• 제목/요약/키워드: Task Needs

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지역사회간호학 관련 논문 연구동향 분석 -학회지 발표 논문을 중심으로- (A Trend of Research in Community Health Nursing)

  • 이인숙;김윤아;최경원;진영란
    • 지역사회간호학회지
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.288-298
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    • 2001
  • This article makes an attempt to evaluate the extent of developing community health nursing knowledge and to suggest the direction of developing a body of knowledge henceforth through the results of analysis for contents and outcomes of all literatures. which have been published in the Journal related to community health nursing. Refer to the following for the result of this article. 1. The total number of literatures analyzed amounted to 100 pieces in Journal of community health nursing society. 78 in Journal of industrial nursing society, 134 in Journal of school health society. 40 in Journal of home care nursing society. 2. Journal of community health nursing society Health needs and educational-behavioral diagnoses, which are more concrete nursing assessments and diagnoses. formed the main current(54%) of articles published in Journal of community health nursing society since 1992. There was a quantitative growth as well as a qualitative advance. Through a classification by the type of a body of knowledge. It was found that the knowledge providing nursing practice with bases, commanded an overwhelming majority(71.8%). Also, Researches on systemic supports for nursing practice are showing a tendency to increase. 3. Journal of industrial nursing society 52.6% of research papers presented in Journal of industrial nursing society dealt with health problem of workers. assessment of risk factors, diagnosis of health behaviors. Because of the beginning of an industrial nursing, the domain of nursing management to establish the role and task, work condition, training. documentary system made up 23 percent of research, subjects. A knowledge providing nursing practice with bases have a majority, 69.2%. In addition. the subject concerning a systemic support and quality assurance was scarce but continuously presented. 4. Journal of school health society The major point of this journal is the identification of health problems and risk factors which belong to assessment and diagnosis domain(56.8%) regardless of year, Because of the interdisciplinary characteristic. The knowledge on quality assurance of nursing practice is relatively rare. But, articles related to a systemic support is plentiful. 5. Journal of home care nursing society In its infancy, there was a large number of papers concerning need assessment and diagnosis, Comparing others, this journal has introduced a good many of articles related to program management. delivery system. service fee, etc that belong to domain of systemic support for nursing practice. 6. It is showing definitely that quantity and extent of research have grown for a short period. See the analysis in terms of nursing process, studies related to the domain of assessment and diagnosis command an absolute majority regardless of kinds of journal. Although articles referring to program management and implementation is increasing in number, it is scarce to evaluate a nursing program and grope for an improvement. Also, program development based on a theoretical framework is little. Therefore much more scientific effort to ensure profession should be executed. 7. In the methodological aspect, longitudinal study needs to be carried out so that we could show the evidence based nursing theory. To develop a more general theory, we have to conduct a study of various subjects and improve a validity of tools through a repeat test. In addition, the effort for interdisciplinary cooperation is needed.

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서울시 학교보안관 제도의 평가와 발전적 확대방안 - 경비업법 적용의 당위성 논증을 중심으로 - (The assessment of Seoul City school sheriff system and developmental expansion plan - Around the righteousness proof of the security industry law application -)

