• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.585-592
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• 1994

A consecutive Jiao Chio acupuncture therapy was performed for 3 days in the 45-90 days old 11 calves of which have been shown severe watery diarrhea. The discharge of the infected calves was yellowish brown in color. Two calves of these patients were infected wi pulmonary disease as well as diarrhea. Thus, Su Qi and Fei Yu acupuncture therapy was carried out additionally after dosing with antibiotics twice for The two infected calves. Blood chemical values and serum neutralizing antibody titers were checked, and total blood cell count was also carried out to know the therapeutic effect before and after(21 days) acupuncture therapeutics. The results are as follows ; 1, The diarrhea has ceased one day after begining of the acupuncture therapy in 5 calves, and the cessation of the diarrhea in remaining calves occurred in 1 calf each on 3rd and 4th day, and 2 calves on 6th day, respectively. Two calves infected with pulmonary disease as well diarrhea were cured 8 days after the begining of the therapcutics. 2. Rotaviruses wire detected in the feces of 2 calves, and bovine diarrhea viruses were detected in the 8 calves by the test for serum neutralizing antibody titers, and bovine coronaviruses were also detected in 5 calves. Four calves of the 5 bovine coronavirus infected calves were also infected with bovine diarrhea viruses. 3. Total leucocyte number, total amount of serum protein, and amount of fibringen were slightly increased, while total erythrocyte number, and erythrocyte packed cell volume were slightly decreased. These valucs were statistically not significant. Electrolytes of Na/sup +/, K/sup +/ and Cl/sup -/ were slightly decreased but these values also were not significant. These results indicate that the acupuncture therapeutics arc significantly effective to remove the viral diarrhea in the young calves.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.635-644
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• 2019

Background: To increase the pharmacological effects of red ginseng (RG, the steamed root of Panax ginseng Meyer), RG products modified by heat process or fermentation have been developed. However, the antiallergic effects of RG and modified/fermented RG have not been simultaneously examined. Therefore, we examined the allergic rhinitis (AR)-inhibitory effects of water-extracted RG (wRG), 50% ethanol-extracted RG (eRG), and bifidobacteria-fermented eRG (fRG) in vivo. Methods: RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate/A23187. Mice with AR were prepared by treatment with ovalbumin. Allergic markers IgE, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5 were assayed in the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal mucosa, and colon using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cell populations were assayed using a flow cytometer. Results: RG products potently inhibited IL-4 expression in phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate/A23187-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Of tested RG products, fRG most potently inhibited IL-4 expression. RG products also alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. Of these, fRG most potently reduced nasal allergy symptoms and blood IgE levels. fRG treatment also reduced IL-4 and IL-5 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal mucosa, and reduced mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cell populations. Furthermore, treatment with fRG reduced IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in the colon and restored ovalbumin-suppressed Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria populations and ovalbumin-induced Firmicutes population in gut microbiota. Treatment with ginsenoside Rd significantly alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. Conclusion: fRG and ginsenoside Rd may alleviate AR by suppressing IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 expression and restoring the composition of gut microbiota.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.20.1-20.9
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• 2022

Despite the high prevalence of chronic dermatitis and the accompanied intractable itch, therapeutics that specifically target itching have low efficacy. Increasing evidence suggests that TLRs contribute to immune activation and neural sensitization; however, their roles in chronic itch remain elusive. Here, we show that the RBL-2H3 mast cell line expresses TLR4 and that treatment with a TLR4 antagonist opposes the LPS dependent increase in mRNA levels of Th2 and innate cytokines. The pathological role of TLR4 activation in itching was studied in neonate rats that developed chronic itch due to neuronal damage after receiving subcutaneous capsaicin injections. Treatment with a TLR4 antagonist protected these rats with chronic itch against scratching behavior and chronic dermatitis. TLR4 antagonist treatment also restored the density of cutaneous nerve fibers and inhibited the histopathological changes that are associated with mast cell activation after capsaicin injection. Additionally, the expression of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 mRNA in the lesional skin decreased after TLR4 antagonist treatment. Based on these data, we propose that inhibiting TLR4 alleviated itch in a rat model of chronic relapsing itch, and the reduction in the itch was associated with TLR4 signaling in mast cells and nerve fibers.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.326-332
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• 2012

