• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.280-297
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• 2001

The purpose of the study was to develop and test the model for the quality of life in mothers of children with nephrotic syndrome. A hypothetical model was constructed on the basis of previous studies and a review of literature. The conceptual framework was built around ten constructs. Exogenous variables included in this model were mother's health, father's health, marital intimacy, mother's attitude on children, economic state, side effect of steroid, severity of illness and social support. Endogenous variables were mother's burden and quality of life. Empirical data for testing the hypothetical model were collected by using a self-report questionnaire from 152 mothers of children with nephrotic syndrom at the outpatient clinics and in the hospital. The data was collected from May, 1999 to August, 1999.Reliability of the seven instruments was tested with Cronbach's alpha which ranged from 0.71 - 0.92.For the data analysis, SPSS 8.0 WIN program and LISREL 8.20 WIN program were used for descriptive statistics and covariance structural analysis. The results of covariance structural analysis were as follow :1. The hypothetical model showed a good fit with the empirical data. [x2 = .56, df = 3, p = .90(p>.05 ), GFI = .99, AGFI = .99, RMSR = .005.] 2. For the parsimony of model, a modified model was constructed by deleting 1 variable and excluding 2 paths according to the criteria of statistical significance and meaning.3. The modified model also showed a good fit with the data[x2 = 2.83, df = 7, p = .90( p>.05 ), GFI = 1.00, AGFI = .97, RMSR = .011].The result of the testing of the hypothesis were as follows : 1. Mother's health(γ21 = .26, t = 4.16), father's health(γ22 = .19, t = 2.92), marital intimacy(γ23 = .26, t = 4.13) and social support(γ28 = .12, t = 2.03) had a significant direct effect on the quality of life.2. Mother's burden(β21 = -.20, t = -3.10) had a significant negative direct effect on the quality of life.3. Mother's attitude on children(γ14 = -.34, t = .-4.57), mother's health(γ11 = -.22, t = -2.96) and side effect of steroid (γ16 = -.23, t = .-2.69) had a significant direct negative effect on the burden. The result of this study showed that mother's health, marital intimacy, mother's burden, father's health, and social support had a significant direct effect on the quality of life. Mother's attitude on children, mother's health, and side effect of steroid had a significant direct effect on mother's burden. These six variables, mother's health, marital intimacy, father's health, social support, mother's attitude on children and side effect of steroid were identified as relatively important variables. The results of this study suggest, it needed to determine the nursing intervention will alleviate mother's burden and promote a greater quality of life in mothers of children with nephrotic syndrom.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1568-1574
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• 2012

Three Holstein steers in the growing phase, each with a ruminal cannula, were used to test the hypothesis that the synchronization of the hourly rate of carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) released in the rumen would increase the amount of retained nitrogen for growth and thus improve the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS). In Experiment 1, in situ degradability coefficients of carbohydrate and N in feeds including Korean rice wine residue (RWR) were determined. In Experiment 2, three total mixed ration (TMR) diets having different rates of carbohydrate and N release in the rumen were formulated using the in situ degradability of the feeds. All diets were made to contain similar contents of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but varied in their hourly pattern of nutrient release. The synchrony index of the three TMRs was 0.51 (LS), 0.77 (MS) and 0.95 (HS), respectively. The diets were fed at a restricted level (2% of the animal's body weight) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Synchronizing the hourly supply of energy and N in the rumen did not significantly alter the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, NDF or acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p>0.05). The ruminal $NH_3$-N content of the LS group at three hours after feeding was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the other groups; however, the mean values of ruminal $NH_3$-N, pH and VFA concentration among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In addition, the purine derivative (PD) excretion in urine and microbial-N production (MN) among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In conclusion, synchronizing dietary energy and N supply to the rumen did not have a major effect on nutrient digestion or microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in Holstein steers.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2016

