• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.837-850
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• 2009

Previous epidemiological studies reported that significant muscle loss is observed with advancing aging, called sarcopenia. This study is to investigate the effects of treatment dumbbell exercise on prevention of sarcopenia. The subjects were elderly between 60~70 years old who participated in J-Welfare senior center exercise program at J-gu in S-city and divided into control group(N=19) and exercise group(N=8). Treatment dumbbell exercise was performed 2 times per week for 12 weeks and body composition, fitness, and blood lipid profiles were measured before and after this program. There was no significance in body fat before and after 12 weeks of treatment dumbbell exercise, but there was significance in weight(F=4.312, p=0.048), BMI(F=4.532, p=0.043), and FFM(F=4.743, p=0.039). There was no significance in fitness such as arm curl(F=1.103, p=0.304), and back scratch(F=0.214, p=0.648), but there was significance in 2-minute step(F=33.638, p<0.001), chair stand(F=14.575, p=0.001), chair sit and reach(F=7.198, p=0.013), and 8-ft up and go(F=14.890, p=0.001). The variables of blood lipid profiles such as TC(F=0.030, p=0.864), TG(F=0.142, p=0.710), HDL(F=2.066, p=0.163), glucose (F=0.125, p=0.727), and HbA1c(F=0.945, p=0.340) has no significance. It was found that treatment dumbbell exercise has positive effects on body composition and fitness but has no positive effects on blood lipid profiles of the elderly.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.449-460
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• 2015

Carbonaceous aerosol is generally classified into OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) by thermal optical analysis. Both NIOSH (National institute of occupational safety and health) with high temperature (HighT) and IMPROVE-A (Interagency monitoring of protected visual environments) with low temperature (LowT) protocols are widely used. In this study, both protocols were applied for ambient $PM_{2.5}$ samples (Daejeon, Korea) in order to underpin differences in OC and EC measurements. An excellent agreement between NIOSH and IMPROVE-A protocol was observed for TC (total carbon). However, significant differences between OC and EC appeared and the differences were larger for EC than OC. The main differences between two protocols are temperature profile and charring correction method. For the same charring correction method, HighT_OC was 10% higher than LowT_ OC, while HighT_EC was 15% and 33% lower than LowT_EC for TOT (thermal-optical transmittance) and TOR (thermal-optical reflectance), respectively. This difference may be caused by the temperature of OC4 in He step and possibly difference in POC (pryorilized OC) formation. For the same temperature profile, OC by TOT was about 26% higher than that by TOR. In contrast, EC by TOT was about 50% lower than that by TOR. POC was also dependent on both temperature profile and the charring correction method, showing much distinctive differences for the charring correction method (i.e., POC by TOT to POC by TOR ratio is about 2). This difference might be caused by different characteristics between transmittance and reflectance for monitoring POC formation within filters. Results from this study showed that OC and EC depends on applied analysis protocol as shown other studies. Because of the nature of the thermal optical analysis, it may not be possible to have an absolute standard analysis protocol that is applicable for any ambient $PM_{2.5}$. Nevertheless, in order to provide consistent measurement results for scientists and policy makers, future studies should focus on developing a harmonized standard analysis protocol that is suitable for a specific air domain and minimizes variations in OC and EC measurement results. In addition, future elaborate studies are required to find and understand the causes of the differences.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.141-170
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• 1991