Mast cells play pivotal pathologic roles in allergic disease involving T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. Fisetin has been known as an anti-allergic agent having inhibitory effects on the IL-4 and IL-13 gene expressions in inflammatory immune cells. However, its molecular mechanisms for suppressive effects of fisetin on IL-4 and IL-13 in activated mast cells have been incompletely elucidated. In this study we found that fisetin significantly inhibited the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin (PI)-induced production of IL-4 and IL-13 in mast cells. The levels of mRNA were dramatically decreased by fisetin, indicating the suppression might be regulated at the transcriptional levels. Western blot analysis of the nuclear expression of various transcription factors involved in the promoter activation indicated that suppression of c-Fos was prominent together with significant down-regulation of nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NF-AT) and NF-${\kappa}B$, but not c-Jun. Furthermore, the nuclear expression of GATA binding protein 2 (GATA-2) transcription factor was significantly down-regulated by fisetin. Taken together, our study indicated fisetin has suppressive effects on IL-4 and IL-13 gene expression through the regulation of selective transcription factors.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.127-142
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate fatty liver in Korean black goats. Adult female goats were divided into 3 test groups(A, B and C). Group A and B of goats each received 3 test consecutive daily doses of DL-ethionine at 75mg/kg and 150mg/kg body weight, respectively. Group C of goats was given 3 consecutive doses of the compound every 48 hours at 150mg/kg body weight. The clinical symptoms, hematological values, serum chemical values and histopathological study of the liver were investigated in the test animals. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. Fatty liver were observed in every test animal. 2. Some clinical symptoms( anorexia, depression) were appeared from 1st day to 7th day after administration of the compound in every test animal. In addition to these symptoms, diarrhea and salivation were generally observed in test animals which were given the compound at 150mg/kg body weight. The degree of these symptoms was dose dependent. 3. There was no significant variations in total WBC counts and fibrinogen values in the blood of test goats. The PCV values were significantly increased on 5th day of dosing in group A and B of goats. 4. The total lipid value was not changed but the concentration of NEFA was significantly increased on 3rd day of dosing with the compound and returned to normal value after 10 days hereafter. The value of triglycerides was significantly increased on 1st day and returned to normal value on 3rd day of dosing. The value of cholesterol was significantly decreased on 3rd day and returned to normal value on 10th day after treatment. 5. Total protein level was decreased on 10th day of dosing in the groups of B and C, and billirubin level was significantly increased on 7th day of dosing in every test group and returned to normal level after 13th day of administration. 6. The activity of GGT in serum was not changed while the activities of SDH and AST were significantly increased in every test goat and those values were returned to normal after 10~13th day of trestment. 7 The 35K-protein fraction in serum was not detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but this protein fraction was detected by the same method after treating the 21st and 22nd fraction which were obtained by column chromatography with Sephadex G-100. 8. The affected liver was congested and swollen on 3rd day, and yellowish brown in color and mottled appearance on 7th day of treatment. Histopathologically, fat droplets were common in the hepatocytes, this change was intensive on 7th day after treatment in group B and C. Hepatic cell necrosis was observed in some livers but this pathological change was disappeared and returned to normal after 13 days of treatment.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.41-47
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• 2019

Objectives : A traditional herbal prescription, Kyung-Ok-Ko (KOK), has long been used in oriental medicine as an invigorant for age-related diseases, such as amnesia and stroke. However, the beneficial value of KOK for immune responses is largely unknown. Based on the above mentioned effects of KOK, other previous reports, and its use in traditional medicine, we hypothesized that KOK displays beneficial effects against methotrexate (MTX)-induced immune suppression. Methods : We investigated the effects of KOK (0.6 g/kg/day, oral (p.o.)) on deteriorated immunity caused by MTX (2 mg/kg/day, p.o.) in an immune suppression mouse model. MTX was fed to mice once a day for 7 days. After the immune responses of the mice deteriorated by MTX treatment, KOK in water was fed to the mice once a day for 14 days. We then measured the expression levels of various cytokines, such as T helper cell (Th1, Th2) cytokines, and the number of immune cells, such as spleen T cells, B cells, and macrophages. Results : The data showed that MTX decreased Th1 profiles (interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12) and the number of immune cells, and increased Th2 profiles (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), which were normalized significantly by post-administration of KOK. However, there was no significant difference in body-weight gain between MTX- and KOK-treated mice. Conclusion : These results indicate that KOK has immune-enhancing functions and reduces immunotoxicity of MTX, suggesting that supplementation with KOK will improve immune responses clinically and be useful for the prevention of immune-related diseases.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.267-273
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• 1998