Purpose - This paper is for the Analysis on the Hindrance Factors and Activation Scheme by the Type of Distribution Channel in Direct transaction of Agricultural Products. As the distribution structure of agricultural products has become changable, farmers seem to use the type of direct distribution in order to enhance the receiving price. This study aims to explore the hindrance factors and income variation rate in direct transaction of agricultural produces, specifically focusing on the 167 farmers. Research design, data, and methodology - To ascertain the hindrance factors exactly by the type of distribution channel, the managements were classified by four subcategories, that is high sales percentage with shopping malls, SNS, shopping malls and SNS, and off-line direct transaction. Results - As a result of the hypothesis test, hinderance factors in online direct deal activation were found to be in the order of the difficulty in continuous content production, the difficulty in shopping mall operation and maintenance, and the difficulty in card commission problems, and in the order of the difficulties in continuous content production, the difficulty in continuous content production, the difficulty in shopping mall operation and maintenance, and the difficulty in branding for the SNS group. Thus, it can be seen that the difficulty in continuous content production, shopping mall operation and maintenance were found to be the biggest obstacles. In addition, hindering factors in online direct deal activation were found to be in the order of the difficulty in credit card settlement, the difficulty in publicity, and the difficulty in dealing with unsold goods. The group with high sales rate in shopping mall was found to be increased by 23.9% in the gross income compared to the previous year, the group with high SNS sales ratio increased by 56.5%, the group with direct offline transaction increased by 37.1%, among which the group with the highest increase rate of SNS sales ratio was found to be the highest from the rate of increase/decrease of the income, which was statistically significant. Conclusions - It can be suggested that government and local government may provide agricultural management with supporting plan which in turn can activate direct transaction in any possible ways.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.541-557
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 치과서비스를 대상으로 서비스 개별성, 서비스 능력, 서비스 공감성 등 서비스특성이 신뢰, 감정적 몰입 및 계산적 몰입에 미치는 영향력을 확인하고, 또한 신뢰, 감정적 몰입, 계산적 몰입, 고객 충성도 관계를 확인함으로써 감정적 몰입과 계산적 몰입의 인과적 역할을 설명하는데 있다. 본 연구는 SPSS 20.0 및 AMOS 16.00 통계패키지를 이용하여 구조방정식모형분석으로 연구가설을 검증하였다. 분석 결과 첫째, 서비스개별성은 감정적 몰입에 영향을 주었고, 서비스능력은 신뢰에 영향을 주었으며, 서비스공감성은 감정적 몰입 및 신뢰에 영향을 주었지만, 계산적 몰입은 어떠한 서비스특성에 영향을 받지 않았다. 둘째, 신뢰는 감정적 몰입에는 영향을 주지 않은 반면 계산적 몰입 및 고객 충성도에는 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 셋째, 감정적 몰입 및 계산적 몰입은 고객 충성도에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 따라서 치과서비스제공자는 이용자에게 서비스 능력과 공감성을 제시하여 신뢰를 높이고, 서비스 개별성과 공간성으로 감정적 몰입을 높이는 차별적 관계형성이 필요할 것이다. 또한 신뢰가 형성된 고객은 직접적으로 고객충성도를 유도하거나 또는 다양한 혜택을 제시하여 간접적으로 고객충성도를 구축해야 하며, 감정적 애착이 높은 고객은 강력한 고객충성도를 구축할 수 있도록 적합한 마케팅전략을 제시해야할 것이다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.526-535
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• 2018

목적 : 본 연구는 임상실습 중인 간호학생들에게 손 위생 시점에 관한 동영상 프로그램을 적용한 후 손 위생 시점지식과 수행을 검정하는 유사실험연구로 비동등성 대조군 전후 설계이다. 방법 : 2017년 3월 2일부터 6월 30일까지 3개 간호대학 92명의 학생들을 실험군 44명, 대조군 48명으로 나누어 자료를 수집했다. 결과 : 1) 손 위생 시점 동영상 실습교육프로그램 교육 후 손 위생 지식은 실험군이 대조군보다 높았다(t =6.30, p <.001). 2) 손 위생 시점 동영상 실습교육프로그램 교육 후, 손 위생 시점 지식은 실험군이 대조군보다 높았다(t =6.34, p <.001). 3) 손 위생 시점 동영상 실습교육프로그램 교육 후, 손 위생 수행은 실험군이 대조군보다 높았다(t =3.82, p <.001). 4) 손 위생 시점에 관한 지식과 손 위생 수행은 상관관계가 있었다(r =.458, p <.001). 결론 : 손 위생 시점 동영상 교육 프로그램은 손 위생 시점에 대한 지식과 손 위생 수행 향상에 효과적인 중재임을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.1016-1025
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• 2009