  • 이상훈
    • 시큐리티연구
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    • 제29호
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    • pp.163-191
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    • 2011
  • 최근 들어 학교폭력문제는 학교 내에서의 구성원간의 범죄양상에서 그치지 않고 외부인의 학교 내 침입범죄로까지 비화되어 학교가 이제는 더 이상 교육만이 이루어지는 범죄로부터의 안전지대는 아니게 되었다. 특히 초등학교의 경우에는 외부 침입자에게 대항하여 이를 제압할 수 있는 사람들이 거의 없기 때문에 침입범죄에 취약한 장소이다. 서울특별시는 2011년 3월 1일부터 관내 국 공립초등학교를 대상으로 학교보안관제도를 시행하고 있다. 하지만 학교보안관 사업이 사실상 경비업법상의 경비업무를 주 내용으로 하고 있음에도 불구하고, 경비업법의 적용을 배제한 채, 서울시와 운영업자의 도급계약에 의한 사법상 계약(私法上 契約)의 한 형태로 운영하고 있어 여러 가지 문제를 야기하고 있다. 첫째, 학교보안관 관련 손해발생 시, 경비업무가 아니므로 원칙적으로는 운영사업자가 가입하고 있는 경비업자 영업배상책임보험 적용이 배제되어, 피해자의 손해보전을 위한 담보가 취약하게 된다. 둘째, 학교보안관의 임무를 계약서에 개별약정하고 있으나, 이것만으로는 부족하고, 경비업법상의 경비원의 의무 등의 관련의무 등의 일반규정 적용이 요구된다. 셋째, 학교보안관의 교육은 상대적으로 보다 체계화된 경비업법상의 교육 프로그램과 연계하도록 하고, 학교폭력예방을 위하여 특별히 필요한 관련 전문교육은 부가 편성 운영하도록 하는 것이 타당하다. 넷째, 서울시의 여론조사결과에도 불구하고, 시민들은 여전히 경찰관 등 학교주변의 순찰강화를 요구하고 있으므로, 경찰과의 적극적인 협력관계를 경비업법의 적용으로 법적 제도적으로 뒷받침할 필요가 있다. 다섯째, 경비업법의 적용으로 인한 경비지도사 제도 운영이나 경찰의 지도 감독, 그리고 각종 행정처분 등으로 학교보안관 사업의 성공을 담보해 낼 수 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 이제부터라도 경비업법을 적용하여 학교보안관 사업이 관리 운영면에서 보다 내실 있고 지속적인 확대 발전이 가능하도록 할 것을 제시하고 있다.

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고령자 가구의 소비특성 및 소비패턴 결정요인 (The Determinants of Consumption Characteristics and Patterns of Elderly Households)

  • 김진훈
    • 한국노년학
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    • 제36권3호
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    • pp.905-926
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    • 2016
  • 고령에 대한 개념은 학자와 법령 등에 따라 다양하게 정의되고 있으나, 본 연구의 특성상 소비지출이 소득과 관련이 깊으므로, 고령자고용촉진법에서 기준으로 하고 있는 55세를 고령자의 기준연령으로 설정하였으며, 고령자 가구는 고령자 1인가구와 고령자부부가족만으로 제한하여 연구를 진행하였다. 소비특성은 욕구의 반영이라는 표출된 욕구로 파악될 수 있어 사회복지 측면에서도 의미 있는 분석 대상이라 사료된다. 따라서 본 연구는 고령자 가구의 소비형태를 유형화해서 소비특성을 파악하고, 소비패턴을 결정하는 요인을 찾아 고령자 가구의 표출된 욕구를 통해 관련 정책 수립에 기여하고자 하였다. 조사대상인 고령자 가구 소비 패턴의 내재적 구조 유형을 살펴보기 위해 고령자 가구의 소비지출 항목을 투입하여 군집분석(Cluster analysis)의 K-means법을 실시하였으며, 결과 4개의 군으로 유형화 되어 각각 '보건의료 중심형', '저축 중심형', '생계 중심형', '식비 중심형'으로 명칭을 부여하였다. 고령자 가구의 소비패턴 결정에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하기 위하여 이항로지스틱 분석을 사용하였다. 연구결과 고령자 가구는 서로 다른 욕구와 문제에 직면해 있으며, 이를 해결하기 위한 접근방법도 다양해야 할 필요성이 있었다. 특히 지금까지 노인하면 경제적 빈곤자로 인식되어 왔으나, 연구에서는 저축을 통해 준비된 가구들도 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 전반적으로 생계 중심형이 가장 많았으며, 이에 영향을 주는 요인으로 혼인여부와 가계소득이 중요한 역할을 하고 있었다. 따라서 고령자 가구의 소득확대에 대한 노력이 필요함을 시사하고 있다. 또한 연령, 주택소유, 주관적 건강상태 등도 유의미한 영향력이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 결론 부분에서는 보건의식에 대한 고령자 스스로의 인식 개선, 노년기의 건강 상태에 대한 표준화된 기준 제시, 고령자의 문화생활에 대한 접근성 확보, 삶의 질을 높이기 위한 재정관리 코디, 고령자에게 맞는 일자리 개발과 보급, 협동주거형태인 공동생활가정 보급 등을 제도적 과제로 제언하였다.

