• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈B:순수및응용수학
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.293-308
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• 2004

Let K be a nonempty convex subset of an arbitrary Banach space X and $T\;:\;K\;{\rightarrow}\;K$ be a uniformly continuous strictly hemi-contractive operator with bounded range. We prove that certain Ishikawa iteration scheme with errors both converges strongly to a unique fixed point of T and is almost T-stable on K. We also establish similar convergence and almost stability results for strictly hemi-contractive operator $T\;:\;K\;{\rightarrow}\;K$, where K is a nonempty convex subset of arbitrary uniformly smooth Banach space X. The convergence results presented in this paper extend, improve and unify the corresponding results in Chang [1], Chang, Cho, Lee & Kang [2], Chidume [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], Chidume & Osilike [9, 10, 11, 12], Liu [19], Schu [25], Tan & Xu [26], Xu [28], Zhou [29], Zhou & Jia [30] and others.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈B:순수및응용수학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2018

We have introduced two new notions of convexity and closedness in functional analysis. Let X be a real normed space, then $C({\subseteq}X)$ is functionally convex (briefly, F-convex), if $T(C){\subseteq}{\mathbb{R}}$ is convex for all bounded linear transformations $T{\in}B$(X, R); and $K({\subseteq}X)$ is functionally closed (briefly, F-closed), if $T(K){\subseteq}{\mathbb{R}}$ is closed for all bounded linear transformations $T{\in}B$(X, R). By using these new notions, the Alaoglu-Bourbaki-Eberlein-${\check{S}}muljan$ theorem has been generalized. Moreover, we show that X is reflexive if and only if the closed unit ball of X is F-closed. James showed that for every closed convex subset C of a Banach space X, C is weakly compact if and only if every $f{\in}X^{\ast}$ attains its supremum over C at some point of C. Now, we show that if A is an F-convex subset of a Banach space X, then A is bounded and F-closed if and only if every element of $X^{\ast}$ attains its supremum over A at some point of A.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.122-126
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• 2010

F-18-FPCIT는 뇌 선조체에 주로 분포된 도파민 운반체에 강한 친화력을 보이며, 이는 파킨슨 씨 병의 진단에 유용한 진단적 정보를 제공한다. 본 연구에서는 iteration과 subset에 따른 영상의 변화를 관찰하고 적정한 iteration과 subset의 범위를 제안해 보고자 한다. 영상의 획득은 ACR 팬텀과 뇌 질환이 없는 정상인의 뇌 영상을 획득하였다. 정상인의 뇌영상은 F-18-FPCIT를 정맥주사 후 3시간째 획득하였으며, iteration과 subset의 조건을 5가지로 구분하여 영상을 재구성하였다. 영상의 분석은 동일한 위치에 같은 크기의 ROI를 그려 평균, 최대, 최소의 SUV를 측정하였고, 이를 바탕으로 표준편차, 변이계수를 계산하였다. 또한 팬텀영상에서는 각 조건별 열소와 냉소의 SUV를 비교하여 어떠한 조건에서 실제와 가장 비슷한 SUV ratio를 재현하는지 조사하였다. 위 실험에서 얻어진 값은 Spearman test를 통해 유의성을 유무를 판별하였다. 따라 SUV는 증가하였고 이러한 추세는 Spearman test에서 유의성을 나타내었다. 표준편차 역시 iteration, subset조건이 증가함에 따라 값의 증가를 보였다. 산출된 값들은 통계적으로 유의하였다. 팬텀 연구에서는 6 iteraions, 16 iterations 에서 실제와 가장 비슷한 SUV ratio를 재현하였다. 하지만 iteration, subset 조건별로 얻어진 SUV ratio들은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.454-462
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• 1999