Two experiments were conducted to determine energy and nutrient digestibility in four sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced from corn and fed to growing pigs. The objective was to test the hypothesis that energy and nutrient digestibility in DDGS does not vary if samples are procured from ethanol plants that use similar production technologies and use corn that is grown within a narrow geographical area. The four sources of DDGS that were used were procured from ethanol plants that were less than 10 yr old and located within 250 km of each other. In Exp. 1, five growing barrows (initial BW = 71.4 kg) that were fitted with a T-canula in the distal ileum were allotted to a 5${\times}$5 Latin square design and used to measure apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of AA in the four sources of DDGS. Results of this experiment showed that the SID of CP and all AA except Cys and Pro were greater (p<0.05) in two of the DDGS sources than in the other two sources. Exp. 2 was conducted to measure the concentration of DE and ME and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, N, P, ether extract, NDF, and ADF in corn and in the same four sources of DDGS as used in Exp. 1. Five pigs (initial BW = 29.7 kg) that were placed in metabolism cages and allotted to a 5${\times}$5 Latin square design were used. Results of Exp. 2 showed that the average DE and ME in DDGS were 4,072 and 3,750 kcal/kg DM, respectively, which was less (p<0.01) than the DE and ME in corn (4,181 and 4,103 kcal/kg DM, respectively). The average ATTD for P in DDGS was 56.1%, which was greater (p<0.01) than the ATTD for P in corn (31.9%). The ATTD for ADF in DDGS was also greater (p<0.05) than in corn, but the ATTD for ether extract and NDF were greater (p<0.05) in corn than in DDGS. It is concluded that energy and nutrient digestibility vary among sources of DDGS even when the DDGS is procured from ethanol plants that use corn grown within a narrow geographical region. Thus, factors other than corn growing region are responsible for the variability of energy and nutrient digestibility in DDGS.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was intended to perform a cephalometric comparison between the patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The factors influencing the OSA in the lateral cephalogram were also investigated. Methods: Fifty patients who had visited the Sleep Disorder Clinic at the Ajou University Hospital and evaluated with the polysomnograph (PSG) and cephalogram, were included in the study. The patients had the apnea-hypopnea episode over 5 times per hour (apnea-hypopnea index $[AHI]{\geq}5$) were diagnosed as OSA after the overnight PSG. To evaluate the hard and soft tissue profiles, the cephalometric radiograms were taken at the maximal intercuspation. The correlation between the patient's age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and AHI was inspected in the OSA and control group. The difference between the OSA and control group was evaluated (Mann-Whitney U Test). The cephalometric influencing factors to OSA were analyzed (Pearson's correlation coefficient) statistically using SPSS statistics. Results: The OSA Group had a significantly higher BMI than the control group. The mean lower facial height (ANS-Me) was longer in the OSA group; however, statistically significant difference was not detected in the anteroposterior craniofacial measurements. The distance between mandibular plane and hyoid bone of the OSA group was significantly longer than that of the control group. The hyoid position (MP-Hyoid) had a positive correlation between AHI (P<0.001). However, the measurements of oropharyngeal airway were not different between the two groups. The hypothesis, that the antero-posteriorly narrow oropharyngeal airway may aggravate the airway resistance and give rise to a higher AHI, was rejected in the study. Conclusion: We suggest that the lateral cephalogram may be utilized as a useful method to evaluate OSA. The patients with a lower hyoid position can be expected to have higher risks of OSA. However, a comprehensive intraoral inspection, including the soft palate and tonsilar hypertrophy, is emphasized, as the lateral cepahlogram cannot visualize the oropharyngeal status completely.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2005

