• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.4 s.75
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• pp.445-456
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• 1999

As a result of increased education and communication, the field of orthodontics has recently been expanded to include a greater number of adult treatment procedures. With this increased demand for adult orthodontic treatment, a problem that frequently arises is the placement of appliances on teeth restored with porcelain. But conventional acid-etching is ineffective in the preparation of porcelain surface for mechanical retention of orthodontic attachments. Also, it is possible to damage on porcelain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of composite bonding materials and the porcelain surface treatment methods on shear bond strength, and to observe the porcelain fracture rates. To accomplish this purpose, this study was carried out with feldsphatic porcelain, Ceram II. Porcelain surface treatment methods were divided into intact glazed porcelain which had not treatment and surface roughening. Surface roughening by etching with Hydroluoric acid(HF), sandblasting with Microetcher II and compound treatment with etching and sandblasting. Bonding materials were Ortho-two and Transbond. All porcelain specimens were applicated with porcelain primer. 1. In comparision according to porcelain surface treatment, surface roughening groups by HF etching and sandblasting had higher shear bond than intact group. No significant difference was found in Transbond group. 2. Ortho-two group had the higher shear bond strength than that of Transbond group in B:.u etching and sandblasting. 3. E(Transbond. Intact)group had the lowest shear bond strength in all experimental group. The bond strength was higher than clinically successful bond strength. 4. Non-treated group had very higher porcelain rates than treated group. 5. This study indicates that porcelain surface-roughening may not be necessary to attachment of orthodontic brackets to porcelain surfaces.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 2008

Osteoarthritis is caused by joint degeneration, a process that includes progressive loss of articular cartilage accompanied by attempted repair of articular cartilage, remodeling and sclerosis of subchondral bone, and osteophyte formation. The most common causative factor that either causes or contributes to osteoarthritis is overloading of the articular structures of the joint. The diagnosis of temporomandibular joint(TMJ) osteoarthritis is based on the patient's history and clinical findings such as limited mandibular opening, crepitation and tenderness to palpation on TMJ. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by TMJ radiographs, which will reveal evidence of structural changes in the subarticular bone of the condyle or fossa. Plain radiography techniques such as panoramic, transcranial, transpharyngeal views can be used in most dental offices for evaluation of the TMJs. However, plain radiographs are often limited due to overlapping and distortion of anatomical structures. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical examination and panoramic view with computed tomography for diagnosis of temporomandibular degenerative joint disease, and to compare the findings of condylar bony changes through panoramic radiography with that of computed tomography, hence, to confirm the limitations of clinical and panoramic radiography, and the validity of the computed tomography for diagnosis of temporomandibular degenerative joint disease. The pathophysiology of the TMJ osteoarthritis remains poorly understood, and current treatments are based more on speculation than science, and symptomatic treatments often fail to provide satisfactory pain relief. For diagnosis of TMJ osteoarthritis, clinical examination and radiographic examination for confirmation of the bony changes are essential, and computed tomography are clearly superior to plain radiographs for their limitations.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.161-179
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• 2001

