• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.722-727
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• 2017

Livestock manure is known to be the main cause of non-point pollution in agricultural areas. The pollutant reduction ratio of livestock manure recycling to fertilizers was measured in order to analyze the effect on the water quality of the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) system in Korea. The reduction ratio has been applied by theoretical consideration without a survey, and there is no value for Total Organic Carbon (TOC) newly introducing any organic items. The reduction ratio of each pollutant from this study was revealed as follows: TOC, BOD, T-N and T-P were 0.34, 0.60, 0.37, and 0.42 for individual farm and 0.38, 0.61, 0.45 and 0.44 for entrustment facilities, respectively. The reduction ratio of individual farm was surveyed as TOC 0.63, BOD 0.62, T-N 0.42 and T-P 0.32 for liquid fertilizer, and TOC 0.30, BOD 0.64, T-N 0.40 and T-P 0.48 for compost. The total reduction ratio was derived by multiplying the ratio for liquid fertilizer and compost by the respective load. Compared to the pollutant reduction ratio of the individual farm with entrustment facilities marking the higher in liquid fertilizer and the lower in compost. Through this study, we found the difference of pollutant reduction ratio between a livestock manure recycling process and facilities. Although phosphorus is known as a preservative matter, the treatment efficiency of T-P is analyzed to decrease by chemical precipitation.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.353-362
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• 2023

TOC, which can measure more than 90% of organic substances, can be measured quickly and easily,replacing BOD and COD, which were indicators of organic pollutants. According to water quality pollution control standards, when measuring TOC, if the inorganic carbon ratio in the sample is over 50%, the NPOC (Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon) method should be used. If volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present at a certain concentration, the TC-IC (subtracting inorganic carbon from total carbon) method should be used. To validate the limitations of these analytical conditions, experiments were conducted by varying the ratio of TOC to IC in purified water and measuring the concentration of TOC in test solutions. The results showed no significant difference between the TC-IC method and the NPOC method. When measuring samples with added VOC standard solutions, it was observed that the carbon loss due to purging was not significant when using the NPOC method. Therefore, it is concluded that the choice of analytical method does not lead to significant differences when VOCs are present in the sample. To account for potential variations in results based on water quality pollution control standards and regulations regarding the approval and testing of environmental measurement devices, a comparison of field sample concentration values was made using two widely used types of TOC analyzers in Korea. The results showed variations of 0.02 to 0.83 mg/L between methods depending on the manufacturer, highlighting the need for caution when selecting an instrument.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.186-196
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• 2020

Pillared clays with Zr and Fe/Cu/Zr polycations have been prepared from natural clays found in large deposits of Kazakhstan and assessed as catalysts for the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO), using 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as model compound. The performance of the catalysts was followed by measuring the concentration of 4-NP, H₂O₂ and the total organic carbon (TOC), considering C_4-NP = 5 g L^-1, $C_{H_2O_2}$ = 17.8 g L^-1, C_cat = 2.5 g L^-1, initial pH = 3.0 and T = 50℃. At those selected conditions, the pillared clays showed higher activity than natural clays in the CWPO of 4-NP. The conversion of the model pollutant was complete when Fe/Cu/Zr-PILCs were used, with the TOC removal reaching 78.4% after 24 h with the best Fe/Cu/Zr-PILC. The H₂O₂, 4-NP and TOC time-evolution was well described by a kinetic model based on TOC lumps in three blocks, considering the initial TOC (corresponding to 4-NP), the production of oxidizable intermediates and the formation of refractory products.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.151-155
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• 2004

The bioremediation of water system contaminated with phenolic compounds having endocrine-disrupting activity, i.e. 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5-T), was investigated by using ozone oxidation and activated sludge treatment. Ozone oxidation (ozonation time: 30 min) followed by activated sludge treatment (incubation time: 5 days) was an efficient treatment method for the conversion of phenolic compounds in water into carbon dioxide and decreased the value of total organic carbon (TOC) up to about 10% of initial value. Furthermore, 2,4-D was dissolved in water containing salt, i.e. artificial seawater (ASW), and this water was used as model coastal water contaminated with phenolic compounds. The activated sludge treatment (incubation time: 5 days) could consume significantly organic acids produced from 2,4-D in the model costal water by the ozone oxidation (ozonation time: 30min) and decrease the value of TOC up to about 35% of initial value.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.617-625
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• 2010

Rapid industrialization has brought Nam-Hae area serious environmental problems associated with released oil and other hydrocarbons. In this work, in order to enhance the quality of the shoreline sediment we made enviro-chemical analyses of its substances, TPHs and microbial growth after treating with oxygen releasing compound(ORC) such as $MgO_2$. Total organic compound(TOC) was reduced from 33.45% to 25.1~31.08% meanwhile COD decreased from 27.5~28.9mg/$g{\cdot}dry$ to 19.9~26.1mg/$g{\cdot}dry$ for input of 2~10% $MgO_2$ in 20days. For 10% $MgO_2$ input, TP and TN were reduced by 13.3% and 18.8%, respectively. Most of all TPH was decomposed by max. 42.4% in 21days, and the total viable count of microbes was found to be exponentially increased by 75.9%.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.482-492
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• 2015

