• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2023

This study, as part of a study on the visual impact and evaluation of the symbolic sculptures currently installed in counties in Jeollanam-do on the formation of Landscapes by local governments, investigated and analyzed the installation characteristics of symbolic sculptures by local governments. As a result, many local governments have installed local specialties and landmarks as symbolic sculptures, and the installation location is often installed in open spaces and in the center of roundabouts. It was investigated that the use of color or the color of the material as it is was preferred. It was found that more symbolic sculptures installed on the roadside were installed in the center of the roundabout or along the side of the street than installation at the gateway. It is considered that it is more effective to recognize the symbolism of the area to the tourists through the installation of the symbolic sculpture at the entrance of the area, the center of the roundabout, or the side of the road rather than the gate, because the size of the symbol is bigger in order to recognize the symbolism of the area due to the width of the large road when installing the symbolic sculpture at the gateway, It is considered.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.12-24
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 미국에 있는 한국전쟁 메모리얼의 설계요소인 설계개념, 공간적 특성, 조경디테일 및 조각의 특성을 분석하고, 메모리얼에 나타난 기념성을 고찰하는 것이다. 연구를 위해 현장답사, 문헌연구 및 사례연구, 인터넷 검색을 통하여 외부공간 설계가 이루어진 25개의 연구대상지를 선정하였으며, 이를 대상으로 평면도, 위성사진, 관련사진을 수집 하여 분석하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 한국전쟁 메모리얼에서 나타나는 주요한 개념으로 희생자 추모, 지역 부대 국가의 명예 고양, 집단적 헌신과 정체성 등을 기본으로 하여 전쟁의 의미와 감정, 한국전쟁의 사실적 묘사 및 상징적 표현이 나타났다. 2. 한국전쟁 메모리얼은 기념공원이나 광장의 제한된 부지에 조성되어 독립적인 공간의 완성을 추구하였다. 공간형태 다양하여 원형이나 사각형 형태가 축을 이루는 것이 많이 나타났지만 일부 부정형도 있었으며, 공간적 연속성과 같은 간적 질서가 일부 메모리얼에서 나타났다. 3. 조경디테일은 희생자를 추모하기 위한 요소로서 기념벽과 기념석, 집단의 정체성을 나타내기 위한 기(旗)와 엠블렘 (emblem)이 주로 사용되고 있었다. 또한 한반도 지도 및 태극문양이 한국과 한국전쟁을 상징하기 위해 자주 도입되었으며, 잊혀진 한국전쟁을 기억하고 미군의 한국참전의 타당성과 의미를 나타내고자 'Forgotten War(잊혀진 전쟁)'과 'Freedom is not Free(자유는 거저 얻어지는 것이 아니다)'가 사용되었다. 4. 조각은 기념성을 다양하게 구현하기 위한 중요한 매체로서 활용되었다. 주로 사실적인 조각이 사용되었고, 일부는 추상적 형태를 갖는 것도 있었으며, 한국전쟁을 상징적이고 은유적으로 표현하였다. Washington D.C. 한국전쟁 참전용사 메모리얼(Korean War Veterans Memorial: KWVM)이나 Minnesota 한국전쟁 메모리얼(Korean War Memorial: KWM)의 조각은 현대적인 메모리얼의 상징적 매체로서 뛰어났다. 향후 한국과 미국에 있는 한국전쟁 메모리얼의 비교문화적 연구와 설계양식론 관점에서 메모리얼의 특성에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.71-83
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of landscape details in representing symbolic images in memorials on the themes of war, tragedy, and the democratization movement. In considering the characteristics of memorial landscapes, the researcher divided the characteristics of landscape details into 3 analysis categories. They are the symbolic application of landscape elements, the embodiment of landscape details, and the organization of landscape details to represent symbolic images, for example, memory, mourning, reflection, healing, glory, and identity. Among details in 24 memorials designed in or after 1970. 133 symbolic details were selected including 64 items in Korea. The analysis revealed that among 30 elements used by designers for memorialization, walls, ponds, sculptures were used more often than other elements in representing the meaning of mourning, reflection, and healing that are the basic function of memorial. In regard to detail form, the designers used basic shapes like circles, squares and rectangles, horizontal and vertical lines to heighten the symbolic effect of shapes in confined form. Stone and water utilized from nature were also used as main materials because of their materiality meaning of death, eternity, life, and healing. The techniques of using lighting, fire, and sound were introduced to make details more effective. Details were organized in harmony and repetition to represent the flew of time and space in symbolic images. The study identified the following characteristics of memorial landscapes in Korea that were different from other country first, in designing memorials, most designers in Korea have been more focused on the organization of space than the details in memorials, and so, they have been neglecting to deliver symbolic image through detail design, while depending mainly on the introduction of art works. Lastly, because they introduced traditional elements which have little relation with the symbolic image needed, there have been many details which inaccurately represent symbolic meanings.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2003