Recent patterns of infections with digenetic larval trematodes from fresh-water fish were studied in five locations of the river Taega during the period from October, 1998 to September, 2000, and compared with the data reported previously in the same river. The fish were collected using following techniques ; fishing, throwing a castnet, and using a bait of crushed oil cake in a transparent plastic bowl. Of 19 species of fish examined, eight species of encysted larvae, Clonorchis sinensis, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Centrocestus armatus, Clinostomum complanatum, Exorchis oviformis, Metagonimus species, Metacecaria hasegawai, and Metorchs orientalis, and two kinds of undetermined cyst A and C were found. The encysted larvae of Exorchis oviformis were found most frequently from 12 species of fresh-water fish, followed by Metacercaria hasegawai larvae from 9 species, the cyst of Clonorchis sinensis and Cyathocotyle orientalis from 7 species, Centrocestus armatus from 3 species, Clino- stomum complanatum from 2 species, and Metorchis orientalis from 1 species. The infection rates of fish with Clonorchis sinensis larvae were lower than those reported in 1993, whereas their intensity of infection was found lowered in 3 species, Pungtungia herz I, Saurogobio dabry i, and Squalidus jap onicus coreanus. The infection rates and intensity of 6 species of fish with Metagonimus sp ecies larvae were lower than the results in 1993, while the rates in several species of fish with Exorchis oviformis rather higher. The encysted larvae of Cyathocotyle orientalis, Metacercaria hasegawai, and Metorchis orientalis showed variations in infection rates of fish in 1993 and in the present study. However, It was impossible to compare the infection rates for the encysted larvae on the scales, fins and tail as they varied so considerably in both 1993 and 2000 surveys. This study indicate that the rate of infection with digenetic larval trematodes in fresh-water fish was still relatively high in the river Taega, and the metacercarial burden in the fish varies greatly by different fish in 1993.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.111-132
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the therapeutic compliance and its related factors in rural women with osteoporosis. A questionnaire survey was performed from April to May in 2000 for 140 osteoporotic patients who were diagnosed from April to June in 1999 through community health program. The study employed the health belief model for predicting and explaining sick role behavior. The analysis techniques employed included contingency table analysis and path analysis using LISREL. The major results of this study were as follows: Of the subjects, 12.1% were continuously complaint, 53.6% were intermittently compliant, and 34.3% were non- compliant to calcium supplement therapy. As the result of path analysis, the therapeutic compliance was significantly higher(${\mid}T{\mid}$ >2.0) as patients had higher perceived severity of disease, lower perceived barriers of treatment, and when patients thought their disease status as severe. As the patients had higher educational level, more experience of mass media contact or health education about osteoporosis, and when family had more concern for patient treatment, they had higher perceived susceptibility of complication(bone fracture)${\mid}T{\mid}$ >2.0). The patients had higher perceived severity(${\mid}T{\mid}$ >2.0) as they had more educational level, more advice for treatment from their doctors, and when family had more concern for their treatment. As the patients had more advice for treatment from their doctors and when family had more concern for their treatment, they had higher perceived benefit of treatment and lower perceived barriers to treatment(${\mid}T{\mid}$ >2.0). In order to improve the therapeutic compliance in rural osteoporotic women, it would be necessary that the patient should recognize their disease severity properly. And the perceived barriers should be removed through supportive environments for osteoporosis treatment such as doctor 's more advice and family 's more concern for treatment. In addition, effective and continuous management system for osteoporotic patients should be established.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.110-123
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• 2000

The short-term music therapy was performed for adolescents with conduct disorder admitted to Seoul National Mental Hospital for 3 months from Jun to September, 1998. This case study focused mainly on two female patients who participated regularly in the group music therapy. The music therapy process was divided into three phases；beginning, opening up, and closing. This music therapy session consisted of three parts；hello song as beginning, various musical activities, and sound & movement activity as closing. Free musical improvisation, song discussion, musical monodrama, and sound & movement were the mainly applied techniques. Free improvisation was used to enhance, motivate, identify and contain the adolescents' feelings and ideas. Song discussion was used to convey their thoughts and to support each other. Musical monodrama was used to make them have insights into interpersonal relationships. Sound & movement was used to enhance spontaneity. It made them explore their body and voice as an expressive medium. Throughout three months period of music therapy, patient A's communication skill, socialization, and behavior areas were assessed with improvement. She could use music as a symbolic form and was able to share her feelings about herself and her family. Patient B's self-expression and cognitive areas were assessed with improvement. She became more spontaneous and could verbalize her emotions during the group session. Music as a non-verbal and therefore often a non-threatening medium wherein so much can be expressed provided two female patients an atmosphere where a sense of trust may be regained.

