• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2007

This study was to investigate the mixed buckwheat flour quality by observing antimutagenic and cytotoxic effects of mixed buckwheat flour extracts using Ames test and SRB (sulforhodamine B) assay. Samples were prepared to the ratio of 100% (B1), 90% (BF1), 80% (BF2), 70% (BF3) and 60% (BF4) (w/w) flour buckwheat based on wheat flour weight. The initial pasting temperature in an amylograph was increased according to the increase of the buckwheat flour. The water absorption in farinograph decreased with the addition of buckwheat flour. The inhibition rates of B1, BF3 and BF4 extract (160 g/plate) were 45%, 37.3% and 42% against the mutagenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium TA100 induced by MNNG $(0.4{\mu}g/plate)$, respectively. In addition, the B1 at the same concentration showed 64% and 44.3% inhibition on the mutagenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100 induced by 4NQO $(0.15{\mu}g/plate)$, respectively. In SRB assay, human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF 7), human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B), human stomach adonocarcinoma (AGS), human lung carcinoma (A549) and human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) proliferations were inhibited by the increase in the sample concentration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.662-668
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• 2004

Ames test revealed most methanol extracts of 13 Korean wild mushroom species have strong antimutagenic effects against N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and benzo(a)pyrene[B(a)P]. Methanol extracts of Coriolus versicolor and Phaeolepiota aurea showed 74-94 and 83-88% antimutagenic effects against MNNG and B(a)P in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain, while 89 and 91% inhibitions were observed against B(a)P in TA98 strain, respectively. Most water extracts of wild mushrooms did not show antimutagenic activeiy on MNNG and B(a)P. Wild mushrooms extracts inhibited human colon carcinoma cells (HT29), human hepatoma cell (HepG2), and humann histiocytic lymphoma cell (U937) dose-dependently, with most methanol extracts exhibiting stronger effect than water extracts, Highest toxicity was observed against HT-29 cells in methanol extracts of Coriolus versicolor and Phaeolepiota aurea, showing 84% inhibition at 1 mg/mL, whereas C. versicolor water extract showed 53-65% inhibition against HepG2 and U937. These extracts did not show cytotoxic effects against human lymphocyte. Results revealed wild mushrooms have strong antimutagenic and in vitro cytotoxic effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.805-809
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• 2006

Ozonized olive oil was tested for its mutagenic potential in a Salmonella/microsome assay. Additionally, antimicrobial activity was tested against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pathogenic strains related to acne, using the paper disk and agar dilution method. Ozonized olive oil showed antimicrobial activities against all the strains tested, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values in a range of 2${\sim}$10 mg/mL. Mutagenicity of ozonized olive oil was evaluated with Salmonells typhimurium TA98, TA100 and Ta1535, with and without addition of S9 mixture. No increase in the number of $his^{+}$ revertants over the negative control (solvent and non-ozonized olive oil) values was observed with TA98 (1,000 ${\mu}g/plate$), TA100 (1,500 ${\mu}g/plate$) and TA1535 (1,500 ${\mu}g/plate$) strains. The results from this study suggested that ozonized olive oil does not show any mutagenic potential.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.211-216
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• 2003

This study was carried out to determine the antioxidative, antimutagenic, and anticancer effects of Rhodiola sachalinensis root using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical donating method, Ames test and cytotoxicity, respectively. Rhodiola sachalinenis root were extracted with ethanol and then further fractionated to n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol and water, stepwise. Among five fractions, the Etohc fractions showed the highest electron donating activities (14.3 $\mu$g/mL). The inhibition rate of ethanol extract (200$\mu$g/plate) of Rhodiola sachalinensis root in the S. typhimurium TA100 strain showed 89.1% inhibition against the mutagenesis induced by MNNG. In addition, the suppression of EtOAc fractions with same concentration of Rhodiola sachalinensis root in the S. typhimurium TA98 and TAI00 strains showed 89.7% and 91.5% inhibition against 4NQO, respectively. The suppressions under the same condition against B($\alpha$)P and Trp-P-1 in the TA98 and TA100 strains were 94.2% and 95.7%, and 92.3% and 93.8%, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of Rhodiola sachalinensis root against the cell lines with human lung carcinoma (A549), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human gastric carcinoma (AGS) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) were inhibited with the increase of the extract concentration. The treatment of 1.0 mg/mL Rhodiola sachalinensis root of EtOAc fraction showed strong cytotoxicities of 90.5%, 81.5%, 92.2% and 82.6% against A549, HepG2, AGS and MCF-7, respectively.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.340-346
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• 2002