집행관배훈안례연구(阐述工商业背景下的有限合理性):집행관배훈안례연구(执行官培训案例研究) (Interpreting Bounded Rationality in Business and Industrial Marketing Contexts: Executive Training Case Studies)

  • Woodside, Arch G.;Lai, Wen-Hsiang;Kim, Kyung-Hoon;Jung, Deuk-Keyo
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제19권3호
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    • pp.49-61
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    • 2009
  • 本文为执行官提供了他们在处理日常业务问题和市场机会时如何阐述自己思考过程的培训. 本研究建立在Schank提出的教学基础上, 包括: (1)经验学习和最好的指导提供给学习者从诸如全球背景, 团队项目和专家经历等的互动的故事提炼知识和技能的机会. (2) 告诉不会导致学习, 因为在学习需要的行动训练环境中, 应强调积极使用故事, 案例和项目. 每个培训案例包括执行官解释自己的决策系统分析(DSA, 还需要执行官做DSA简报. 在训练时要求执行官写DSA简报. 在执行官学员写书面报告的说明中包括(1) DSA路线图的本质的细节(2) 警告和机会的陈述, 读者的行政地图及图内的DSA解释. 该报告的最大长度为500字, 其规则就是使行政人员培训课程行之有效. 引言之后是第二部分文献综述, 简要地总结了有关人们在对问题和机会的背景下的想法及文献. 第三部分通过使用对不同的贴牌生产客户定价相同的化学产品的培训练习来解释DSA的起源和过程, 第四部分展示一个炼油设备公司订价决策的培训练习. 第五部分提供一个商业客户办公家具采购的市场策略案例. 第六部分是结论和建议. 这些建议是关于使用培训课程和发展其他培训课程来磨练执行官制定决策的能力. 文章引导读者利用工具箱研究综合的报告, (DSA)路线图根据生态合理性理论将战略与环境相匹配. 这三个案例的研究让学习者在意愿层面征求建议来作出决策. Todd and Gigerenzer 提出人们使用简单启发式,因为他们在自然的决策环境中通过探索信息的结构使适应性行为有可能产生. "简单是一种美德, 而不是诅咒", 有限理性理论强调了西蒙的命题中心, "人类理性的行为仿佛一把剪刀, 其刀片则是任务环境的结构和执行者的计算能力". Gigerenzer的观点和西蒙的环境的危害相关, 也和本文中三个环境结构的案例相关. "环境这个词, 在这里, 并不是指总的物理和生理的环境, 而只是指被给予需要和目标的重要有机体 本文关注了结合任务环境的结构和使用适应的工具箱启发的报告. (DSA)路线图根据生态理性理论将战略与环境相匹配. 渴望适应理论是这一方针的核心. 渴望适应理论将决策制定作为一个没有把目标整合的多目标问题模拟成一个把所有决策选项进行完全的优先顺序化. 这三个案例研究让学习者在意愿层面征求建议来作出决策. 渴望适应用一系列的调整步骤的形式. 一个调整步骤通过仅一个目标变量的变化就可以改变在渴望网格上邻近点当前的渴望水平. 上调步骤是目标变量的提高, 下调步骤是目标变量的下降. 创造和使用渴望适应水平是对有限理性理论的整合. 文章通过提供学习者经验和实践环节增加了意愿采纳和有限合理性的理解和特点. 利用DSA图排列CTSs和撰写TOP可以清晰和深化Selten的观点 "清晰, 意愿采纳必须作为研究的解决方案整合到整个蓝图中". 这些有限理性的研究许可了在现实生活中为什么, 如何作决策的理论和在自然的环境中利用启发式的学习训练两方面的发展. 本文中的练习鼓励根据不同使用目的学习快速而简洁的启发式技巧和原则. 这也正回应了Schank的思想 "从本质上来看, 教育不是让学生们知道发生了什么, 而是让他们感受到所发生的事情. 这不容易做到. 在如今的学校教育是没有情感的, 这是一个很大的问题". 这三个案例和附加的练习问题遵守了Schank的观点. "这种教育过程最好是通过参与他们其中来实现, 也可以这样认为, 精神层面的积极讨论".

