• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.293-301
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to figure out visitor's attitudes for trail facilities in Gayasan National Park in order to provide the basic information for effective installation and maintenance of trail facilities. The questionnaire survey on two trails were conducted to 227 visitors on the way back home after using the trails. The use characteristics of two trails were a little different from each other, and the conditions of two trails were rated relatively high both in quantity and quality. By the evaluation of 5 types of trail facilities in Haein trail and 4 types in Baegun trail, The responses were noticeably positive about wood deck, log steps with stones and wood steps in Haein trail and about deck-type wood steps and log fences in Baegun trail from the point of three aspects; harmony with nature, resources conservation and user convenience. On the other hand it seems necessary to replace the steel steps of both trails with eco-friendly materials. So, from now on it is necessary for introducing the trail facilities in National Parks to apply the eco-friendly materials extensively and to upgrade the design aspects comprehensively of harmony with nature, resources conservation and user convenience

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.264-272
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• 2012

For understanding the tourists' characteristics of several types of ecotourism sites, we surveyed and analyzed the demographic characteristics, travel motivations and cognition of damage in Bukhansan trail, Upo marshes, Jirisan trail and Uljin Keumgang pine tree trail. The field survey were conducted through face-to-face interviews. In the case of Bukhansan trail, many people came to build up their health, so the ratio of eco-tourists and the awareness of environmental damage was low. In Upo marshes, there were many group tourists who want to enhance friendship between the colleagues. And the ratio of eco-tourists, enjoying several activities such as observation or experience about the ecosystems of wetland and bird watching appeared high, but the cognition of tourists about the damage of natural environment was low because the flatland type tour site, Upo marshes has less damage factors comparing with mountain type tour sites. In Jirisan trail, eco-tourists, nature tourists and mass tourists appeared mixed and the cognition of damage was higher than that of flatland type. In the case of Uljin Keumgang pine tree trail, almost indices showed higher values than other sites because the tourists who visited there have high cognition of eco-tourism and nature conservation by limiting entrance. Tourists were generally accepted positively the control method such as collection of entrance fee and visitor reservation system when natural damages are expected.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1431-1442
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• 2015

This study was carried out to systematically maintain and manage the trails by assessing the physical characteristics, the types of deterioration and impact rating class of trails located in Mt. Nam District of the Gyeongju National Park. The major trails followed 6 routes including Sambulsa-Geumobong(A), Yongjangsaji-Geumobong(B), Yongjanggol-Yiyoungjae-Gowibong(C), Cheonusa-Gowibong(D), Sangseojang-Forest road(E) and Tongiljeon-Forest road(F). The routes length of A was 2.2 km, 2.7 km of B, 3.4 km of C, 1.3 km of D, 2.0 km of E and 1.0 km of F. In the physical characteristics, A was the widest and F was the narrowest in the width and bared width of trail. In depth of erosion, B was the deepest and E was the shallowest. D was the steepest and E was the gentlest in the slope. In the results of analysing the types of deterioration, A were 13 types, 11 types of B, C and D, 10 types of E and 6 types of F. The times of appearance of deterioration types in A were 86 times, 75 times of B, 105 times of C, 48 times of D, 47 times of E and 13 times of F. In case of the impact rating class, trail erosion was II degree, I degree of trail expansion, root exposure, trail divergence and rock exposure.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.168-175
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• 2007

For maximum utility of trails, there is a need for better knowledge of characteristics of trail use and its users. The purpose of this study is to find out users' attitudes toward trail structures in Eorimok exploring route in Hallasan National Park managerial purposes. A questionnaire survey was conducted to 138 people on the way back home from their visit to the site from July to August, 2007. The geological conditions of 7 types of pedestrian trail structures were rated relatively high both in quantity and quality. The responses were noticeably positive about the natural materials used in wood deck and PP rope railings from the point of three aspects: harmony with nature, visitor convenience and resources conservation. It seems necessary to replace steel structures with native materials because such unnatural materials used in a natural setting are subject to visitor's resistance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.382-391
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to understand Jirisan-round Trail trekkers' socioeconomic and travel characteristics, travel motivations, and travel attitudes. On-site and email surveys were carried out from July to November of 2008 and a total of 1,026 individuals' data were analyzed. Survey results showed that the percentages of middle age users, highly educated, and professionals/managers were relatively higher among trekkers of Jirisan-round Trail. And they traveled with a small group, collected destination-related information before traveling, and showed a high level of satisfaction. Especially they had not only strong motivations for admiring, understanding, and experiencing the nature but also positive travel attitudes. Based on the results of a cluster analysis, the trekkers of Jirisan-round Trail were divided into two groups, ecotourists and nature tourists. The ecotourists group showed relatively enthusiastic participation, more nature-oriented and culturally sensitive travel attitudes, and a higher satisfaction. The results would be used for establishing effective management strategies for building environmentally and socially responsible trekking culture.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.91-107
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• 2013