• Trans-
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• v.7
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• pp.103-121
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• 2019

In some documentary films, there are interviews, but in some other ones, there aren't any. As for the documentaries with interviews, the director uses talking heads to suggest their own arguments and to have audience agree. It is evident that interviews play a key role since they lead the story of a human-related documentary. Some directors prefer interviews where directors' questions and interviewees' answers are both heard. On the other hand, there a re directors who carry out the story just by using the answers from the interviewees. Then, it becomes crucial that we understand both of these styles and have new perspectives when watching documentary films. Ethics has always been considered one of the most important factors in documentaries and since they are believed to be "true," the influence documentaries have on the society is enormous. However, possibilities of exaggerating or manipulating the "truth" always exist. Therefore, it is important for the audience to identify the intentions of the director. As a matter of fact, there have been countless researches being done, but it is difficult to find studies that discuss the ways interviews are used in documentary films. The two different styles mentioned above do have huge differences in terms of directing methods. Thus, taking a look at differences from diverse angles will help us better understand the essentials of documentary films. This study will take examples from the interviews in Michael Moore's (2002), (2007) and observe how the flow of interviews can change when the voice of the director gets involved. There will also be a close examination of interviews in Kim Ilran and Hong Ji Yoo's (2011), and (2005) directed by Jim Butterworth, Aeron Lubarsky, and Lisa Sleeth, as well as Sebastian Junger and Tim Hetherington's (2010). By a careful review, use of dissolve, cross-cutting, and flashback will be analyzed to show how different editing techniques have an impact on subjective views of the director.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2001

This research was conducted to develop seedling production techniques in flat oyster, Ostrea dense lamellosa. The cultivation of larvae, artificial spat and spats collection in natural conditions rate were examined. In the mass culture tank (3 tons), average growth rates of the D Shape larvae of initial shell length (153.4 ㎛) and shell height (153.4 ㎛) were 202.6% and 212.9% at 16 days and 227.1%, 241.8% at 20 days, respectively. Instantaneous death and survival rate of the larvae were 0.160 and 54.8% at 16 days and 0.057 and 43.2% at 20 days, respectively. Collection rate of flat oyster from bottom using various collectors with oyster shell, scallop shell, ark shell and PVC plates were 32.9%, 24.1%, 16.8% and 10.0%, respectively. and the greatest collecting rate was 131.9 individuals/shell (32.9%) in laid collectors on the bottom. The collecting rate of the oyster larvae were better in laid collectors on the bottom 83.8 individuals/collection than in the suspended string 54.2 individuals/collection. in all collecting substrates. Early spats settled on collectors were grew to 2.38 $\pm$ 0.97 ㎜ in shell length and 2.16 $\pm$ 0.86 ㎜ In shell height at 26 days. The spats were grew to 28.58 $\pm$ 2.39 ㎜ in shell length and 31.65 $\pm$ 2.03 ㎜ in shell height during the 4 month mid-term cultivation. In the period of cultivation, the mean number of spats attached to collectors were 10.3 individuals at oyster shells, 5.8 scallop shells, 4.0 ark shells and 1.5 PVC plates, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.116-126
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• 2009