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PL 리더십 성향과 프로젝트 특성요인이 프로젝트 참여 만족 및 성과에 미치는 영향 (The Effect of PL Leadership and Characteristics of Project on Project Participants' Satisfaction and Performance)

  • 양희동;김명진;강소라
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.53-79
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    • 2010
  • The study was originated from recognition that project participants' satisfaction should be Improved to raise project performance and to make progress of a successful project since the above dissatisfaction was operated as a danger factor of the project. The study selected one large-scale sample project and attempted measuring characteristics of the project, participants' satisfaction and project performance with the whole project participants. The study analyzed correlations between individual level (team members) and group level (development team), and examined what effect a sub project manager under complicated hierarchical organization of the large-scale project, namely PL (project leader)'s leadership style had on each individual project participant's satisfaction and what effect project uncertainty in organization/technology environment had on project participants' satisfaction and project performance. The study verified that development team (group) had an effect on team member (individual)-level project participants' satisfaction by disclosing that there was a significant dispersion among groups within project participants' satisfaction by each individual. It is analyzed that it is necessary to make improvement through approach by each pertinent team to raise individual-level project participants' satisfaction. The study also verified PL's ideal leadership under strict methodology and hierarchical control of the large-scale project. Based on the verification of the hypotheses, the results of the analysis were produced as follows. First, the development team affects the satisfaction level that an individual has when he/she participates in a project. This suggests that the satisfaction with project participation should be improved at the team level. In addition, the project management style and leadership orientation of the manager of a sub project who is mostly affected by the team proved to have a direct influence on the satisfaction with project participation and project performances. Second, both the performance-oriented leadership and the relationship-oriented leadership of the PL of the development team were verified to have a significant effect on the satisfaction of the team members associated with project participation. In other words, when the team members recognize that the PL of the development team shows both the performance-oriented leadership and the relationship-oriented leadership, their satisfaction with project participation increases accordingly. Third, it was verified that the uncertainty of the organizational environment significantly affects the satisfaction level when the PL of the development team exerts a relationship-oriented and performance-oriented leadership. The higher the uncertainty of the organizational environment is, the more the satisfaction with project participation decreases whereas the relationship-oriented leadership has a more positive effect on the satisfaction than the performance-oriented leadership style. Fourth, when the PL of the development team exerts the relationship-related and performance-related leadership, the uncertainty of the technological environment has a significant influence on the satisfaction level. The higher the uncertainty of the technological environment is, the more the satisfaction with project participation decreases whereas the performance-oriented leadership has a more positive effect on the satisfaction than the relationship-oriented leadership style. The result of the research on the uncertainty of the project environment suggests that when the development team leader exerts a relationship-oriented and performance-oriented leadership style, the uncertainty of the organizational environment has a significant effect on the satisfaction with project participation; the higher the uncertainty of the organizational environment, the more the satisfaction level decreases, and the relationship-oriented leadership style affects the satisfaction level more positively than the performance-oriented leadership style. In addition, when the development team leader displays a relationship-oriented and performance-oriented leadership style, the uncertainty of the technological environment has a significant effect on the satisfaction with project participation; the higher the uncertainty of the technological environment. the more the satisfaction level decreases. The performance-oriented leadership style as well affects the satisfaction level more positively than the relationship-oriented leadership style. Based on the above results, the research provides the following implications when handling multiple concurrent projects. First, the satisfaction with the participation in the multiple concurrent projects needs to be enhanced at the team (group) level. Second. the manager of the project team, particularly the middle managers should have both a performance-oriented and relationship (task and human)-oriented attitude and exert a consolidated leadership in order to improve the satisfaction of team members with project participation and their performances. Third, as the uncertainty factor of the technological and organizational environment among the characteristics factors of the project has room for methodological improvement depending on one's effort even though there are some complications, we need to continuously prevent and control the risks resulting from the uncertainties of the technological and organizational environment of the project in order to enhance the satisfaction of project participation and project performances. Fourth, the performance (task)-oriented leadership is required when there is uncertainty in a technological environment while the relationship (human)-oriented leadership is required when there is uncertainty in an organizational environment. This research has the following limitations. First, this research intended to select one large-sized sample project and measure the project characteristics, the satisfaction of all the participants associated with project participation, and their performances. Therefore, it is inappropriate to generalize and apply the result of this result onto other numerous projects. Second, as this case study entailed a survey to measure the characteristics factors and performance of the project, since the result value was based on the perception of project team members, the data may have insufficient objectivity. Third, though this research targeted on all the project participants, some development teams did not provide sufficient data and questionnaires were collected from some specific development teams among the 23 development teams, causing a significant deviation in the response rate among the development teams. Therefore, we need to continuously conduct the follow-up researches making comparisons among the multiple projects, and centering on the characteristics factors of the project and its satisfaction level.

