• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of PAC(Powder Activated Carbon) retention time on stable operation of high concentration powered activated carbon(HCPAC-MBR) in the treatment of secondary domestic wastewater. The pilot scale HCPAC-MBR system was operated at two different SRTs, 25 days and 100 days. The main drawback of HCPAC-MBR system was the rapid increase of trans-membrane pressure. The increase rate of trans-membrane pressure was proportional to SRT value at constant flux. This result seemed to be caused by reduced amount of EPS adsorbed on the PAC in the reactor by decreasing the SRT of the PAC. The particle size of the PAC was also influenced by SRT. The PAC size was decreased as SRT was increased. The change of particle size could be one reason for the change of trans-membrane pressure. The pore volume in the cake-layer formed on the membrane surface became to be increased by reducing SRT, because the cake-layer was highly composed of the PAC. Therefore, increased pore volume might play a role to reduce the trans-membrane pressure. The removal rate of E260 and TOC was also inversely proportional to SRT value.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.723-734
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• 2010

With a belief of high water quality production and less chemical usage, membrane technology including Microfiltration (MF), Ultrafiltration (UF), and Nanofiltration(NF) is being employed more and more in drinking water treatment process. However, due to higher energy consumption of UF and NF, MF is normally used for drinking water treatment especially in a plant of large scale. In this investigation, performance ofsand filtration and membrane filtration was compared regarding removal of various water quality parameters, such as TOC, DOC, KMnO4 consumption, THMFP, and HAAFP. Two lines of pilot plant have been operated, one of which line is a traditional advanced water treatment process which includes sedimentation, sand filtration, ozonation, and activated carbon, and the other line is an alternative treatment process which includes sedimentation with inclined plate, MF membrane, ozonation, and activated carbon. For the first about 4months of period, MF filtration showed similar or little bit higher performance than sand filtration. However, after about 4month later, sand filtration showed much higher performance in removing all parameters monitored in the investigation. It was found that sand filtration is a better option than MF filtration as far as microbial community is fully activated in sand filter bed.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1079-1085
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to find the operational characteristics of nitrifier-dominated membrane bioreactor (MBR), which has been extensively studied for organic removal, especially in terms of nitrite ($NO_2$-N) build-up and membrane fouling. Membrane fouling is one of the important factor which determines the economics of MBR system. The characteristics of membrane fouling was monitored in terms of the fouling indices such as sludge volume index (SVI), the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in a membrane permeate or sludge extract, the absorbance of supernatant at 260 nm. Most of index values except for protein concentration in EPS had a close relation with the increase of suction pressure and SVI value. Nitrifying MBR was superior to the conventional organic-oxidizing MBR in terms of membrane fouling since the fouling index value of nitrifying MBR was lower than that of BOD-oxidizing MBR.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.595-601
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• 2010

It is evident that Korea will continue its battle with water shortage and alternative program are being taken into action. One of the main actions is reusing 1,800 tons of effluent of 357 sewage treatment plant located nationwide. Therefore this study supplemented ozone oxidation methods that would increase the efficiency of organic oxidation and coagulation. Through this method, fouling will be controled sufficiently by preventing membrane process in the system for advanced sewage treatment. In this study, ozone-coagulation-microfiltration membrane were used. The final removal efficiency of the pretreated water from the result of the ozone-coagulation were 50% of CODcr, 38% of TP and 11% of TOC respectively. Water quality treatment has decreased about 80% for TP. Ozone-coagulation-microfiltration membrane maintains the high flux while decreasing the number of organic matter and the membrane fouling, and reducing the TP. As a result, in order to reuse the water from the sewage, the ozone-coagulation-microfiltration membrane type must be considered in order to achieve the best efficiency.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.353-357
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• 2011