The study was carried out to investigate the changes of total WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocite, eosinophil in the horses'blood of 3 groups which randomly assigned 3 heads to each group. In group A(daily therapy), each horse was iniected, intramuscularly, 100 mg of prednisolone acetate/day for 3 days, consecutively. In group B(alternate-day therapy), each horse was injected, 100 mg of prednisolone acetate/day 4 times on alternate days, intramuscularly. In control group, each horse was injected, intramuscularly, the equivalent volumes/day of saline solution fur 3 days, consecutively. The results were summarized as fellows: 1. Total WBC counts in group A rapidly increased until day 4th, which the counts reached the $maximum(13.10{\pm}0.13{\times}10^{3}/{\mu}l$)(p<0.05), and decreased into control group range until day loth. In group B rapidly increased until day 1st, and gradually increased until day 71% which the counts reached the maximum ($12f3{\pm} 0.20$)0<0.05), and decreased into control group range until day 16th. 2. Neutrophil counts in group A rapidly increased until day 4HL which the coun% reached the maxi um($10.85{\pm} 0.08$)0<0.05), and decreased into control group range until day loth. In group B rapidly increased until day 1st and slowly increased until day 7th, which the counts reached the maximum$(9.76{\pm}0.22)0<0.05)$, and decreased into control group range until day 16th. 3. Lymphocyte counts in group A and B rapidly decreased until day 4th, which the counts reached the minimum(2.14{\pm}0.12 and 2.09{\pm}0.20$, respectively) (p<0.05), and increased into control group range until day 10th. Group A and B, however, had no significant effects each other on Iymphocyte counts during the study. 4. Monocite and eosinophil counts in group A and B remained in the range of control group during the study. Eosinophil in group A and B slightly decreased on day 4th, significantly%<0.05), but we could not generally be reliable the result because of severe standard deviations. In conclusion, we fecund that group A had more rapidly increase and decrease than group B on hematologic counts of WBC, but group B had longer period than group A on the hematologic effects of WBC, and found not differences between daily therapy and alternate-day therapy.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2002

In this research, we targeted to see if there was difference of shelf$.$lives of two different species cucumber. We pickled domestic and exporting cucumber to make comparison while they were fermented and stored. As for the domestic cucumber we choose CHICHEONG and for the exporting cucumber we choose special BAEKSEONG and SHARP 1. We blanched them and soaked them into hot saline water for 8 hours. Two kinds of Cucumber Kimchi were at room temperature for first day and 5'c from 2nd to 28th day. It was found, from the results, that all of samples of pH reached at 3.5 $\pm$ 0.1 on the 14th day of fermentation. The titratable acidity of the control increased on 14th day of fermentation, which was bit late than change of others. The reducing sugar contents of the control did not decrease until 7th day of fermentation while reducing sugar contents of others decreased gradually from the beginning. The patterns of Microfloral changes of two kinds of Cucumber Kimchi were similar during fermentation period. The number of total cell increased up to 14th day, similary the numbers of lactic acid bacteria increased up to 14th day then barely decreased. The hardness of the control was bit higher than others when it was measured on 14th day of fermentation. The sensory evaluation of Cucumber Kimchi with different species showed that both species had siginificant high negative scores in green color and crispness when those were compared between fermentation time and samples.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.378-381
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• 1996

This study is to research Li$_{x}$Ni$_{2-x}$O$_2$ cathode for lithium chargeable battery. We investigated morphology and cell resistance, capacity and Ah efficiency of Li$_{x}$Ni$_{2-x}$O$_2$/Li cells using Li$_{x}$Ni$_{2-x}$O$_2$ prepared under air and $O_2$ flow. The (003)I/(104)I intensity ratio was 1.4. The cell resistance was increased with increasing Li in Li$_{x}$Ni$_{2-x}$O$_2$. The discharge capacity based on Li$_{x}$Ni$_{2-x}$O$_2$of 1st and 15th cycles was 135㎃h/g and 108㎃h/g, respectively. The Li$_{x}$Ni$_{2-x}$O$_2$ prepared with hexan under $O_2$ flow had a good properties. properties. properties.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2020

We present a new and facile design of a high-performance Li-S cell by integrating a Li₂S-impregnated glass fiber separator together with a common sulfur cathode. We find that a considerable amount of Li₂S is consumed amidst the first charge, and most of Li₂S disappears at the end of the second charge. During the charge process, additional sulfur material is formed and contributes to a significant enhancement of the discharge capacity (~1400 mAh/g), compared with a control cell (~1260 mAh/g) without Li₂S. Moreover, the Li₂S containing cell exhibits much higher cycling stability (a 31% increase from ~840 to ~1100 mAh/g in the 100th cycle) and rate capability (a 30% increase from ~580 to ~750 mAh/g at 2 C) than the control cell. Our results indicate that adopting Li₂S-containing separator is highly effective to improving the electrochemical performances of Li-S cells.