Capacitor material utilized in the downsizing passive devices and integration of passive devices requires the physical and electrical properties at given area such as capacitor thickness reduction, relative dielectric constant increase, low leakage current and thermal stability. common capacitor materials, $Al_2O_3$, $SiO_2$, $Si_3N_4$, $SiO_2$/$Si_3N_4$, TaN and et al., used until recently have reached their physical limits in their application to integration of passive devices. $Ta_2O_{5}$ is known to be a good alternative to the existing materials for the capacitor application because of its high dielectric constant (25~35), low leakage current and high breakdown strength. Despite the numerous investigations of $Ta_2O_{5}$ material, there have little been established the clear understanding of the annealing effect on capacitance characteristic and conduction mechanism. This study presents the dielectric properties $Ta_2O_{5}$ MIM capacitor structure Processed by $O_2$ RTA oxidation. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the existence of amorphous phase in $600^{\circ}C$ annealing under the $O_2$ RTA and the formation of preferentially oriented-$Ta_2O_{5}$ in 650, $700^{\circ}C$ annealing and the AES depth profile showed $O_2$ RTA oxidation effect gives rise to the $O_2$ deficientd into the new layer. The leakage current density respectively, at 3~1l$\times$$10_{-2}$(kV/cm) were $10_{-3}$~$10_{-6}$(A/$\textrm{cm}^2$). In addition, behavior is stable irrespective of applied electric field. the frequency vs capacitance characteristic enhanced stability more then $Ta_2O_{5}$ thin films obtained by $O_2$ reactive sputtering. The capacitance vs voltage measurement that, Vfb(flat-band voltage) was increase dependance on the $O_2$ RTA oxidation temperature.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.139-142
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• 2006

We fabricated new one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystal (1D-MPC) utilizing the second and third photonic band gaps where localized modes existed. Structure of the 1D-MPC was $(Ta_{2}O_{5}/SiO_{2})_{5}/Bi:YIG/(SiO_{2}/Ta_{2}O_{5})_{5}$ with optical thicknesses of 3$\lambda$ /4 for $Ta_{2}O_{5} and $SiO_2$ dielectric layers and $\lambda$ /2 for Bi:YIG defect layer, where $\lambda$ is a wavelength of a localized mode in the second photonic band gap. Faraday rotation at the localized mode in the second photonic band gap was enhanced, which was confirmed by calculation using 4${\times}$4 matrix method.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2003

Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense were extracted with methanol and then fractionated with nhexane, EtOAc and BuOH to get active fractions. And their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in each fraction were determined. Ethyl acetate and butanol fraction of Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense showed strong antioxidant activities, but hexane fraction did not show any activities. But in the antimicrobial test, Ethyl acetate fraction showed strong antimicrobial activities except to Aspergillus awamori, Asperigillus niger. Especially, Ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest activities against Bacillus subtilis. And aqueous fraction showed the strongest activities against Cladosporium herbarum, Hypocrea nigricans. This study was performed to determine the antimutagenic and cytotoxic effect of Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense methanol extract on Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and cancer cell lines using Ames test and cytotoxicity assay, respectively. Cancer cell lines include human lung carcinoma(A549), human breast adenocarcinoma(MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B). Futher fractionations with hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water from methanol extract of Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense were performed to obtain effective fraction, methanol extract showed 60.14% inhibition effect on the mutagenesis induced by MNNG against TA100, while 77% and 72.5% inhibition was observed on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO against TA98 and TA100, respectively. and methanol extract showed 82.25% and 73.7% inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by Trp-P-1 against TA98 and TA100, respectively. methanol extract showed the strongest effect against A549, MCF-7 and Hep3B at the same concentration compared to those of other fration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.239-240
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• 2008

