• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.25 no.3 s.107
• /
• pp.145-152
• /
• 2002

Saussurea chabyoungsanica was recorded in new species by Lim Hyoung Tak in 1997. In order to understand the entity of new species, we investigated the new distribution sites, vegetation structure and soil environmental factors. Additionally discovered distribution sites of S. chabyoungsanica were Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung, Mt. Duckhang, and Sukgaejae, which were located on ridge of the Taebaek Mountains. Those sites are typical limestone zones of Korea and among them Sukgaejae belongs to lower great limestone area and Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung and Mt. Duckhang belong to upper great limestone area. According to the result of phytosociological study, plant communities of S. chabyoungsanica were classified by 1 Community group, 4 Communities and 2 Subcommunities; Carex humilis var. nana-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community group in wide sense Quercus mongolica Community group, Lespedeza maximowiczii-Saussurea chabyounsanica Community, Galium kinuta-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Salvia chanryonica-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Zabelia coreana-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community. Environmental factor analysis of habitat showed that the distribution site of S. chabyoungsanica was ridge of North aspect and displayed pH $7{\sim}8$ typical of limestone. Soil moisture content was high, whereas organic matter content was low. Considering its high occurrence in sites of $1{\sim}10cm$ in soil depth, and of $30{\sim}45%$ in relative light intensity, major distribution sites were outcrops and boundaries between shrubland and forest. After community division by vegetation structure in habitat of S. chabyoungsanica, we investigated characters of soil environment by community. As a result of PCA analysis of soil sample by community, it was possible to divide community by characters of soil environmental factor. The cumulative value of contribution rate represented in second dimension space was 73% and the major factors for that value were soil texture, organic matter content and field capacity.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 2002

Saussurea chabyoungsanica was recorded in new species by Lim Hyoung Tak in 1997. In order to understand the entity of new species, we investigated the new distribution sites, vegetation structure and soil environmental factors. Additionally discovered distribution sites of S. chabyoungsanica were Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung, Mt. Duckhang, and Sukgaejae, which were located on ridge of the Taebaek mountains. Those sites are typical limestone zones of Korea and among them Sukgaejae belongs to lower great limestone area and Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung and Mt. Duckhang belong to uper great limestone area. According to the result of phytosociological study, plant communities of S. chabyoungsanica were classified by 1 Community group, 4 Communities and 2 Subcommunities; Carex humilis var. nana - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community group in wide sense Quercus mongolica Community group, Lespedeza maximowiczii- Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Galium kinuta - Saussurea chabyongsanica Community, Saliva chanryonica - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Zabelia coreana - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community. Environmental factor analysis of habitat showed that the distribution site of S. chabyoungsanica was ridge of North aspect and displayed pH 7∼8 typical of limestone. Soil moisture content was high, whereas organic matter content was low. Considering its high occurrence in sites of 1∼10cm in soil depth, and of 30∼45% in relative light intensity, major distribution sites were outcrops and boundaries between shrubland and forest. After community division by vegetation structure in habitat of S. chabyoungsanica, we investigated characters of soil environment by community. As a result of PCA analysis of soil sample by community, it was possible to divide community by characters of soil environmental factor. The cumulative value of contribution rate represented in second dimension space was 73% and the major factors for that value were soil texture, organic matter content and field capacity.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.301-314
• /
• 2009

The Taebaeksan mineralized province, which is the most important one in South Korea, is rich in zinc-lead-tungsten-iron-copper-molybdenum-silver-gold mineral resources and has a diversity of deposit styles. These deposits principally coexist in time and space with porphyry-related epigenetic deposit such as skarn, hydrothermal replacement, mesothermal vein, and Carlin-like deposits. The magmatic-hydrothermal systems in the Taebaek fold belt is genetically characterized by the Bulguksa subvolcanic rocks(ca. $110{\sim}50\;Ma$) related to northwestward subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate. The most important zinc-lead deposits in the area are the Uljin, Yeonhwa II and Shinyemi skarn, the Janggun hydrothermal replacement, and the Yeonhwa I intermediate-mixed (skarn/hydrothermal replacement) ones. In the present study, we present a compilation of metal production and mineral assemblage of the zinc-lead deposits. The metal difference of deposit styles in the area indicates a cooling path from intermediate-sulfidation to low-sulfidation state in the polymetallic hydrothermal system, reflecting spatial proximity to a magmatic source.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.83-94
• /
• 2022