This study was carried out focused an ecological characteristics and habitat management of Abeliophyllum distichum subpopulations in the Byeonsanbando National Park, Korea. Among three subpopulations of the target species in the studied area, Gamaso region are known as translocation site due to the dam construction while the wild populations which is located at both the lower terrain of the Buandaem bank and Chongnim-ni, which is designated as Natural Monument No 370, is threat due to an intensive site management likes clearance of scrub amongst the Abeliophyllum plants. Vascular plant taxa in the studied sites were summarized as 182 taxa; 65 families, 143 genera, 164 species, 17 varieties and 1 form, and Gamaso area, the lower terrain of the Buandaem and Cheongnim-ni areas are summarized as 75, 102 and 89 taxa, respectively. The plant species likes persimmon tree, paulownia tree and wild mulberry tree are dominant species in the Gamaso subpopulation, while Quercus variabilis is dominant at the lower terrain of the Buandaem. The intensive site management was applied to the Cheongnim-ni subpopulation, one of the original wild habitats of the species. The population dymanics was varied; the one or two sprouting number of stems was over 87% both at Gamaso area and the lower terrain of the Buandam, while the Cheongnim-ni subpopulation recorded as 74.8%. Also three sprouting number recorded as 16% and as 9.2% for sprouting on numbers of four to eleven. The invaded species likes Chenopodium album, Rumex obtusifolius, Phytolacca americana, Pharbitis nil, Solanum lyratum, Erigeron canadensis and Erigeron annuus, were found at the wild habitat of the species, and those invaded species grow faster than Abeliophyllum plants. Among three habitats of the target species in the studied area, the habitat which in located at the lower terrain of the Buandam and Gamaso region are known as translocated due to the dam construction, and wild subpopulation at Chongnim-ni, which is designated as Natural Monument No 370, is under threatened due to an intensive site management likes clearance of scrub amongst the Abeliophyllumplants. It is one of the evidence that Cuscuta japonica at the population indicated an intensive site management likes clearance of scrub is not proper habitat management protocol. Thus, further researches should be followed to determine the effect of canopy removal and other disturbance factors as management techniques.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.144-159
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• 2014

Techniques for making a single panoramic image using multiple pictures are widely studied in many areas such as computer vision, computer graphics, etc. The panorama image can be applied to various fields like virtual reality, robot vision areas which require wide-angled shots as an useful way to overcome the limitations such as picture-angle, resolutions, and internal informations of an image taken from a single camera. It is so much meaningful in a point that a panoramic image usually provides better immersion feeling than a plain image. Although there are many ways to build a panoramic image, most of them are using the way of extracting feature points and matching points of each images for making a single panoramic image. In addition, those methods use the RANSAC(RANdom SAmple Consensus) algorithm with matching points and the Homography matrix to transform the image. The SURF(Speeded Up Robust Features) algorithm which is used in this paper to extract featuring points uses an image's black and white informations and local spatial informations. The SURF is widely being used since it is very much robust at detecting image's size, view-point changes, and additionally, faster than the SIFT(Scale Invariant Features Transform) algorithm. The SURF has a shortcoming of making an error which results in decreasing the RANSAC algorithm's performance speed when extracting image's feature points. As a result, this may increase the CPU usage occupation rate. The error of detecting matching points may role as a critical reason for disqualifying panoramic image's accuracy and lucidity. In this paper, in order to minimize errors of extracting matching points, we used $3{\times}3$ region's RGB pixel values around the matching points' coordinates to perform intermediate filtering process for removing wrong matching points. We have also presented analysis and evaluation results relating to enhanced working speed for producing a panorama image, CPU usage rate, extracted matching points' decreasing rate and accuracy.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.122-130
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• 2013

This work proposes a 12b 100MS/s 45nm CMOS four-step pipeline ADC for high-speed digital communication systems requiring high resolution, low power, and small size. The input SHA employs a gate-bootstrapping circuit to sample wide-band input signals with an accuracy of 12 bits or more. The input SHA and MDACs adopt two-stage op-amps with a gain-boosting technique to achieve the required DC gain and high signal swing range. In addition, cascode and Miller frequency-compensation techniques are selectively used for wide bandwidth and stable signal settling. The cascode current mirror minimizes current mismatch by channel length modulation and supply variation. The finger width of current mirrors and amplifiers is laid out in the same size to reduce device mismatch. The proposed supply- and temperature-insensitive current and voltage references are implemented on chip with optional off-chip reference voltages for various system applications. The prototype ADC in a 45nm CMOS demonstrates the measured DNL and INL within 0.88LSB and 1.46LSB, respectively. The ADC shows a maximum SNDR of 61.0dB and a maximum SFDR of 74.9dB at 100MS/s, respectively. The ADC with an active die area of $0.43mm^2$ consumes 29.8mW at 100MS/s and a 1.1V supply.