Corticosteroids have long been used for anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatoid and other purposes in hospital. These effects may be due to inhibit immune reaction. So the animal given corticosteroids was more susceptible to infection because of immunosuppressive effect of corticosteroids. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prednisolone on the lymphocyte subset in the spleen, immunoglobulin in serum, spleen weight, thymus weight and total WBC in peripheral blood. Mice were randomized into 3 groups. Each group has 24 mice. The small dosage group were given by 4 mg/kg/day of prednisolone for 4 days and the large dosage group were given by 8 mg/kg/day respectively. Prednisolone was suspended in saline and orally administered. Mice in control group were given saline alone. Eight mice in each group were sacrificed every week after administration of predisolone. The weight of thymus and spleen were mesured immediately. Lymphocytes were taken from spleen and these cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Also the concentration of total immunoglobulins in serum were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). T cell, T-helper cell and T-cytotoxic cell were all significantly (P<0.05) decreased at 1 week after administration of predisolone and at 2 weeks they recovered similarly to that of control. Population of B cell showed various distribution. The concentration of total immunoglobulins in serum was not changed significantly. The weight ratio of spleen to body decreased significantly (P＜0.05) during predisolone administration but increased at 1 week later, Eventually the weight ratio was recovered to that of control at 2 weeks. The weight ratio of thymus to body decreased significantly (P<0.05) by prednisolone and recovered gradually up to normal ratio 2 weeks later.

• 충청수학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.105-110
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• 1995

Suppose A is a local global ring (with many units) and $T{\subset}A$ is a preordering. Let $a_i{\in}A^*$, $i=1,2,{\cdots},n$ and $a{\in}({\sum}_{i=1}^{l-1}\;a_iT){\cap}A^*$. Then, for any integer l, 1 < l ${\leq}$ n, there exist $x{\in}({\sum}_{i=1}^{l-1}\;a_iT){\cap}A^*$ and $y{\in}({\sum}_{i=l}^n\;a_iT){\cap}A^*$ such that a=x+y.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.223-233
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• 1998

This paper is concerned with the problem of existence of solutions to the initial value problem u'(t) = A(t, u(t)), u(a) = z in a probabilistic normed space where $A : [a,b)\;{\times}\;D->E$ is continuous, D is a closed subset of a probabilistic normed space E, and $z\;{\in}\;D$. With a dissipative type condition on A, we estabilish sufficient conditions for this initial value problem to have a solution.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.26-31
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• 2013

Purpose: Lymphocyte subset recovery is an important factor that determines the success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Temporal differences in the recovery of lymphocyte subsets and the factors influencing this recovery are important variables that affect a patient's posttransplant immune reconstitution, and therefore require investigation. Methods: The time taken to achieve lymphocyte subset recovery and the factors influencing this recovery were investigated in 59 children who had undergone HSCT at the Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, and who had an uneventful follow-up period of at least 1 year. Analyses were carried out at 3 and 12 months post-transplant. An additional study was performed 1 month post-transplant to evaluate natural killer (NK) cell recovery. The impact of pre- and post-transplant variables, including diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNAemia posttransplant, on lymphocyte recovery was evaluated. Results: The lymphocyte subsets recovered in the following order: NK cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and helper T cells. At 1 month post-transplant, acute graft-versus-host disease was found to contribute significantly to the delay of $CD16^+/56^+$ cell recovery. Younger patients showed delayed recovery of both $CD3^+/CD8^+$ and $CD19^+$ cells. EBV DNAemia had a deleterious impact on the recovery of both $CD3^+$ and $CD3^+/CD4^+$ lymphocytes at 1 year post-transplant. Conclusion: In our pediatric allogeneic HSCT cohort, helper T cells were the last subset to recover. Younger age and EBV DNAemia had a negative impact on the post-transplant recovery of T cells and B cells.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.78-85
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• 2009