The two major isoflavones in soy, genistein and daidzein, are well known to prevent hormone-dependent cancers by their anti estrogenic activity. The exact molecular mechanisms for the protective action are, however, not provided yet. It has been reported that genistein and daidzein have a potential anticancer activity through their antiproliferative effect in many hormone-dependent cancer cell lines. Transforming growth $factor-\beta1(TGF-\beta1)$ has also been found to have cell growth inhibitory effect, especially in mammary epithelial cells. This knowledge led to a hypothetical mechanism that the soy isoflavones-induced growth inhibitory effect can be derived from the regulation of $TGF-\beta1$ and $TGF-\beta$ receptors. In order to test this hypothesis, the effects of the soy isoflavones at various concentrations and periods on the expression of $TGF-\beta1$and $TGF-\beta$ receptors were investigated by using Northern blot analysis in human breast carcinoma epithelial cell lines, an estrogen receptor positive cell line (MCF-7) and an estrogen receptor negative cell line (MDA-MB-231). As a result, only genistein has shown a profound dose-dependent effect on $TGF-\beta1$ expression in the $ER^+$ cell line within the range of doses tested, and the expression levels are correspondent to their inhibitory activities of cell growth. Moreover, daidzein showed down-regulated $TGF-\beta1$ expression at a low dose, the cell growth proliferation was promoted at the same condition. Therefore, antiproliferative activity of the soy isoflavones can be mediated by $TGF-\beta1$ expression, and the effects are mainly, if not all, occurred by ER dependent pathway. The expression of $TGF-\beta$ receptors was induced at a lower dose than the one for $TGF-{\beta}1$ induction regardless of the presence of ER, and the expression patterns are similar to those of the cell growth inhibition. These results indicated that the regulation of $TGF-\beta$ receptor expression as well, prior to $TGF-\beta1$ expression, may be involved in the antiproliferative activity of soy isoflavones. Little or no expression of $TGF-\beta$ receptors was found in the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting refractory properties of the cells to growth inhibitory effect of the $TGF-\beta$. The soy isoflavones can seemingly restore the sensitivity of growth inhibitory responses to $TGF-\beta1$ by re-inducing $TGF-\beta$ receptors expression. In conclusions, our findings presented in this study show that the antitumorigenic activity of the soy isoflavones could be mediated by not only $TGF-\beta1$induction but $TGF-\beta$ receptor restoration. Thus, soy isoflavones could be good model molecules to develop new nonsteroidal antiestrogenic chemopreventive agents, associated with, regulation of $TGF-\beta$ and its receptors.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.81-95
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• 2015

This study is an investigative study into the effects that the 'travel motivations' of participants on walking tourism has on their 'degree of satisfaction' by identifying tourist motivations for selecting walking tour among many types of tourism and their effects on hikers' degree of satisfaction. This study was conducted with hikers affiliated with 'walking on beautiful roads '-one of Busan's preliminary social enterprises- with a total of 176 copies used for a final effective sample. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS WIN 18.0 to conduct a frequency analysis of the sample. Along with exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient was used as an estimate of the validity and reliability of each factor. Multiple regression analysis was done for an analysis of travel motivations and their effects on satisfaction. The scale rates items in the questionnaire in the following categories: 'Motivations' for walking tours consist of 5 factors- vacation, soul-searching, social get-togethers, nature tour, community experience-with a total of 20 items. 'The degree of satisfaction' is made up of a factor with a total of 4 items. The results of the study are as follows: with respect to the hypothesis that motivations for walking tour would have a positive effect on the degree of satisfaction, test results show that 'motivations' have significant partial effects on the 'degree of satisfaction'. Motivations affect the degree of satisfaction in the order of nature tour and soul-searching except for experience and social get-togethers- an indication that participants on walking tours tend to travel for the attractiveness of nature, wanting time for reflection and meditation. As the first investigative study into participants in walking tours products offered by travel agencies, the study has the following implications for marketers: First, travel agencies selling walking tour products and government institutions concerned about the development of hiking trails need to discuss ways to make the most of natural resources as they are- rather than using development-oriented approaches. The study has its own limitation: it is that with the lack of domestic and international studies on walking tours, the study has not gained access to precedent studies on the subject so it has not established a systemic approach to the emerging type of tourism. Hopefully, this study will make a small contribution to its development.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.375-385
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• 2008

본 연구는 비영리조직에서 제공하는 노인체육 프로그램에 대한 지각된 서비스품질의 차이와 서비스품질이 서비스만족에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 목적을 두었다. 연구의 대상은 부산광역시 16개 구 군에서 실시하고 있는 생활체육협의회 프로그램에 참여하는 노인들을 모집단으로 하여 유목적적 표집법에 의해 320명을 표집하였으며, 응답에 불성실한 12부를 제외한 308부의 설문지를 분석에 사용하였다. 자료 분석은 SPSS Ver. 12.0 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 t-검정과 일원분산분석 및 회귀분석을 실시하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별에 따라 지각된 서비스품질과 서비스만족은 부분적으로 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 연령에 따라 지각된 서비스품질은 부분적으로 차이가 나타났으며, 서비스만족은 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 참여빈도에 따라 지각된 서비스품질은 부분적으로 차이가 나타났으며, 서비스만족은 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 넷째, 참여기간에 따라 지각된 서비스품질과 서비스만족은 부분적으로 차이가 나타났다. 다섯째, 서비스품질 하위요인 중 성과가 서비스만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.