Degradation of p-nitrophenol has been carried out using only gamma irradiation or gamma irradiation with $H_2O_2$ or $Na_2S_2O_8$. Effects of different operating parameters such as initial concentration ($50mg\;l^{-1}$, $100mg\;l^{-1}$, $200mg\;l^{-1}$, $300mg\;l^{-1}$, $400mg\;l^{-1}$, $500mg\;l^{-1}$ and $600mg\;l^{-1}$) on the extent of degradation has been investigated. At 5 kGy, $50mg\;l^{-1}$ p-nitrophenol was completely degraded, and the radiolytic degradation of p-nitrophenol was described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The combination of gamma irradiation with $H_2O_2$ or $Na_2S_2O_8$ leads to an enhanced effect, which remarkably increased the degradation efficiency of p-nitrophenol and TOC removal. However, at high $H_2O_2$ concentration, the efficacy of p-nitrophenol degradation is reduced because ${\cdot}OH$ radicals are scavenged by $H_2O_2$ and $Na_2S_2O_8$.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1081-1092
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• 2021

In this study, the effect on the stability of Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS) caused by an AGS separator was investigated. The AGS separator was a hydrocyclone. The main factors of the AGS separator were filter pore size (0.125~0.600 mm), conical-to-cylindrical ratio (1.5~3.0), and operating time (1~20 min). The AGS/mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) ratio gradually increased to 0.500 mm (AGS/MLSS: 84.3±3.0%). AGS was best separated at the conical-to-cylindrical ratio of 2.5 (AGS/MLSS: 84.7±3.3%). As the operating time increased, the AGS separation performance also tended to increase. The shortest AGS separator run time, but the highest AGS separation performance was 10 min (87.0±2.5%). AGS stability was evaluated by operating the selected AGS separator and sequencing batch reactor. The average removal efficiencies of TOC, TCOD_Cr, SS, TN, and TP were 95.7%, 96.9%, 93.0%, 89.0%, and 96.2%, respectively, which met the effluent standards in Korea. In addition, the AGS/MLSS ratio tended to remain constant, and the sludge volume index demonstrated a tendency to decrease from 140 mL/g to 70 mL/g. During the operation, the particles of AGS in optical microscope observations gradually increased.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.402-408
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• 2005

