• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1682-1687
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of milk protein yields in Iranian Holstein dairy cattle. A total of 1,112,082 test-day milk protein yield records of 167,269 first lactation Holstein cows, calved from 1990 to 2010, were analyzed. Estimates of the variance components, heritability, and genetic correlations for milk protein yields were obtained using a random regression test-day model. Milking times, herd, age of recording, year, and month of recording were included as fixed effects in the model. Additive genetic and permanent environmental random effects for the lactation curve were taken into account by applying orthogonal Legendre polynomials of the fourth order in the model. The lowest and highest additive genetic variances were estimated at the beginning and end of lactation, respectively. Permanent environmental variance was higher at both extremes. Residual variance was lowest at the middle of the lactation and contrarily, heritability increased during this period. Maximum heritability was found during the 12th lactation stage ($0.213{\pm}0.007$). Genetic, permanent, and phenotypic correlations among test-days decreased as the interval between consecutive test-days increased. A relatively large data set was used in this study; therefore, the estimated (co)variance components for random regression coefficients could be used for national genetic evaluation of dairy cattle in Iran.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2010

Feasibility of floating aquatic plants (Eichhornia crassipes and Water dropwort) was investigated in order to control of sewage depending on various initial loading in a lab scale test. In addition, field test was conducted to assess the uptake rate of nutrient by E. crassipes. Lab-scale test applying primary domestic effluent operated at 4 day HRT shows that the highest uptake rates were 1.06 g N/$m^2{\cdot}day$ and 0.39 g P/$m^2{\cdot}day$ in the E. crassipes reactor. BOD removal efficiency in E. crassipes reactor was as high as 80% when the loading value was lower than 185 kg BOD/$ha{\cdot}day$. While 70 ~ 80% removal efficiency of BOD was achieved when the loading value was lower 80 kg BOD/$ha{\cdot}day$ at the W. Dropwort reactor. Experiment results show that E.crassipes has a higher nutrients removal efficiency than W. dropwort under high pollutant loading. Input loadings of TN and TP should not exceed to 10 kg TN/$ha{\cdot}day$ and 2.0 kg TP/$ha{\cdot}day$ respectively to provide a 50% TN and 80% TP removal efficiencies using E. crassipes. The field test demonstrated that an annual yield of E. crassipes mass was estimated as a fresh weight of 30.9 $m^3/ha{\cdot}yr$. E. crassipes grown in field pads absorbed 76.7 kg N/$ha{\cdot}yr$ and 13.4 kg P/$ha{\cdot}yr$ as a dry weight.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.35-41
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• 1983

This research is mainly to deal with the effects of submergence treatment on the grain yields of two rice plants, local variety, "Akibare" and Tongil line variety, "Milyang 23". The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. According to the rice products of each plot the grain yield index was smallest in the plot treated at the early heading stage. The index of the next order became smaller in order of late flowering stage, late reduction division stage, milk ripe stage and dough ripe stage etc. The submerged stage at which the damages were smallest was tillering stage. Under the condition of two thirds or one third submerged depth of plant height, few differences in the grain yield index between Milyang 23 and Akibare was found, but except rooting stage, the damages of milyang 23 by whole submergence during growing period were mostly greater than those of Akibare. Especially the grain yield index of early heading stage at which the damages by whole submergence was most serious showed 45 percentage for one day submergence, 31 percentage for 3 days and 0.7 percentage for 7 days in Akibare plots, and 26.7% percentage for one day submergence, 7.9 percentage for 3 days and none for 7 days in Milyang 23 plots. 2. All the factors such as submerged stage, submerged depth and submerged period in this experimental test were highly recognized significance. The factors of the submerged depth and duration influenced on greater damages than the others. According to the difference in grain yield between plots, the larger the submerged depth and duration were, the larger the significant difference appeared. And between the treated levels at other submerged stages except both early tillering stage and most active tillering stage, the significance in the differences in grain yield was recognized, while only the submergence at early heading stage showed the most serious damages. 3. The decreased rate of grain yield for one day submergence at early heading stage indicated that in case of whole submergence of plant height it was 73 percentage in Milyang 23 plot and 55 percentage in Akibare plot, and in the event of two thirds and one third submergences of it, 20 percentage and 10 percentage in both Mulyang 23 and Akibare plots respectively. Therefore, the current criteria for planning project that restricted allowable submergence duration of more than 30cm submerged depth to 24 hours, should be amended not to exceed the submerged depth of 60cm when the duration of more than allowable submerged depth of 30cm will be limited to 24 hours, or within the limits of 12 hour submerged duration for locai variety and of less than 12 hour duration for Tong-illine variety as long as possible in case that submerged depth will be allowed to more than 60cm depth.ore than 60cm depth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1407-1418
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• 2015