Ground-based measurements were conducted from January 6 to 12 of 2015 for understanding characteristics of nitrogen containing carbonaceous aerosols as 16 amino acids at the Mokpo National University, Korea. The detailed amino acid components such as Cystine ($(SCH_2CH(NH_2)CO_2H)_2$) and Methionine ($C_5H_{11}NO_2S$) and their sources were analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC-FLD) for behavior of secondary products in particulate matter. In addition, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) based on the carbonaceous thermal distribution (CTD), which provides detailed carbon signature characteristics relative to analytical temperature, and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) by total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer were used to understand the carbon compound behaviors. The backward trajectories were discussed for originations of carbonaceous aerosols as well. Different airmasses were classified with the amino acids and OC thermal signatures. The results can provide to understand the aging process influenced by the long-range transport from East Sea area.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.187-197
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• 2013

To understand the characteristics of organic aerosol(OA) at the background atmosphere of Korea, an observation of atmospheric PM10 was conducted at a Global Atmospheric Watch(GAW) station operated by the Korean Meteorological Administration at Anmyon Island during 2010. Various organic compounds were analyzed from 26 samples by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Water soluble organic carbon(WSOC) was also analyzed by using a total organic carbon(TOC) analyzer. Among 6 classes with 68 target compounds detected, the classes of n-alkanoic and alkenoic acids ($326.67{\pm}75.40ngm^{-3}$) and dicarboxylic acids ($323.74{\pm}361.89ngm^{-3}$) were found to be major compound classes in the atmosphere of Anmyon Island. Compared to the previous results reported for 2005 spring samples at Gosan site, the concentrations of organic compounds at Anmyon Island were 3-10 times higher than Gosan site due to the difference of location and sampling period. The concentrations of organic compounds were varied with the atmospheric conditions. Significant increase of the concentrations of dicarboxylic and carboxylic acids in the smog episode indicated that secondary oxidation of organic compounds was major factor to increase OA concentration during smog episode in the Anmyon Island. It was found that the compositions of the OA measured at Anmyon Island were dependent on the air parcel trajectories.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.703-709
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• 2013

Among many microalgae cultivation types, heterotrophic culture with low cost carbon sources and energy saving culture method is crucial. A result of estimating the effects of pH on wastewater treatment using heterotrophic growing microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana shows that there was no difference in microalgae growth amount and nitrogen, phosphorus removal rate by wide range of pH(5 ~ 9). From pH 5 to 9, total nitrogen, phosphorous and glucose removal rates were 10.5 mg-N/L/d, 2 mg-P/L/d, 800 ~ 1000 mg/L respectively. This study reveals that C. sorokiniana cannot metabolite glycerol heterotrophically, however, glucose and acetate were proper carbon sources for growth and T-N, T-P and TOC removal. This research highlights the potential of heterotrophic microalgal growth with wastewater treatment plant with wide range of pH and carbon sources.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.293-298
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• 2005

Lab scale experimental study was carried out for SBR process, to investigate the effects of influent ship sewage organic compound removal and Bacillus sp. state on design parameters. This process was able to remove nitrogen and phosphorus as well as organic matter efficiently. More than 95% of chemical oxygen demand(COD) were removed. In addition, about 97% of total nitrogen (T-N) was reduced. The total phosphorus(T-P) reduction averaged 93%. The performance load of SBR process was shown to be 0.095kg ${\cdot}$ TOC/$m^{3}$ ${\cdot}$ day. The pH was decreased from 8.1 to 7.0 within 30 min and increased to 7.3 at the end of anoxic stage, and these phenomena were explained. The sluge produced in the SBR process is characterized by low generation rate (about 0.36kg ${\cdot}$ MLSS/kg ${\cdot}$ TOC) and excellent settleability. The number of Bacillus sp. in the SBR was 24.2%, indicating that Bacillus sp. was a predominant species in the reactor.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.5 s.101
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• pp.475-480
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• 2005

Lab scale experimental study was carried out for SBR process, to investigate the effects of influent ship sewage organic compound removal and Bacillus sp. state on design parameters. This process was able to remove nitrogen and phosphorus as well as organic matter efficiently. More than $92.0\%$ of chemical oxygen demand(COD) were removed. In addition, about $84.0\%$ of total nitrogen (T-N) was reduced. The total phosphorus(T-P) reduction averaged $93\%$. The performance load of SBR process was shown to be $0.095kg{\cdot}TOC/m3{\cdot}day$. The pH was decreased from 8.1 to 7.0 within 30 min and increased to 7.3 at the end of anoxic stage, and these phenomena were explained. The sludge produced in the SBR process is characterized by low generation rate (about $0.36kg{\cdot}MLSS/kg{\cdot}TOC$) and excellent settleability. The number of Bacillus sp. in the SBR was $24.2\%$, indicating that Bacillus sp. was a predominant species in the reactor.