디자인의 형태와 기능에 관한 연구 (Essay on Form and Function Design)

  • 이재국
    • 디자인학연구
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.63-97
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    • 1989
  • There is nothing more important than the form and function in design, because every design product can be done on the basis of them. Form and Function are already existed before the word of design has been appeared and all the natural and man-made things' basic organization is based on their organic relations. The organic relations is the source of vitality which identifies the subsistance of all the objects and the evolution of living creatures has been changed their appearances by the natural law and order. Design is no exception. Design is a man-made organic thing which is developed its own way according to the purposed aim and given situations. If so, what is the ultimate goal of design. It is without saying that the goal is to make every effort to contribute to the -human beings most desirable life by the designer who is devoting himself to their convenience and well-being. Therefore, the designer can be called the man of rich life practitioner. This word implies a lot of meanings since the essence of design is improving the guality of life by the man-made things which are created by the designer. Also, the things are existed through the relations between form and function, and the things can keep their value when they are answered to the right purpose. In design, thus, it is to be a main concern how to create valuable things and to use them in the right way, and the subject of study is focused on the designer's outlook of value and uk relations between form and function. Christopher Alexander mentioned the importance of form as follows. The ultimate object of design is form. Every design problem begins with an effort to achieve fittness between the form and its context. The form is the solution to the problem: the context defmes the problem. In other words, when we speak of design, the real object of discussion is not form alone, but the ensemble comprising the form and its context. Good fit is a desirable property of this ensemble which relates to some particular division of the ensemble into form and context. Max Bill mainatined how important form is in design. Form represents a self-contained concept, and its embodiment in an object results in that object becoming a work of art. Futhermore, this explains why we use form so freguently in a comparative sense for determining whether one thing is less or more beautiful than another, and why the ideal of absolute beauty is always the standard by which we appraise form, and through form, art itself. Hence form has became synonymous with beauty. On the other hand, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy stated the importance of function as follows. Function means the task an object is designed to fulfill the task instrument is shaping the form. Unfortunately, this principle was not appreciated at the same time but through the endeavors of Frank Lloyd Wright and of the Bauhaus group and its many collegues in Europe, the idea of functionalism became the keynote of the twenites. Functionalism soon became a cheap slogan, however, and its original meaning blurred. It is neccessary to reexamine it in the light of present circumstances. Charles William Eliot expressed his idea on the relations between function and beauty. Beauty often results chiefly from fittness: indeed it is easy to manitain that nothing is fair except what is fit its uses or functions. If the function of the product of a machine be useful and valuable, an the machine be eminently fit for its function, it conspicuously has the beauty of fittness. A locomotive or a steamship has the same sort of beauty, derived from the supreme fittness for its function. As functions vary, so will those beauty..vary. However, it is impossible to study form and function in separate beings. Function can't be existed without form, and without function, form is nothing. In other words, form is a function's container, and function is content in form. It can be said that, therefore, the form and function are indispensable and commensal individuals which have coetemal relations. From the different point of view, sometimes, one is more emphasized than the other, but in this case, the logic is only accepted on the assumption of recognizing the importance of the other's entity. The fact can be proved what Frank Hoyd wright said that form and function are one. In spite of that, the form and function should be considered as independent indivisuals, because they are too important to be treated just as the simple single one. Form and function have flexible properties to the context. In other words, the context plays a role as the barometer to define the form and function, also which implies every meaning of surroun'||'&'||'not;dings. Thus, design is formed under the influence of situations. Situations are dynamic, like the design process itself, in which fixed focus can be cripping. Moreover, situations control over making the good design. Judging from the respect, I defined the good design in my thesis An Analytic Research on Desigh Ethic, "good design is to solve the problem by the most proper way in the situations." Situations are changeable, and so is design. There is no progress without change, but change is not neccessarily progress. It is highly desirable that there changes be beneficial to mankind. Our main problem is to be able to discriminate between that which should be discarded and that which should be kept, built upon, and improved. Form and Function are no exception. The practical function gives birth to the inevitable form and the $$\mu$ti-classified function is delivered to the varieties of form. All of these are depended upon changeable situations. That is precisely the situations of "situation de'||'&'||'not;sign", the concept of moving from the design of things to the design of the circumstances in which things are used. From this point of view, the core of form and function is depended upon how the designer can manage it efficiently in given situations. That is to say that the creativity designer plays an important role to fulfill the purpose. Generally speaking, creativity is the organization of a concept in response to a human need-a solution that is both satisfying and innovative. In order to meet human needs, creative design activities require a special intuitive insight which is set into motion by purposeful imagination. Therefore, creativity is the most essential quality of every designer. In addition, designers share with other creative people a compulsive ingenuity and a passion for imaginative solutions which will meet their criteria for excellence. Ultimately, it is said that the form and function is the matter which belongs to the desire of creative designers who constantly try to bring new thing into being to create new things. In accordance with that the main puppose of this thesis is to catch every meaning of the form and function and to close analyze their relations for the promotion of understanding and devising practical application to gradual progression in design. The thesis is composed of four parts: Introduction, Form, Function and Conclusion. Introduction, the purpose and background of the research are presented. In Chapter I, orgin of form, perception of form, and classification of form are studied. In Chapter II, generation of function, development of function, and diversification of function are considered. Conclusion, some concluding words are mentioned.ioned.