In order to actively prepare to frost damage that occurs in the process of growing crops, the spatial and temporal distribution of frost occurrence in South Korea was derived using frost observation data from 20 regions over the past 21 years (2000~2020). The main products are the number of frost days, first frost day, and last frost day by region. And the climatic trends of these results were identified by performing the Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen's slope estimator. In South Korea, a lot of frost occurs in the inland area to the west of the Taebaek and Sobaek Mountains. Relatively closer to the coastal area, the number of frost days is small, the first frost day is slow, and the last frost day is early. The east coast region has fewer frost days, the first frost day is later, and the last frost day is earlier than the west coast region. The southern sea, the southeastern sea region, and the island region rarely experience frost. As a result of the annual time series trend analysis, although South Korea is a country where climate warming is progressing, there was no trend in reducing the number of frost days and slowing the first frost day, and it was found that the last frost day is delayed by 0.5 days per year.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.57 no.4
• /
• pp.339-345
• /
• 2018

The sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN), Heterodera schachtii first detected in Taebaek, Gangwon-do in 2011, is one of the major plant parasitic nematodes that cause economic damage to the Chinese cabbage in highland regions. In addition, the distribution of clover cyst nematode (CCN), H. trifolii was confirmed in the highland Chinese cabbage cultivated regions in 2017. In order to investigate the spread of cyst nematodes, this study has been conducted since 2013 in the highland Chinese cabbage cultivation area. In addition, in 2017, the Real-Time PCR technique with the species-specific primer was used to investigate those two cyst nematodes and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), H. glycines which is known for its distribution in Korea, focusing on the main production regions of highland Chinese cabbage cultivation. The number of infected fields in the Chinese cabbage plantation in highland increased every year to confirm distribution in Taebaek, Samcheok, Jeongseon and Gangneung in 2017, and the cumulative number of infection fields reached 245 by 2017. Of the 41 possible cyst nematode samples for PCR analysis, 61% were CCN, only 9.8% of the SBCN and 29.3% of the SCN were identified. Therefore, some of the previously known SBCN or CCN discoveries are likely to have been infected with SCN. It is believed that the CCN needs to be controlled in the future as CCN have been found to be dominant species in the highland Chinese cabbage plantation regions.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.38-39
• /
• 2001

The seasonal changes in pH, Fe, Al and SO$_4$$\^$2-/ contents of acid drainage released from coal mine dumps play a major role in precipitation of metal hydroxides in the Taebaek coal field area, southeastern Korea. Precipitates in the creeks underwent a cycle of the color change showing white, reddish brown and brownish yellow, which depends on geochemical factors of the creek waters. White precipitates consist of Al-sulfate (basaluminite and hydrobasaluminite) and reddish brown ones are composed of ferrihydrite and brownish yellow ones are of schwertmannite. Goethite coprecipitates with ferrihydrite and schwertmannite. Ferrihydrite formed at higher values than pH 5.3 and schwertmannite precipitated below pH 4.3, and goethite formed at the intermediate pH range between the two minerals. With the pH being increased from acid to intermediate regions, Fe is present both as schwertmannite and goethite. From the present observation, the most favorable pH that basauluminte can precipitate is in the range of pH 4.45-5.95. SEM examination of precipitates at stream bottom shows that they basically consist of agglomerates of spheroid and rod-shape bacteria. Bacteria species are remarkably different among bottom precipitates and, to a less extent, there are slightly different chemical compositions even within the same bacteria. The speciation and calculation of the mineral saturation index were made using MINTEQA2. In waters associated with yellowish brown precipitates mainly composed of schwertmannite, So$_4$ species is mostly free So$_4$$\^$2-/ ion with less AlSo$_4$$\^$+/, CaSo$\sub$(aq)/, and MgSo$\sub$4(aq)/. Ferrous iron is present mostly as free Fe$\^$2+/, and FeSo$\sub$4(aq)/ and ferric iron exists predominantly as Fe(OH)$_2$$\^$+/, with less FeSo$\sub$4(aq)/, Fe(OH)$_2$$\^$-/, FeSo$_4$$\^$-/ and Fe$\^$3+/, respectively Al exists as free Al$\^$3+/, AlOH$_2$$\^$-/, (AlSo$_4$)$\^$+/, and Al(So$_4$)$\^$2-/. Fe is generally saturated with respect to hematite, magnetite, and goethite, with nearly saturation with lepidocrocite. Aluminum and sulfate are supersaturated with respect to predominant alunite and less jubanite, and they approach a saturation state with respect to diaspore, gibbsite, boehmite and gypsum. In the case of waters associated with whitish precipitates mainly composed of basaluminite, Al is present as predominant Al$\^$3+/ and Al(SO$_4$)$\^$+/, with less Al(OH)$\^$2+/, Al(OH)$_2$$\^$+/ and Al(SO$_4$)$\^$2-/. According to calculation for the mineral saturation, aluminum and sulfate are greatly supersaturated with respect to basaluminite and alunite. Diaspore is flirty well supersaturated while jubanite, gibbsite, and boehmite are already supersaturated, and gypsum approaches its saturation state. The observation that the only mineral phase we can easily detect in the whitish precipitate is basaluminite suggests that growth rate of alunite is much slower than that of basaluminite. Neutralization of acid mine drainage due to the dilution caused by the dilution effect due to mixing of unpolluted waters prevails over the buffering effect by the dissolution of carbonate or aluminosilicates. The main factors to affect color change are variations in aqueous geochemistry, which are controlled by dilution effect due to rainfall, water mixng from adjacent creeks, and the extent to which water-rock interaction takes place with seasons. pH, Fe, Al and SO$_4$ contents of the creek water are the most important factors leading to color changes in the precipitates. A geochemical cycle showing color variations in the precipitates provides the potential control on acid mine drainage and can be applied as a reclamation tool in a temperate region with four seasons.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.77-98
• /
• 1993