A total of 32,817 test-day milk yield (TDMY) records of the first lactation of 4,056 Girolando cows daughters of 276 sires, collected from 118 herds between 2000 and 2011 were utilized to estimate the genetic parameters for TDMY via random regression models (RRM) using Legendre's polynomial functions whose orders varied from 3 to 5. In addition, nine measures of persistency in milk yield ($PS_i$) and the genetic trend of 305-day milk yield (305MY) were evaluated. The fit quality criteria used indicated RRM employing the Legendre's polynomial of orders 3 and 5 for fitting the genetic additive and permanent environment effects, respectively, as the best model. The heritability and genetic correlation for TDMY throughout the lactation, obtained with the best model, varied from 0.18 to 0.23 and from -0.03 to 1.00, respectively. The heritability and genetic correlation for persistency and 305MY varied from 0.10 to 0.33 and from -0.98 to 1.00, respectively. The use of $PS_7$ would be the most suitable option for the evaluation of Girolando cattle. The estimated breeding values for 305MY of sires and cows showed significant and positive genetic trends. Thus, the use of selection indices would be indicated in the genetic evaluation of Girolando cattle for both traits.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.11-17
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• 2015

This study performed acid fermentation pre-treatment to improve production efficiency of methane that is produced as a product in case of anaerobic fermentation by using food waste leachate, and attempted to confirm the acid fermentation optimum through the BMP test by using pre-treated food waste leachate to increase the yield of methane. As a result of the BMP experiment by using acid fermented food waste leachate, the highest yield of methane of 0.220 L/g VS was confirmed in the HRT three-day condition, and in the initial BMP test by pH, pH 6 was 19,920 mg/L that the highest VFA and acetic acid/TVFA(76.2%) were shown. At this time, it was confirmed that the yield of methane was mostly within 10 days that was reduced to around one-third compared to the general methane fermentation (within 30 days). As the yield of methane was 0.294 L/g VS, it showed a high efficiency of around 1.3 times compared to the control group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1106-1109
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted with 30 adult wool producing Angora rabbits of either sex, to evaluate the effect of replacing soyflakes (SF), on equal protein basis, with low gossypol containing cottonseed meal (CSM) either alone or in combination with lysine and methionine; on the biological performance, total wool yield, wool yield per shearing, wool characteristics and mortality. Three experimental mash diets were prepared by incorporating SF (6%) as standard / control protein source $(T_1)$ and CSM (9%) as test protein source ($T_2$ and $T_3$). In $T_3$, amino acids-lysine and methionine (0.1 % each) were added. Animals were given the experimental diets about $150g{\cdot}day^{-1}{\cdot}head^{-1}$, for a period of 225 d or three shearing, and ad libitum Kudzu-vines. No significant effect of $T_2$ or $T_3$, on the body weight gain, total wool yield, wool yield per shearing and wool characteristics, was observed compared to $T_1$. However, the digestibility of dry matter, crude fibers, ether extract, acid detergent fibers, neutral detergent fibers, cellulose and hemicellulose was significantly (p<0.05) depressed in CSM based diets. Mortality of about 20% was recorded in $T_2$ and $T_3$, but not related to the addition of CSM or gossypol toxicity. More studies are needed to standardize the safe level of CSM, duration of safe feeding of CSM, and level of amino acids supplementation in CSM based diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1530-1540
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• 2016