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한미간(韓美間) 정보통신분야(情報通信分野) 통상마찰예방(通商摩擦豫防)과 해소방안(解消方案)에 관한 연구(硏究) (A study on The U.S.-Korean Trade Friction Prevention and Settlement in the Fields of Information and Telecommunication Industries)

  • 정재영
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제13권
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    • pp.869-895
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    • 2000
  • The US supports the Information and Communication (IC) industry as a strategic one to wield a complete power over the World Market. However, several other countries are also eager to have the support for the IC industry because the industry produces a high added value and has a significant effect on other industries. Korea is not an exception. Korea recently succeeded in the commercialization of CDMA for the first time in the world, after the successful development of TDX. Hence, it is highly likely to get tracked by the US. Although the IC industry is a specific sector of IT, there is a concern that there might be a trade friction between the US and Korea due to a possible competition. It will be very important to prepare a solution in advance so that Korea could prevent the friction and at the same time increase its share domestically and globally. It will be our important task to solve the problem with the minimum cost if the conflict arises unfortunately in the IT area. The parties that have a strong influence on the US trade policy are the think tank group and the IT-related interest group. Therefore, it would be important to have a close relationship with them. We found some implications by analyzing the case of Japan, which has experienced trade frictions with the US over the long period of time in the high tech industry. In order to get rid of those conflicts with the US, the Japanese did the following things : (1) The Japanese government developed supporting theories and also resorted to international support so that the world could support the Japanese theories. (2) Through continual dialogue with the US business people, the Japanese business people sought after solutions to share profits among the Japanese and the US both in the domestic and in the worldwide markets. They focused on lobbying activities to influence the US public opinion to support the Japanese. The specific implementation plan was first to open culture lobby toward opinion leaders who were leaders about the US opinion. The institution, Japan Society, were formed to deliver a high quality lobbying activities. The second plan is economic lobby. They have established Japanese Economic Institute at Washington. They provide information about Japan regularly or irregularly to the US government, research institution, universities, etc., that are interested in Japan. The main objective behind these activities though is to advertise the validity of Japanese policy. Japanese top executives, practical interest groups on international trade, are trying to justify their position by direct contact with the US policy makers. The third one is political lobby. Japan is very careful about this political lobby. It is doing its best not to give impression that Japan is trying to shape the US policy making. It is collecting a vast amount of information to make a correct judgment on situation. It is not tilted toward one political party or the other, and is rather developing a long-term network of people who understand and support the Japanese policy. The following implications were drawn from the experience of Japan. First, the Korean government should develop a long-term plan and execute it to improve the Korean image perceived by American people. Second, the Korean government should begin public relation activities toward the US elite group. It is inevitable to make an effort to advertise Korea to this elite group because this group leads public opinion in the USA. Third, the Korean government needs the development of a relevant policy to elevate the positive atmosphere for advertising toward the US. For example, we need information about to whom and how to about lobbying activities, personnel network who immediately respond to wrong articles about Korea in the US press, and lastly the most recent data bank of Korean support group inside the USA. Fourth, the Korean government should create an atmosphere to facilitate the advertising toward the US. Examples include provision of incentives in tax on the expenses for the advertising toward the US and provision of rewards to those who significantly contribute to the advertising activities. Fifth, the Korean government should perform the role of a bridge between Korean and the US business people. Sixth, the government should promptly analyze the policy of IT industry, a strategic area, and timely distribute information to industries in Korea. Since the Korean government is the only institution that has formal contact with the US government, it is highly likely to provide information of a high quality. The followings are some implications for business institutions. First, Korean business organization should carefully analyze and observe the business policy and managerial conditions of US companies. It is very important to do so because all the trade frictions arise at the business level. Second, it is also very important that the top management of Korean firms contact the opinion leaders of the US. Third, it is critically needed that Korean business people sent to the USA do their part for PR activities. Fourth, it is very important to advertise to American employees in Korean companies. If we cannot convince our American employees, it would be a lot harder to convince regular American. Therefore, it is very important to make the American employees the support group for Korean ways. Fifth, it should try to get much information as early as possible about the US firms policy in the IT area. It should give an enormous effort on early collection of information because by doing so it has more time to respond. Sixth, it should research on the PR cases of foreign enterprise or non-American companies inside the USA. The research needs to identify the success factors and the failure factors. Finally, the business firm will get more valuable information if it analyzes and responds to, according to each medium.