This study was to analyze the displacement and the magnitude and mode of distribution of the stresses in the lower overdenture, the mucous membrane, the abutment teeth and the mandibular supporting bone when various abutment designs were subjected to different loading schemes. For this study, the two-dimensional finite element method was used. The models of overdenture and mandibe with the canine and the second premolar remaining, were fabricated. In the first design, a 1 mm space was prepared between the denture and the dome abutment with the height of 2 mm(OS). In the second design, a contact between the denture and the occlusal third of the dome abutment with the hight of 2 mm was prepared(OC). In the third design, a 0.5 mm space was prepared between the denture and 8 degree tapered cylindrical abutments with the height of 7 mm(TS). In the fourth design, a contact between the denture and the occlusal two thirds of the conical abutments with the height of 7 mm was prepared(TC). In order to represent the same physiological condition as the fixed areas of the mandible under loading schemes, the eight nodes which lie at the mandibular angle, the coronoid process and the mandibular condyle were assumed to be fixed. Each model was loaded with a magnitude of 10 Kgs on the first molar region (P1) and 7 Kgs on the central incisor region (P2) in a vertical direction. The force of 10 Kgs was then applied distributively from the first premolar to the second molar of each motel in a vertical direction (P3). The results were as follows: 1. The vertical load on the central incisor region(P2) produced the higher displacement and stress concentration than that on the posterior region(P1, P3). 2. The case of space between abutment and denture base produced higher displacement than that of contact, and the case of long abutment produced higher displacement than that of short abutment because of low rigidity of denture base. 3. The magnitude of the torque and vertical force to the abutment teeth and the stress distribution to the denture base was higher in the telescope coping than in the overdenture coping. 4. The vertical load on the central incisor region(P2) produced higher equivalent stress in the mandible than that on the posterior region(P1, P3). 5. The case of space between abutment and denture base produced better stress distribution to the farther abutment from the loading point than that of contact. 6. In case of sound abutment teeth, the type of telescope coping can be used, hilt in case of weak abutment, the type of overdenture coping is considered to be favorable generally.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.820-826
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• 1988

The freezing point$(t_f)$, latent heat of freezing$({\triangle}\;H_f)$ and kinetic constant of fleering$(k_f)$ were determined from DSC thermogram at cooling rate $-2.5^{\circ}C/min{\sim}-10.0^{\circ}C/min$. The freezing point of various starches was decreased with an increase in cooling rate, and that of whole starches were lower than defatted starches. Changes of the latent heat of freezing was not observed at above cooling rate $-2.5^{\circ}C/min$. The latent heat of freezing$({\triangle}\;H_f)$ could be deduced as a function of water content(W) as follows: ${\triangle}\;H_f=0.700W-13.048$, (Kcal/kg) $(35%{\leqq}W{\leqq}70%)\;{\triangle}\;H_f=1.569W-73.861,\;(Kcal/kg)\;(W{\geqq}70%$) In the water content range $35{\sim}90$(wt %), the activation energy of various starches in freezing process was determined $126{\sim}270$ Kcal/mol.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.269-277
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• 2003

목적: 게이트 심근관류 스펙트는 심근의 관류와 좌심실 기능을 동시에 평가할 수 있는 유용한 방법이다. 현재, 게이트 영상 획득시 8 단위영상이 널리 사용되지만, 아직 가장 적절한 단위영상의 수에 대해서는 논의의 여지가 있다. 본 연구는 동일한 환자에서 8 단위영상과 16 단위영상으로 게이트 심근관류 스펙트를 2회 연속적으로 시행하여 국소적 심근관류, 좌심실 용적과 구혈률등을 비교하였다. 대상 및 방법: 42명(평균 연령: 55세, 남: 녀=26: 16)의 관상동맥 질환이 의심되거나 알려진 환자를 대상으로 안정시 Tc-99m MIBI를 이용한 게이트 스펙트를 8 단위영상과 16 단위영상으로 2회 연속하여 시행하였다. 좌심실의 확장기말 용적, 수축기말 용적과 구혈률을 각각 얻었으며 확장기말의 단층영상을 18 분절로 나누고 각 분절마다 심근의 관류정도를 4등급으로 나누어 국소적 심근관류를 평가하였다. 결과: 8 단위영상과 16 단위영상 게이트 스펙트에서 국소적 심근관류의 일치도는 85.7% (tau-b=0.786, p<0.001)로 우수하였다. 두 방법간에 1등급의 차이는 100 분절(13.2%), 2등급 차이는 8 분절(1.1 %)이 있었고 3등급 차이는 없었다. 좌심실의 확장기말 용적, 수축기말 용적, 구혈률은 두 방법간에 높은 상관성을 보였으며(r=0.993, 0.989, 0.935), 좌심실 구혈률은 8 단위영상을 사용할 때 평균 1.8% 낮게 측정되어 통계적인 유의성은 있었으나(p<0.05), 그 차이는 크지 않았다. 결론: 8 단위영상과 16 단위영상을 사용한 게이트 심근관류 스펙트에서 국소적 심근관류의 일치도는 우수하였으며, 좌심실의 기능적 계수의 차이도 크지 않았다. 비록 높은 단위영상을 사용했을 때 더 정확하고 자세한 정보를 얻을 수 있다 하더라도, 구혈률과 용적 등을 얻는 일상적인 임상검사에는 8 단위영상 또한 그 역할을 충분히 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.276-286
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• 2000