In recent years, the number of walking-tourists who visit Jeju olle trail are increasing every year and the ripple effect is a rapid change on the roles and leadership of local people in rural villages. The reason for the change is that most Jeju Olle Trails cuts through the rural village in Jeju island. However, most of travelers just walked along the trails, no one was interested about villages along the Olle roads. For these reasons, many rural villages would not get any benefits such as non-farm income, sales profit and also can not activate the facility of village and infrastructure. Therefore, we study on Revitalization Method for rural villages through the Analysis of characteristics of tourist in Jeju Olle Trails and a field survey research too. In this process, we investigated the status and characteristics of the rural villages of Jeju island in the first step. Then, we considered the distinct characteristics and factors for improving of the 10 places with site investigation where were recommended by Jeju Olle Corporation and Jeju Agricultural Technology Center in second step. Lastly, we arranged the resident's requirement and result of survey and interview with leaders of rural village. As a result, we suggest the activation methods for residents and leaders of rural area and this study is also expected to help management of rural villages and also is an important study to improve importance of utilizing of more people visiting in Jeju Olle Trails.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.352-359
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate how the special protection area designations of degraded trails effect on the soil and vegetation recovery of degraded trails. The study areas were established on an opened trail and a 16-year closed trail, which was prohibited to enter after the designation as a special protection area for recovery, at Bukhansan National Park. Soil core sampling and measurements of vegetation cover were performed to compare soil and vegetation properties of the trails. Soil bulk density increased and soil water total nitrogen decreased on the opened trail, while no significant differences were found on bulk density, soil water, total nitrogen, acidity, and organic matter on the closed trail. On the opened trail, vegetation cover was seemed to be degraded, because vegetation litter cover ratio was low and barren rock cover ratio was high. On the closed trail, litter rock barren cover ratio of the closed trail was recovered, but only limited recovery was found on vegetation cover by applying environmental damage condition rating class. In conclusion, the closed trail was recovered by designation of special protection area, while difference in recovery progress of soil and vegetation was found. Therefore, designation of special protection area of degraded area should be based on scientific basis of recovery characteristics of the area. In order to improve the effectiveness of special protection area system, further specific standards for special protection area designation and management would be needed, considering ecological and social importance of target areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.128-140
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• 2021

This study applied the theory of Landscape Ecology to representative resources of Jeju Olle-gil, which is a representative subject of walking tourism, to identify ecological characteristics and to establish a technique for landscape ecological analysis of Olle-gil resources. Jeju Olle Trail type based on the biotope type, major land use, vegetation status around Olle Trail and roads were divided into 12 types. Based on the type of ecological tourism resource classification, the Jeju Olle-gil walking tourism resource classification was divided into seven types of natural resources and seven types of humanities resources, and each resource was characterized by Geotope, Biotope, and Anthropopope, just like the landscape ecology system. Geotope resources are strong in landscape characteristics such as coast and beach, rocks, bedrocks, waterfalls, geology and Jusangjeolli Cliff, Oreum and craters, water resources, and landscape viewpoints. The Biotope resources showed strong ecological characteristics due to large tree and protected tree, Gotjawal, forest road and vegetation communities, biological habitat, vegetation landscape view point. Antropotope include Culture of Jeju Haenyeo and traditional culture, potting and lighthouses, experience facilities, temples and churches, military and beacon facilities, other historical and cultural facilities, and cultural landscape views. Jeju Olle Trail The representative resources for each type of Jeju Olle Trail are coastal, Oreum, Gotjawal, field and Stonewall Fencing farming land, Jeju Village and Stone wall of Jeju. In order to learn about the components and various functions of the resources representing the Olle Trail's ecological culture, the landscape ecological technique was interpreted. Looking at the ecological and cultural characteristics of coastal, the coast includes black basalt rocks, coastal vegetation, coastal grasslands, coastal rock vegetation, winter migratory birds and Jeju haenyeo. Oreum is a unique volcanic topography, which includes circular and oval mountain bodies, oreum vegetation, crater wetlands, the origin and legend of the name of Oreum, the legend of the name of Oreum, the culture of grazing horses, the use of military purposes, the object of folk belief, and the view from the summit. Gotjawal features rocky bumps, unique microclimate formation, Gotjawal vegetation, geographical names, the culture of charcoal being baked in the past, and bizarre shapes of trees and vines. Field walls include the structure and shape of field walls, field cultivation crops, field wall habitats, Jeju agricultural culture, and field walls. The village includes a stone wall and roof structure built from basalt, a pavilion at the entrance of the village, a yard and garden inside the house, a view of the lives of local people, and an alleyway view. These resources have slowly changed with the long lives of humans, and are now unique to Jeju Island. By providing contents specialized for each type of Olle Trail, tourists who walk on Olle will be able to experience the Olle Trail in depth as they learn the story of the resources, and will be able to increase the sustainable use and satisfaction of Jeju Olle Trail users.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.310-318
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• 2016

The demands for vehicle safety systems such as ABS and ESC have been increased. Accurate vehicle state estimation is required to realized the abovementioned systems and tire-friction coefficient is crucial information. Estimation of lateral tire-road friction coefficient using pneumatic trail information is mainly dealt in this paper. Pneumatic trail shows unique characteristics according to the wheel side slip angle and these property is highly sensitive to vehicle lateral motion. The proposed algorithm minimizes the use of conventional tire models such as magic formula, brushed tire model and Dugoff tire model. The pure side slip maneuver, which means no longitudinal dynamics, is assumed to achieve the ultimate goal of this paper. A simulation verification using Carsim and Simulink is performed and the results show the feasibility of the proposed algorithms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.93-105
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• 2013

In recent years, over 100 trails were created in Korea, and Jeju Olle and Jiri Mt. Doolle trail are the most familiar and successful trails in Korea. The research aimed to find relationship between fair tourism and long distance trails. In the first step, we investigated the concept of fair tourism, and deducted 8 key-words; 1)local participation 2)resource sharing 3)provision of unique social, cultural resources 4)sovereignty of local culture 5)small_scale, low impact, eco-friendly 6)sustainable infrastructure 7)revitalize local community 8)comprehensive accommodation of a diverse tourists. Through the analysis of 3 representative sites of long distance trails, we tried to find out the distinct characteristics of fair tourism of the selected sites with evaluating criteria that was provided by UNEP and related organizations. The finding of the study could contribute to defining concept of fair tourism, and by doing so, attribute in setting up a framework of designing and planning of long distance trail under the concept of fair tourism that diverse parties could co-benefit, including local community, local government and tourists.