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지각된 쇼핑가치차원이 점포태도, 쇼핑과정에서의 정서적 경험, 점포충성도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 (The Effect of Perceived Shopping Value Dimensions on Attitude toward Store, Emotional Response to Store Shopping, and Store Loyalty)

  • 안광호;이하늘
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • 제12권4호
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    • pp.137-164
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구는 경험가치척도(EVS; Experiential Value Scale)를 바탕으로 측정된 쇼핑가치차원이 쇼핑점포에 대한 소비자 반응에 미치는 효과를 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 또한 각 쇼핑가치차원이 쇼핑점포에 대한 소비자반응에 미치는 상대적 효과가 백화점과 할인점에 따라 다르게 나타나는지도 분석했다. 실증분석결과 점포에서 제공하는 실용적 쇼핑가치와 쾌락적 쇼핑가치는 점포에 대한 호의적 태도와 점포에 대한 감정적 반응에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 실용적 쇼핑가치의 하위차원인 서비스우수성, 효율성, 경제적 가치가 증가할수록, 소비자들의 점포에 대한 호의적 태도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 쾌락적 쇼핑가치의 하위차원인 시각적 매력, 오락적 가치, 일상탈출, 내재적 즐거움이 높은 것으로 지각할수록, 쇼핑과정에서 소비자들의 긍정적인 감정이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 쾌락적 쇼핑가치는 소비자들이 점포에 대한 호의적 태도를 형성하는데 있어서 직접적 영향이 아닌 점포에 대한 소비자들의 감정적 반응을 통해 간접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 점포에 대한 호의적 태도와 점포에 대한 긍정적 감정형성은 점포충성도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 흥미롭게도 쾌락적 쇼핑가치가 점포에 대한 긍정적 감정반응에 미치는 영향은 백화점보다 할인점에서 높게 나타났다.

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3차원 객체기반 모델을 이용한 설계도면 및 시방서관리 시스템 구축 (Development of Drawing & Specification Management System Using 3D Object-based Product Model)

  • 김현남;왕일국;진상윤
    • 한국건설관리학회논문집
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    • 제1권3호
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    • pp.124-134
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    • 2000
  • 건설 프로젝트 수행에서 설계정보는 실제 건축물에 대한 정확한 정보가 반영된 체계적인 모델로 구축하여 프로젝트 전 단계에서 적용할 수 있어야 한다. 하지만 3차원 기반의 도면과 관련 문서에 대한 파일 관리 위주의 시스템은 발주자 및 설계자의 의도를 명확하게 표현하고 전달하기 어려울 뿐만 아니라 단순기능위주, 방대자료의 정리 부족, 축적된 정보와 실행정보의 공유 및 교환이 미비한 수준이다. 반면, 제반 환경의 변화와 기술의 발전 속도는 관련 사용자들이 적응하기 어려울 정도로 급변하고 있다. CAD 기술의 발전은 기존의 2차원 도면 위주에서 3차원 모델기능의 확대와 발전으로 많은 설계정보를 CAD를 통해 표현하고 기타 관련정보와 연계할 수 있는 CAD시스템들이 등장하고 있다. 그러나 아직까지 현시점에서 설계관련 모든 정보를 3차원 모델을 통해 나타내는 것은 매우 어려우며 많은 시간과 비용을 필요로 하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존 3차원 도면 및 시방서 위주의 시스템에서 3차원 모델기반의 설계정보관리 시스템으로의 전환기 시점에 초점을 두고 3차원 모델기반 시스템으로의 완전한 전환이 아닌 3차원과 3차원 기반 시스템의 공존을 통한 전환에 그 초점을 두고 있다. 다시 말해 2차원 도면과 3차원 모델의 통합을 통한 혼합된 형태의 2차원 및 3차원 설계정보관리시스템의 모델을 제시하고자 하며, 이를 통해 객체기반 설계 및 시방서 정보 통합관리시스템을 개발하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 도면 및 시방서 정보를 통합하여 3차원 객체 기반의 설계정보로 표현하기 어려운 부분을 보완하고, 3차원 정보를 효과적으로 활용할 수 있도록 관련 업무를 분석하고, 관리 모델을 구축하여, 이를 기반으로 한 설계도면 및 시방서 통합관리 시스템을 구축하였다.

