 1st passage ($1{\;}{\mu\textrm{m}}$). 82.2% in the 4th passage ($10{\;}{\mu\textrm{m}}$), and 141.3% in the 7th passage ($100{\;}{\mu\textrm{m}}$) But no changes were detected in SSCP pattern of T gondii rxposvd to FYM and MTX. both. These results suggested that the response of T gondii to FYN was rofulalcd by transrriptional level and that, in MTX. the viability of T. gonnii was derived from increasing DHFK activity.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-148
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• 2022

The full impact of COVID-19 has yet to be felt: while it may not define the new decade, it is clear that its immediate significance was to test many of the basic operating assumptions and procedures of global civilization. Even as vaccines are developed and utilized and even as it is possible to see the beginning of the end of COVID-19 as a discrete historical event, it remains unclear as to its ultimate importance. That said, it is evident that the academic exploration of Southeast Asia will also be affected by both the global and regional experiences of the pandemic. "Breakthroughs of Area Studies and ASEAN in the Era of Homo Untact" promises to help reconceptualize the study of the region by highlighting the importance of redefined spatial relationships and new potentially depersonalized modes of communication. This paper acknowledges these issues by suggesting that the transformations caused by the pandemic should motivate scholars to raise new questions about how to understand humanity-particularly as it is defined by societies, nations and regions. Given that COVID-19 (and the response to it) has altered many of the fundamental rhythms of globalized regions, there is sufficient warrant for re-examining both the ways in which disease, health and their related spaces affect the perceptions of Southeast Asia. To achieve "breakthroughs" into the investigation of the region, it makes sense to have another glance at the ways in which the discourses about diseases and health may have helped to inscribe definitions of Southeast Asia-or, at the very least, the nations, societies and peoples who live within it. In order to at least consider these larger issues, the discussion will concentrate on a formative moment in the conceptualization of Southeast Asia-British engagement with the region in the late 18^th and early 19^th centuries. To that end three themes will be highlighted: (1) the role that British diplomatic and military narratives played in establishing the information priorities required for the construction of colonial knowledge; (2) the importance not only of "colonial knowledge" but information making in its own right; (3) in anticipation of the use of big data, the manner in which manufactured information (related to space and disease) could function in shaping early British perceptions of Southeast Asia-particularly in Batavia and Java. This discussion will suggest that rather than see social distancing or increased communication as the greatest outcome of COVID-19, instead it will be the use of data-that is, big, aggregated biometric data which have not only shaped responses to the pandemic, but remain likely to produce the reconceptualization of both information and knowledge about the region in a way that will be at least as great as that which took place to meet the needs of the "New Imperialism." Furthermore, the definition and articulation of Southeast Asia has often reflected political and security considerations. Yet, the experience of COVID-19 could prove that data and security are now fused into a set of interests critical to policy-makers. Given that the pandemic should accelerate many existing trends, it might be foreseen these developments will herald the triumph of homo indicina: an epistemic condition whereby the human subject has become a kind of index for its harvestable data. If so, the "breakthroughs" for those who study Southeast Asia will follow in due course.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.16.1-16.20
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• 2022

The gastrointestinal tract is the first organ directly affected by fasting. However, little is known about how fasting influences the intestinal immune system. Intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) capture antigens, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, and provoke adaptive immune responses. We evaluated the changes of intestinal DCs in mice with short-term fasting and their effects on protective immunity against Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Fasting induced an increased number of CD103⁺CD11b^- DCs in both small intestinal lamina propria (SILP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN). The SILP CD103⁺CD11b^- DCs showed proliferation and migration, coincident with increased levels of GM-CSF and C-C chemokine receptor type 7, respectively. At 24 h post-infection with LM, there was a significant reduction in the bacterial burden in the spleen, liver, and mLN of the short-term-fasted mice compared to those fed ad libitum. Also, short-term-fasted mice showed increased survival after LM infection compared with ad libitum-fed mice. It could be that significantly high TGF-β2 and Aldh1a2 expression in CD103⁺CD11b^- DCs in mice infected with LM might affect to increase of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells. Changes of major subset of DCs from CD103⁺ to CD103^- may induce the increase of IFN-γ-producing cells with forming Th1-biased environment. Therefore, the short-term fasting affects protection against LM infection by changing major subset of intestinal DCs from tolerogenic to Th1 immunogenic.