The intent of this study is to analyze the characteristics of distribution, patter, and deposits of the exposed debris slope landform by aerial photography interpretation, measure-ment on the topographical maps and field surveys in the southern part Taebaek mountains. It also aims to research the arrangement types of mountain slope and the landform development of debris slopes in this area. In conclusion, main observations can be summed up as follows. 1. The distribution characteristics 1)From the viewpoint of bedrocks, the distribution density of talus is high in case of the bedrock with high density of joints, sheeting structures and hard rocks, but that of the block stream is high in case of intrusive rocks with the talus line. 2)From the viewpoint of bedrocks, the distribution density of talus is high in case of the bedrock with high density of joints, sheeting structures and hard rocks, but that of the block stream is high in case of inrtusive rocks with the talus line. 2) From the viewpoint of distribution altitude, talus is mainly distributed in the 301~500 meters part above the sea level, while the block stream is distributed in the 101~300 meters part. 3) From the viewpoint of slope oriention, the distribution density of talus on the slope facing the south(S, SE, SW) is a little higher than that of talus on the slope facing the north(N, NE, NW). 2. The Pattern Characteristics 1) The tongue-shaped type among the four types is the most in number. 2) The average length of talus slope is 99 meters, especially that of talus composed of hornfels or granodiorite is longer. Foth the former is easy to make free face; the latter is easdy to produce round stones. The average length of block stream slope is 145 meters, the longest of all is one km(granodiorite). 3) The gradient of talus slope is 20~45${^\circ}$, most of them 26-30${^\croc}$; but talus composed of intrusive rocks is gentle. 4) The slope pattern of talus shows concave slope, which means readjustment of constituent debris. Some of the block stream slope patterns show concave slope at the upper slope and the lower slope, but convex slope at the middle slope; others have uneven slope. 3. The deposit characteristics 1) The average length of constituent debris is 48~172 centimeters in diameter, the sorting of debris is not bad without matrix. That of block stream is longer than that of talus; this difference of debris average diameter is funda-mentally caused by joint space of bedrocks. 2) The shape of constituent debris in talus is mainly angular, but that of the debris composed of intrusive rocks is sub-angular. The shape of constituent debris in block stream is mainly sub-roundl. 3) IN case dof talus, debris diameter is generally increasing with downward slope, but some of them are disordered and the debris diameter of the sides are larger than that of the middle part on a landform surface. In block stream, debris diameter variation is perpendicularly disordered, and the debris diameter of the middle part is generally larger than that of the sides on a landform surface. 4)The long axis orientation of debris is a not bad at the lower part of the slope in talus (only 2 of 6 talus). In block stream(2 of 3), one is good in sorting; another is not bad. The researcher thinks that the latter was caused by the collapse of constituent debris. 5) Most debris were weathered and some are secondly weathered in situ, but talus composed of fresh debris is developing. 4. The landform development of debris slopes and the arrangement types of the mountain slope 1) The formation and development period of talus is divided into two periods. The first period is formation period of talus9the last glacial period), the second period is adjustment period(postglacial age). And that of block stream is divided into three periods: the first period is production period of blocks(tertiary, interglacial period), the second formation period of block stream(the last glacial period), and the third adjustment period of block stream(postglacialage). 2) The arrangement types of mountain slope are divided into six types in this research area, which are as follows. Type I; high level convex slope-free face-talus-block stream-alluvial surface Type II: high level convex slope-free face-talus-alluvial surface Type III: free face-talus-block stream-all-uvial surface Type IV: free face-talus-alluval surface Type V: talus-alluval surface Type VI: block stream-alluvial surface Particularly, type IV id\s basic type of all; others are modified ones.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.86 no.2
• /
• pp.119-127
• /
• 1997