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"무역상무(貿易商務)에의 역사적(歷史的) 어프로치와 무역취인(貿易取引)의 전자화(電子化)" (E-Commerce in the Historical Approach to Usage and Practice of International Trade)

  • 춘홍차
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제19권
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    • pp.224-242
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    • 2003
  • The author believes that the main task of study in international trade usage and practice is the management of transactional risks involved in international sale of goods. They are foreign exchange risks, transportation risks, credit risk, risk of miscommunication, etc. In most cases, these risks are more serious and enormous than those involved in domestic sales. Historically, the merchant adventurers organized the voyage abroad, secured trade finance, and went around the ocean with their own or consigned cargo until around the $mid-19^{th}$ century. They did business faceto-face at the trade fair or the open port where they maintained the local offices, so-called "Trading House"(商館). Thererfore, the transactional risks might have been one-sided either with the seller or the buyer. The bottomry seemed a typical arrangement for risk sharing among the interested parties to the adventure. In this way, such organizational arrangements coped with or bore the transactional risks. With the advent of ocean liner services and wireless communication across the national border in the $19^{th}$ century, the business of merchant adventurers developed toward the clear division of labor; sales by mercantile agents, and ocean transportation by the steam ship companies. The international banking helped the process to be accelerated. Then, bills of lading backed up by the statute made it possible to conduct documentary sales with a foreign partner in different country. Thus, FOB terms including ocean freight and CIF terms emerged gradually as standard trade terms in which transactional risks were allocated through negotiation between the seller and the buyer located in different countries. Both of them did not have to go abroad with their cargo. Instead, documentation in compliance with the terms of the contract(plus an L/C in some cases) must by 'strictly' fulfilled. In other words, the set of contractual documents must be tendered in advance of the arrival of the goods at port of discharge. Trust or reliance is placed on such contractual paper documents. However, the container transport services introduced as international intermodal transport since the late 1960s frequently caused the earlier arrival of the goods at the destination before the presentation of the set of paper documents, which may take 5 to 10% of the amount of transaction. In addition, the size of the container vessel required the speedy transport documentation before sailing from the port of loading. In these circumstances, computerized processing of transport related documents became essential for inexpensive transaction cost and uninterrupted distribution of the goods. Such computerization does not stop at the phase of transportation but extends to cover the whole process of international trade, transforming the documentary sales into less-paper trade and further into paperless trade, i.e., EDI or E-Commerce. Now we face the other side of the coin, which is data security and paperless transfer of legal rights and obligations. Unfortunately, these issues are not effectively covered by a set of contracts only. Obviously, EDI or E-Commerce is based on the common business process and harmonized system of various data codes as well as the standard message formats. This essential feature of E-Commerce needs effective coordination of different divisions of business and tight control over credit arrangements in addition to the standard contract of sales. In a few word, information does not alway invite "trust". Credit flows from people, or close organizational tie-ups. It is our common understanding that, without well-orchestrated organizational arrangements made by leading companies, E-Commerce does not work well for paperless trade. With such arrangements well in place, participating E-business members do not need to seriously care for credit risk. Finally, it is also clear that E-International Commerce must be linked up with a set of government EDIs such as NACCS, Port EDI, JETRAS, etc, in Japan. Therefore, there is still a long way before us to go for E-Commerce in practice, not on the top of information manager's desk.

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