Fenton 산화공정을 매립지 침출수에 적용하여 최적의 촉매를 선정하고 최적의 반응조건을 도출하기 위해 Lab scale로 상온에서 실험하였다 본 실험의 연구 결과, 다음의 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 1) TOC의 제거효율로 최적 pH를 살펴본 결과 $Fe^{2+}$는 pH 3.0, $Fe^{3+}$는 pH 4.5, $Fe^0$는 pH 4.0으로 각각 관찰되었다. 2) 각 촉매별 최적 주입량을 결정하고 반응특성을 살펴보기 위하여 TOC, $COD_{Cr}$, $UV_{254}$를 변수로 보았고, 2가철의 경우 $H_2O_2$ : $Fe^{2+}\;=\;1,200\;mg/L$ : 1,200\;mg/L로 결정되었다 또한 3가철의 경우 $H_2O_2$ : $Fe^{3+}\;=\;1,200\;mg/L$ : 1,200 mg/L, 0가철의 경우 $H_2O_2$ : $Fe^0\;=\;900\;mg/L$ : 1,200 mg/L로 각각 결정되었다. 3) 최적조건에서 3가철($Fe^{3+}$)이 TOC와 $COD_{Cr}$에서 가장 높은 제거효율을 나타냈지만 0가철($Fe^0$)과 큰 제거율 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 이에 따라 경제적인 측면을 고려할 때 0가철($Fe^0$)이 동일한 철염주입량에서 가장 적은 과산화수소 주입량이 필요하므로 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 4) 실험에 적용된 최적 pH를 검증하기 위해 처리수를 pH 중화제(NaOH)로 적정했을 때 각 촉매별로 실험에 사용된 pH가 최적조건임을 확인할 수 있었다. 5) 촉매별로 시간에 따른 redox potential을 사용하여 모든 촉매에 대해 산화반응의 정도 및 반응이 일어나고 있는 계의 산화환원력을 간접적으로 측정할 수 있었다. 이에 따라 실제 Fenton 공정을 적용할 때 "on-line monitoring"의 기초 자료로써 산화환원전위를 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Most of the researches on the dye removal using ozonation have been focused on the removal efficiency. However, the research on their removal characteristics and mechanism according to the reaction time has been still insufficient. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, the effects of initial pH and dye concentration with reaction time on the degradation characteristics of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) by ozonation were evaluated. The degradation efficiency of MB by ozonation increased with increasing pH. On the other hand, the degradation efficiency of MO by ozonation did not show a significant difference with varing pH. The both MO and MB by ozonation were decomposed within 30 min irrespective of the dye concentration, but the decomposition rates of dyes were faster at lower initial dye concentration. The decomposition efficiency of total organic carbon (TOC) in each dye solution by ozonation was low, which was found to be effective for partial decomposition such as decolorization rather than complete degradation of the dye. CONCLUSION: Overall, ozonation was an effective method for removing nondegradable dyes. However, it is necessary to study the optimization of dye degradation under various environmental conditions for ozonation.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.731-738
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 실험실적 규모의 순환형 회분식 반응기에서 수용액상 phenol을 처리하기 위해 $O_3/UV$ radiation, $O_3/Mg(OH)_2/UV$ radiation 그리고 $O_3/MgO/UV$ radiation 고급산화공정(AOPs)에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 오존의 유량은 1.0 L/min, 오존 농도를 $150{\pm}10mg/L$로 일정하게 유지 하였으며, 산화반응에 나타나는 $COD_{Cr}$ 및 TOC를 각각 측정하였다. $20^{\circ}C$에서 $O_3/UV$ radiation, $O_3/Mg(OH)_2/UV$ radiation 그리고 $O_3/MgO/UV$ radiation에 대한 유사 1차 반응속도 상수는 각각 $9.31{\times}10^{-5}sec^{-1}$, $1.19{\times}10^{-4}sec^{-1}$ 그리고 $1.79{\times}10^{-4}sec^{-1}$, 활성화 에너지는 각각 $3.03kcal{\cdot}mol^{-1}$, $1.79kcal{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ 그리고 $4.23kcal{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ 로 나타났다. 수용액상에서 $Mg(OH)_2$와 MgO가 phenol의 분해와 COD의 제거에 현저한 촉진작용을 나타낸다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 실험 결과에 기초하여 $O_3/MgO/UV$ 시스템이 수용액상 phenol을 처리하기 위한 효율적이고 용이한 방법임을 제시하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2010

펄스 코로나 방전에서 인가전압, 용액 전도도, 전극 재질, 철염 주입 등의 운전변수가 페놀 분해에 미치는 영향에 관해 실험실 규모의 실험을 수행하였다. 인가전압이 증가할수록 높은 에너지를 가진 전자들에 의한 물 분자의 충돌분해 반응에 의한 OH 라디칼 생성량이 증가하므로 페놀 분해 속도를 증가시키며 실험된 조건에서의 용액 전도도 증가는 용액을 통한 전기장 강도를 감소시켜 페놀 분해 속도를 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 방전 반응기로 주입된 철염($FeSO_4$)은 방전에 의해 생성된 과산화수소와 펜톤 유사 반응을 통해 OH 라디칼을 생성시켜 페놀 분해를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 펄스 코로나 방전에 의한 페놀 분해의 중간 생성물질로 catechol과 hydroquinone이 검출되었으며 분석을 수행하지는 않았으나 유기산의 생성으로 인해 pH가 감소되고 전도도가 증가하는 현상이 관찰되었다. 철염이 주입된 조건에서 백금 전극은 3가 철이온($Fe^{3+}$)을 2가 철이온($Fe^{2+}$)으로 환원시킴으로써 페놀 분해 속도를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 산제일철($FeSO_4$) 0.5 mM이 주입된 조건에서 약 230 kJ의 방전 에너지가 유입될 때 거의 모든 페놀이 분해되었으며 약 29%의 총유기탄소(TOC) 제거효율을 얻을 수 있었다.