Japanese red pines growing along the Taebaek mountains have been called "Kangsong" and considered to be superior in growth and wood quality. An attempt was made to determine whether their boundaries for planting may be expanded by testing their early growth at eight experimental plantations of the Republic of Korea. Seeds were collected from the six different natural populations including Uljin in Kyongbuk province. For the provenance test, they were planted in eight different regions including Taean in the spring of 1987. Experimental planting was a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Height growth was measured at the ages of 2, 4, and 6 after planting, and the diameter at root collar at the age of 6 after planting. Significant variation in height growth was observed among the plantations. The height growth measured at the age of 6 after planting showed a positive correlation with the latitude of the test plantation, and the contents of phosphate, potassium and calcium in the soil. A negative correlation, however, was observed between the longitude of the test plantation and height growth. Ponghwa provenance appeared to be the best among the provenances in that the trees from the area grew 16% better in volume growth than the average of all the trees tested in the study, while the worst one was Kyongju from which trees grew 11% less than the average.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.68-73
• /
• 1994

For a few people's leisure, the natural environment have being deteriorated ceaseless. The plan of the Chungchongpuk Province and the Yungdong District in Chungchongpuk-do which drive foreword the sport and leasure complex designed to construct ski slopes, golf course, and resort hotel in 6,000,000 $m^2$ of natural ecosystem around the Mulhan Valley at Mulhan-ri Sangchon-myon Yungdong-kun Chung-chcngbuk-do by Dongsin Leisure have concerned decrease on biological diversity serious. This study carried out by census Amphibia and Reptilia fauna in the Mulhan Valley to expect the impact of animal diversity by construction of leasure complex and to call attention to understand that impact. 8 species in 5 Families of 2 Orders in Amphibia and 5 species in 2 Families of 1 Order in Reptilia were observed in the Mulhan Valley during June 24, 1994 to June 25, 1994 which showed to be similar to the Natural Park in Korea. 4 of 8 species in Amphibia(Hynobius leechii, Onychodactylus fischeri, Bufo bufo gargarizans, and Rana dybowskii) and 3 of 5 species in Reptilia(Eluphe rufodorsata, Dinodon rufodonatum rufodonatum, and Agkistrodon saxatilus) were revealed the Special Wild Animal recorded by the Ministry of Environment in 1993. Therefore, the Minjujisan seems to have highly reason to conservation by these animal diversity. Around the Minjujisan province was significant connecting the Taebaek Mountains and the Sobaek Mountains on biogeographically with Dokyusan National Park. The plan of Leasure complex in the Mulhan Valley should be cancel in consideration of destruction around the Dokyusan National Park severely by the Muju Resort, Ski slopes, etc. The Minjujisan must be conserve to the Zone of Natural Environment on Amphibia and Reptilia diversity and animal migration route.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 2016

Mountains have significant influences on the atmospheric environment. The Korean Peninsula consists of approximately 70% mountainous area with numerous mountain ranges and peaks. The initial classification of mountains in Korea was made by a Japanese scientist from 1900 to 1902. In fact, the Japanese study created too many names of mountains to maintain, which led to confusions. The purpose of this study aims to simplify the previous names and classification of mountains in the Korean Peninsula so that they can be utilized for educational and general purpose of the society and educational institutions. Through this study, we name various mountains as one name "Korea Mountains" which is classified as the secondary world-mountain class stretching from the Korean Peninsula to northeast China (southern Manchuria). The Korea Mountains connect the third class regional medium-scale mountains of Jirin, Hamkyoung, Taebaek, and the fourth mountain class, 8 small-scale ranges including the Liaoning, Yaenbaen, Hambeuk, Pyoungbeuk, Whanghae, Charyoung, Kyoungsang and Namhae Mountains. The major mountains in the Korean Peninsula are normally influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere of the world. The atmospheric conditions are modified on the up-stream and down-stream sides; there is a need for continuous monitoring of the atmospheric environment which impacts the ecosystem and human society.