A 2.3 m-long core obtained from Marian Cove, King George Island in the South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica shows clues to the glaciomarine sedimentation during the Holocene. The lower part below 115cm-deep of the core is predominated by coarser material such as diamictons compared with the higher part above 105cm dominated by finer material (rhythmite and massive muds). Based on the granulometric features the coarse materials are generally supposed to be glacially-driven and basal tills, whereas the fine materials appear to originate from various sources such as meltwater-supplied, glacially-supplied, wind-blown, and organic origins. However, the presence of erratic coarse particles in the finer materials suggests the ice-rafted origin of the relevant materials. The lower part below 105cm-deep of the core was characterized by lower TN, TC, and TOC contents, and by higher TS and CaCO$_3$ contents compared with its upper part. No significant changes in C/N ratio were shown throughout the core. The ice cliff along the east side of Marian Cove seemed to locate to the west by 1.6km at 8,300 years B. P. on the basis of the repetitive occurrence of rhythmite and diamicton. Since the retreat of ice cliff in 7,970${\pm}$70 years B. P. the sediments of Marian Cove were dominated by fine materials and ice-rafted materials. The abrupt increase of coarse materials in 175cm-4 deep seems to result from supply of coarse materials due to earthquake or other drastic phenomena.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 1983

Scintillation cameras을 사용(使用)할때 양질(良質)의 화상(畵像)을 얻기 위하여 camera의 성능(性能), 방사성의약품(放射性醫藥品)의 특성(特性), 그리고 적정(適正)한 촬상조건(撮像條件)을 고려할 필요(必要)가 있다. 특(特)히 RI 상(像)에 대한 촬상조건(撮像條件)은 film의 성질(性質), 상(像)의 크기, 상(像)의 농도(濃度), window, 그리고 콜리메타 전면(前面)으로부터 거리(距離) 등(等)에 따라서 좌우(左右)된다. 이러한 요인(要因)들은 각각 화상(畵像)을 만드는 과정에 영향(影響)을 미치고 있다. 그러므로 상(像)의 표준화(標準化)와 촬상방법(撮像方法)의 기준(基準)을 확립(確立)하기가 매우 어렵다. 고로 이러한 문제(問題)들을 해결(解決)하는 것은 Scintillation camera을 사용(使用)하는 핵의학적(核醫學的) 검사(檢査)에 있어서 매우 중요(重要)하다. 저자(著者)는 이러한 점(點)을 고려하여 일정(一定)한 상(像)의 농도(濃度)을 얻을 수 있는 촬상조건(撮像條件)에 대(對)하여 실험(實驗)을 하였다. 실험(實驗)에 있어서 평행다공형(平行多孔型) 콜리메타를 camera의 head에 부착(附着)시키고 $^{99m}Tc$(3mCi)가 넣어져 있는 liver phantom을 콜리메타의 표면(表面)에 밀착(密着)시켜 다음과 같은 방법(方法)에 의하여 촬상(撮像)하였다. 즉, 일정(一定)한 상(像)의 농도(濃度)을 얻을 수 있는 촬상조건(撮像條件)을 찾아낼 목적(目的)으로 preset time, image size, 콜리메타전면(前面)- phantom간(間) 거리(距離), 그리고 window를 각각(各各) 변화(變化)시키면서 phantom을 촬상(撮像)하였으며, 특(特)히 거리(距離)와 window에 있어서는 cold defects의 검출능(檢出能)도 비교검토(比較檢討)하였다. 실험결과(實驗結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. C type film에 있어서 1.5의 농도(濃度)을 얻기위해서는 7.5의 intensity 에서 preset time은 60초(秒), image size는 1.0, 콜리메타-phantom간거리(間距離)는 0cm 그리고 window는 20%가 요구(要求)되고 있었다. 2. 편면유제(片面乳劑) film의 preset time은 양면유제(兩面乳劑) film보다 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 3. 상(像)의 분해능(分解能)은 image size가 작을수록, 콜리메타-phantom간(間) 거리(距離)가 짧을수록, 그리고 window 폭(幅)이 좁을수록 더욱 더 향상(向上)되고 있었다. 4. Cold defects의 검출능(檢出能)은 image size가 작을수록, 콜리메타-pantom간(間) 거리(距離)가 짧을수록, 그리고 window폭(幅)이 좁을수록 향상(向上)되고 있었다.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.299-304
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• 2013