As semiconductor devices are scaled down for better performance and more functionality, the Cu-based interconnects suffer from the increase of the resistivity of the Cu wires. The resistivity increase, which is attributed to the electron scattering from grain boundaries and interfaces, needs to be addressed in order to further scale down semiconductor devices [1]. The increase in the resistivity of the interconnect can be alleviated by increasing the grain size of electroplating (EP)-Cu or by modifying the Cu surface [1]. Another possible solution is to maximize the portion of the EP-Cu volume in the vias or damascene structures with the conformal diffusion barrier and seed layer by optimizing their deposition processes during Cu interconnect fabrication, which are currently ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD)-based Ta/TaN bilayer and IPVD-Cu, respectively. The use of in-situ etching, during IPVD of the barrier or the seed layer, has been effective in enlarging the trench volume where the Cu is filled, resulting in improved reliability and performance of the Cu-based interconnect. However, the application of IPVD technology is expected to be limited eventually because of poor sidewall step coverage and the narrow top part of the damascene structures. Recently, Ru has been suggested as a diffusion barrier that is compatible with the direct plating of Cu [2-3]. A single-layer diffusion barrier for the direct plating of Cu is desirable to optimize the resistance of the Cu interconnects because it eliminates the Cu-seed layer. However, previous studies have shown that the Ru by itself is not a suitable diffusion barrier for Cu metallization [4-6]. Thus, the diffusion barrier performance of the Ru film should be improved in order for it to be successfully incorporated as a seed layer/barrier layer for the direct plating of Cu. The improvement of its barrier performance, by modifying the Ru microstructure from columnar to amorphous (by incorporating the N into Ru during PVD), has been previously reported [7]. Another approach for improving the barrier performance of the Ru film is to use Ru as a just seed layer and combine it with superior materials to function as a diffusion barrier against the Cu. A RulTaN bilayer prepared by PVD has recently been suggested as a seed layer/diffusion barrier for Cu. This bilayer was stable between the Cu and Si after annealing at $700^{\circ}C$ for I min [8]. Although these reports dealt with the possible applications of Ru for Cu metallization, cases where the Ru film was prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) have not been identified. These are important because of ALD's excellent conformality. In this study, a bilayer diffusion barrier of Ru/TaCN prepared by ALD was investigated. As the addition of the third element into the transition metal nitride disrupts the crystal lattice and leads to the formation of a stable ternary amorphous material, as indicated by Nicolet [9], ALD-TaCN is expected to improve the diffusion barrier performance of the ALD-Ru against Cu. Ru was deposited by a sequential supply of bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium [Ru$(EtCp)_2$] and $NH_3$plasma and TaCN by a sequential supply of $(NEt_2)_3Ta=Nbu^t$ (tert-butylimido-trisdiethylamido-tantalum, TBTDET) and $H_2$ plasma. Sheet resistance measurements, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis showed that the bilayer diffusion barriers of ALD-Ru (12 nm)/ALD-TaCN (2 nm) and ALD-Ru (4nm)/ALD-TaCN (2 nm) prevented the Cu diffusion up to annealing temperatures of 600 and $550^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, respectively. This is found to be due to the excellent diffusion barrier performance of the ALD-TaCN film against the Cu, due to it having an amorphous structure. A 5-nm-thick ALD-TaCN film was even stable up to annealing at $650^{\circ}C$ between Cu and Si. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that the ALD-Ru/ALD-TaCN diffusion barrier failed by the Cu diffusion through the bilayer into the Si substrate. This is due to the ALD-TaCN interlayer preventing the interfacial reaction between the Ru and Si.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 1992

The antimutagenic effects of green-yellow vegetables toward aflatoxin B$_1$(AFB$_1$) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-ox-ide (4-NQO) using the Ames assay system with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 were studied. Forty six to fifty percent of the methanol extracts of the vegetable samples inhibited the mutagenicity induced by AFB$_1$in TA98 and TA100. Perilla leaf, lettuce, broccoli, crown daisy, water dropwort, small water dropwort, red pepper, red pepper leaves, amaranth, spinach and radish root were significantly reduced the mutagenicity of AFB$_1$(p< 0.01). Whereas 25 out of 27 samples (93%) exhibited antimutagenicity toward a direct mutagen of 4-NQO (p< 0.01. 0.05). The samples which showed the strong antimutagenicity (>60%) were cabbage, kale, lettuce, broccoli, mustard leaf, green red pepper, green sweet pepper, spinach, amaranth, soybean sprout and immature pumpkin. The juices from the several samples also showed antimu-tagenic activity toward AFB$_1$. Cabbage, perilla leaf, small water dropwort and spinach reduced TAT100 revertants dose dependently in the range of 50-500$m\ell$/plate, however, cucumber and carrot showed little effect.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.7 no.3_4
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• pp.37-55
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• 1992

Effect of Synethrin on the Toxicity of Dichlorvos in Rats. Hematological, biological and enzymatic effects were investigated in rats treated with DDVP and synethrin. Mutagenicity was also examined. In serological analysis, LDH and ALP were more significantly increased in rats treated with the mixture of DDVP (10mg/kg) and synethrin (250mg/kg) than with either DDVP or synethrin. DDVP alone slightly increased cytochrome P-450 in the liver while synethrin or the mixture decreased it. Lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in the liver when rats were treated with both DDVP and the mixture. Cholinesterase activity was significantly decreased in the liver and serum when treated with DDVP as well as with the mixture. In mutagenicity test, DDVP was shown to be weakly positive to TA 97a, TA 100 and TA 102, but negative to TA 1537. Synethrin showed negative in all strains tested. These results suggest that the mixture of DDVP and synethrin increased the toxicities but not the mutagenicity.