This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and acetone concentration in milk by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy along with test-day milk production traits including fat %, protein % and milk yield based on monthly samples of milk obtained as part of a routine milk recording program in Korea. Additionally, the feasibility of using such data in the official dairy cattle breeding system for selection of cows with low susceptibility of ketosis was evaluated. A total of 57,190 monthly test-day records for parities 1, 2, and 3 of 7,895 cows with pedigree information were collected from April 2012 to August 2014 from herds enrolled in the Korea Animal Improvement Association. Multi-trait random regression models were separately applied to estimate genetic parameters of test-day records for each parity. The model included fixed herd test-day effects, calving age and season effects, and random regressions for additive genetic and permanent environmental effects. Abundance of variation of acetone may provide a more sensitive indication of ketosis than many zero observations in concentration of milk BHBA. Heritabilities of milk BHBA levels ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 with a mean of 0.09 for the interval between 4 and 305 days in milk during three lactations. The average heritabilities for milk acetone concentration were 0.29, 0.29, and 0.22 for parities 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There was no clear genetic association of the concentration of two ketone bodies with three test-day milk production traits, even if some correlations among breeding values of the test-day records in this study were observed. These results suggest that genetic selection for low susceptibility of ketosis in early lactation is possible. Further, it is desirable for the breeding scheme of dairy cattle to include the records of milk acetone rather than the records of milk BHBA.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.8.1-8.14
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• 2016

In this research data representing 72,946 primiparous cows from 724 herds with 638,063 total test day records calved between 2001 and 2011. These data were analysed to determine the effect of age at first and season of calving on parameters of the Wood lactation curve. Also, genetic trend of the lactation curve parameters in different calving years were evaluated. The results indicate that the highest rate of atypical lactation curve was related to cows that calved in summer (28.05 %). The maximum phenotypic relationship between initial milk yield and total 305-d milk yield was observed in cows calved in spring (0.40). The role of peak yield is more than peak time on 305-d total milk yield in primiparous Holstein. One month increase in age at first calving from 18 to 26 month raised 305-d milk yield by around 138 kg and from 27 to 32 month decreased by 61 kg. The persistency of lactation between 101 and 200 days is higher than that of 201-305 days. Our results indicate that the shape of lactation curve is largely dependent on the season of calving (higher level of milk production in cows which calved in autumn and winter). The heritabilities of parameters of lactation curve and persistency measures were low. The genetic trends for peak time, peak yield and 305-d milk yields were positive and estimated to be 0.019, 0.021 and 8.13 kg/year respectively. So the range from 24 to 26.5 month of calving is the optimum calving time in primiparous Holstein for maximizing 305-d milk yield.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 1993

The objectives of this paper are to present data to illustrate how an advanced digestion process, two-phase digestion, can provide superior performance in terms of waste stabilization efficiency and net energy recovery. As the result, it is possible to separate enrichment cultures of acidogenic and methanogenic organisms in isolated environments by kinetic control involving manipulation of dilution rates. In single-phase digestion process, HRT and COD loading for effective operation were 14.29 days and 2.33kg $COD/m^3$ day, but two-phase digestion may be conducted efficiently at 7 days of HRT and 5.71kg $COD/m^3$ day of loading. Data from this studies showed that the two-phase process is better than single-phase digestion under all test conditions when compared on the bases of gas yield and production rate, reductions of COD and VS, buffer capacity, and unconverted volatile acids in the effluent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.636-642
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of milk, fat, and protein yields within and across lactations in Tunisian Holsteins using a random regression test-day (TD) model. Methods: A random regression multiple trait multiple lactation TD model was used to estimate genetic parameters in the Tunisian dairy cattle population. Data were TD yields of milk, fat, and protein from the first three lactations. Random regressions were modeled with third-order Legendre polynomials for the additive genetic, and permanent environment effects. Heritabilities, and genetic correlations were estimated by Bayesian techniques using the Gibbs sampler. Results: All variance components tended to be high in the beginning and the end of lactations. Additive genetic variances for milk, fat, and protein yields were the lowest and were the least variable compared to permanent variances. Heritability values tended to increase with parity. Estimates of heritabilities for 305-d yield-traits were low to moderate, 0.14 to 0.2, 0.12 to 0.17, and 0.13 to 0.18 for milk, fat, and protein yields, respectively. Within-parity, genetic correlations among traits were up to 0.74. Genetic correlations among lactations for the yield traits were relatively high and ranged from $0.78{\pm}0.01$ to $0.82{\pm}0.03$, between the first and second parities, from $0.73{\pm}0.03$ to $0.8{\pm}0.04$ between the first and third parities, and from $0.82{\pm}0.02$ to $0.84{\pm}0.04$ between the second and third parities. Conclusion: These results are comparable to previously reported estimates on the same population, indicating that the adoption of a random regression TD model as the official genetic evaluation for production traits in Tunisia, as developed by most Interbull countries, is possible in the Tunisian Holsteins.