본 연구는 차가버섯, 상황버섯, 영지버섯 혼합추출물(IPGE)음료 복용이 인체의 혈중 조혈모세포와 임파구 아형(Lymphocyte, $CD4^+T$ cell, $CD8^+T$ cell, Natural Killer cell) 증식에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 수행하였다. 피험자는 건강한 지원자들로서 $40{\sim}70$대의 남여 일반인들로 하였다. 전체 39명을 모집하여 무작위 배정을 통해 27명, 12명 씩 2그룹으로 나누고 각각 버섯 복합추출물과 위약 음료를 따로 지급하여 4주 동안 매일 복용하게 하였다. 혈액은 복용 첫날부터 시작하여 2주 간격으로 피험자들로부터 채취되었으며 면역세포 수 측정에 사용되었다. 조혈모세포(hematopoietic stem cell)는 IPGE 음료 복용군에서 복용 전에 비하여 현저하게 증가하였으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈다(p<0.001). 임파구(lymphocyte)는 IPGE음료 복용 전과 후 간에 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. $CD4^+T$ 세포, $CD4^+T$ 세포 및 $CD4^+/CD8^+$ 비율은 시험 음료 복용 전과 후 간에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그리고 NK 세포도 IPGE 음료 복용 전과 후 간에 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구결과를 종합해 볼 때 차가버섯, 상황버섯 및 영지버섯 혼합추출물(IPGE)음료는 조혈모세포의 증식효과를 현저하게 높게 나타내었기 때문에 총체적인 혈액세포 정상화를 통해 인체 건강증진에 긍정적인 효과를 나타낼 것으로 사료되었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제68권4호
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• pp.218-225
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• 2010

Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a useful technique to recover lower airway fluid and cells involved in many respiratory diseases. Miliary tuberculosis is potentially lethal, but the clinical manifestations are nonspecific and typical radiologic findings may not be seen until late in the course of disease. In addition, invasive procedures are often needed to confirm disease diagnosis. This study analyzed the cells and the T-lymphocyte subset in BAL fluid from patients with miliary tuberculosis to determine specific characteristics of BAL fluid that may help in the diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis, using a less invasive procedure. Methods: On a retrospective basis, we enrolled 20 miliary tuberculosis patients; 12 patients were male and the mean patient age was $40.5{\pm}16.2$ years. We analyzed differential cell counts of BAL fluid and the T-lymphocyte subset of BAL fluid. Results: Total cells and lymphocytes were increased in number in the BAL fluid. The percentage of CD4+ Tlymphocytes and the CD4/CD8 ratio in BAL fluid were significantly decreased and the percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes was relatively higher. These findings were more prominent in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the HIV-infected patients, the proportion of lymphocytes was significantly higher in BAL fluid than in peripheral blood. There were no significant differences between the BAL fluid and the peripheral blood T-lymphocytes subpopulation. Conclusion: BAL fluid in patients with miliary tuberculosis demonstrated lymphocytosis, a lower percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, a higher percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio. These findings were more significant in HIV-infected subjects.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.179-196
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• 2009

Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space and K a nonempty closed convex subset which is also a nonexpansive retract of E. For i = 1, 2, 3, let $T_i:K{\rightarrow}E$ be an asymptotically nonexpansive mappings with sequence ${\{k_n^{(i)}\}\subset[1,{\infty})$ such that $\sum_{n-1}^{\infty}(k_n^{(i)}-1)$ < ${\infty},\;k_{n}^{(i)}{\rightarrow}1$, as $n{\rightarrow}\infty$ and F(T)=$\bigcap_{i=3}^3F(T_i){\neq}{\phi}$ (the set of all common xed points of $T_i$, i = 1, 2, 3). Let {$a_n$},{$b_n$} and {$c_n$} are three real sequences in [0, 1] such that $\in{\leq}\;a_n,\;b_n,\;c_n\;{\leq}\;1-\in$ for $n{\in}N$ and some ${\in}{\geq}0$. Starting with arbitrary $x_1{\in}K$, define sequence {$x_n$} by setting {$$x_{n+1}=P((1-a_n)x_n+a_nT_1(PT_1)^{n-1}y_n)$$ $$y_n=P((1-b_n)x_n+a_nT_2(PT_2)^{n-1}z_n)$$ $$z_n=P((1-c_n)x_n+c_nT_3(PT_3)^{n-1}x_n)$$. Assume that one of the following conditions holds: (1) E satises the Opial property, (2) E has Frechet dierentiable norm, (3) $E^*$ has Kedec -Klee property, where $E^*$ is dual of E. Then sequence {$x_n$} converges weakly to some p${\in}$F(T).