Whole body bone scan has been used to confirm bone metastasis and follow-up study with radio isotope. However, if the factors related to $^{99m}Tc$ uptake and waiting time for study are inappropriate, it would be image of low quality. The purpose of present study was to investigate correlation between the evaluation index of renal function and uptake of radiopharmaceuticals. The population for this retrospective study consisted of 387 patients who underwent whole body bone scan between June 2012 and December 2012. As a result of quantitative and qualitative analysis, we were able to confirm that GFR of less than normal range and creatinine levels in blood of more than average are more likely to be under the mean uptake rate. As a result of analysis on the indicator affecting soft-tissue and bone uptake, the correlation of all elements was somewhat low. Also there are no statistically significances due to the other parameters we did not deal with. Therefore, further research on additional factors is needed for exact study and improvement of the image quality.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 1992

Gated blood pool scan is frequently used for evaluating the change in cardiac function in various cardiac diseases. But resting gated blood pool scan using only LVEF as a cardiac index has been consitently shown to have a low sensitivity, which is about 50%, in detecting coronary artery disease. So it is recommended to compare exercise gated blood pool scan to resting gated blood pool scan. Exercise tests, however, are not always possible, especially in patients with musculoskeletal diseases, recent myocardial infarction and in elderly persons. We studied the usefulness of resting gated blood pool scan using multiple indices in evaluating the patients with coronary artery disease. Studied cases were 185 patients with coronary artery disease (angina pectoris 31, myocardial infarction 154) and 25 normals with low likelihood of coronary artery disease. We used $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ RBC, 740 MBq labeled by in vivo method. The data were evaluated by Micro DELTA computer program. The results were as following: 1) The ejection rates (PER, AER) and filling rates (PFR, AFR) were different in normls and patients with angina pectoris or myocardial infarction. 2) Mean phase angle, ejection rates and filling rates could separate normals from coronary artery disease patients with normal LVEF. 3) Regional ejection fraction was decreased at the site of the infarct in patients with myocardial infarction. 4) Peak filling rate was the the most detectable index in evaluation of cardiac function in patients with coronary artery disease. 5) The threshold at 1.5 standard deviation of normal range was considered as the most reliable cut-off value from ROC analysis. These data suggest that the resting gated blood pool scan has an important role in the evaluation of cardiac functional changes using various cardiac indices in patients with coronary artery disease.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.210-217
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• 1993

To compare the myocardial viability in patients suffering from total occlusion of the right coronry artery (RCA) with the angiographic collaterals, intracoronary injection of Thallium-201 (T1-201) was done to 14 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients (pts) with total occlusion of RCA and into four normal subjects for control. All 14 CAD pts had Grade 2 or 3 collateral circulations. There were 14 male and 4 females, and their ages ranged from 31 to 70 years. In nine pts, T1-201 was injected into left main coronary artery (LCA) ($300{\sim}350{\mu}Ci$) to evaluate the myocardial viability of RCA territory through collateral circulations. The remaining five pts received T1-201 into RCA ($200{\sim}250{\mu}Ci$) because two had intraarterial bridging collaterals and three had previous successful PTCA. Planar & SPECT myocardial perfusion images were obtained 30 minutes, and four to five hours after T1-201 injection. Intravenous T1-201 reinjection (six pts) or $^{99m}Tc-MIBI$ (two pts) were also performed in eight CAD pts. Intracoronary myocardial perfusion images were compared with intravenous T1-201 (IV T1-201) images, ECG, and ventriculography. Intracoronary T1-201 images proved to be superior to that of IV T1-201 due to better myocardial to background uptake ratio and more effective in the detection of viable tissue. We also found that perfusion defects were smaller on intracoronary T1-201 images than those on the IV T1-201. All of the 14 CAD pts had either mostly viable myocardium (seven pts) or large area of T1-201 perfusion (seven pts) in RCA territory, however ventriculographic wall motion and ECG did not correlate well with intracoronary myocardial perfusion images. In conclusion, total RCA occlusion patients with well developed collateral circulation had large area of viable myocardial in the corresponding territory.