The Office of Korean National Railroads announced a design competition for Kwangyang Station and sought design proposals in October of 2002. The authors collaborated on a landscape design for Kwangyang Station and earned first prize in the competition. The Office decided to construct outdoor public spaces of Kwangyang Station for railroad users, visitors and staff, and local residents. The landscape design covers the following: site inventory and analysis; integration of design program and site analysis; evaluation of design concept; selecting a winning design alternative; schematic design including circulation form and spatial form; and design development including subarea design. In the design process, the authors focused on the integration and interpretation of site conditions as related to the Kwangyang Station building. They also collectively analyzed and considered the physical development of the outdoor spaces of Kwangyang Station. The following are some of the major areas in the design of the outdoor spaces of Kwangyang Station: 1) a plaza for waiting, 2) an entry area for passengers, 3) a train cafeteria, 4) a cultural plaza, 5) an image wall, and 6) a symbolic pond. The plaza for waiting is created as a place for users to wait and rest. The entry area for passengers provides an area for pedestrians approaching, passing and strolling. The train cafeteria features trains, lawns, grasses and trees. The cultural plaza is a main area representing the regional characteristics of Kwangyang. This plaza also provides an area for various public events. The image wall is meant to be an exhibition space for displaying the advancements of Korean National Railroads in sculptural image forms. The symbolic pond consists of an area with symbolic water features and several sculptures with artistic value. In the authors' design, the outdoor spaces of Kwangyang station are created as a new type of public realm with function, regional quality, original identity, cultural context, symbolic meaning and images, and beauty. The designed spaces would be one of the most representative places of interest and attraction in Kwangyang.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.75-88
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• 2020

There are stone sculptures diversely shaped in several parts of Gyeongbokgung. Geunjeongjeon is a place where the stone sculptures are intensively placed among the various palace buildings of Gyeongbokgung, and it is more important because it contains the phases of the age of the dynasty and the symbolism of governing philosophy. What can be seen in the structure of auspicious animal sculptures is based on the form of instinctive thought that the heavenly and human order systems are in an organic correspondence with each other, especially with regard to astronomical events such as Samwon Sasin 12jisin 28su. The parts that have been interpreted only in Sasin and 12jisin in the interpretations such as wild dogs, Gyoryong, camels, wolves, and apes were able to clarify the contents by revealing the form of 28su. In particular, as Beopsu Ssangbeopsu at the corner may be related to the guardian deity who governs water, called Yimun, Chimi, and Chimun, it is one of Bibo's ways to protect the palace that was vulnerable to fire. In addition, the shape of the existing 28su placed Dambi, but Ha Woldae at the Geunjeongjeon was assumed to have a camel statue and a planned arrangement of double meaning with the Bibo form of Pungsu Sasinsa, and it is also a feature of the arrangement of Woldae at the Geunjeongjeon. The actual composition of auspicious animals at the Nambogye of Geunjeongjeon was in the order of Haechi, wild dogs, horses and Jujak, and the contents of "Gyeongbokgung Construction Daily Record" were in the order of Haechi, horses, wild dogs, and Jujak. As to different composition layouts, based on the contents of the "Gyeongbok palace Construction Daily Record", the composition of Samjae Cheonjiin (天地人) was interpreted differently from the conventional interpretation of the arrangement of Woldae. All of these forms are associated with defense systems in the four directions and have become animal representations of each direction. The auspicious animal statues placed on the railing of Geunjeongjeon Woldae can be seen as reflected in a single building with the three dimensional personality that includes Pungsu's Bibo personality with the symbolic meaning that reveals the centrality as Jeong Jeon, the nation's best politics let alone the ideological system of the ancient astronomical of the East called Men Heaven Unity.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.196-207
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• 2014

This study considers expression types and aesthetic characteristics by analyzing Animal sculptures by Billie Achilleos in art collaboration with Louis Vuitton. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, As for expressin type shown in the art collaboration, it is reflected the historical and cultural value peculiar to a country symbolized through animals. As the aesthetic characteristics of symbolism, it reflects historical identity of country by using an image of a symbolic animal representing a state. Second, as the type shown in physical characteristics of animals by utilizing items in Louis Vuitton directly, it is organically expressed a literal type by directly integrating a form having been designed as a commodity itself into the characteristically physical part of an animal. As the aesthetic characteristics according to this is naturality, the motive of the work having borrowed shapes of diverse animals or insects can be said to have been naturally reflected in the primitive natural beauty. Third, through the deconstruction and recombination of a Louis Vuitton item. the amusement of the aesthetic characteristics was expressed in a type having the structurally embodied dynamic movement of an animal, and is expressing visual fun. Fourth, it uses expression type emphasized a specific part of an animal by decorating accessories in Louis Vuitton partly. The aesthetic characteristics is Ornament, the value of craft decoration is being shown by using colorful visual effects by using materials with the colorful textures and patterns of fabrics or mixing embroidery or beads, and belt decoration.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

본 연구는 미국에 있는 베트남전쟁 메모리얼 중 외부공간에 다양한 요소들이 도입되어 공간적 개념을 가지고 만들어진 87개 메모리얼을 대상으로 설계개념, 공간적 특성, 조경디테일의 특성, 기념조각의 특성, 그리고 표현내용을 분석하고, 이에 기초하여 메모리얼에 나타난 기념성을 고찰하였으며, 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 베트남전쟁 메모리얼 85개소(97.7%)에서는 희생자를 추모하고 국가를 위한 헌신이 강조되었고, 84개소(96.6%)에서 지역 부대 집단의 명예를 고양하는 것이 기본적 설계개념으로 적용되었다. 2. 메모리얼의 공간적 형태는 59개소(67.8%)에서 원형이나 축적 구성을 통하여 독립적인 공간의 완성이 추구되었고, 11개소(12.6%)에서 넓은 부지에 다양한 도입요소나 대지조형을 통하여 공간이 구성되었으며, 기념벽을 주요소로 한 것도 12개소(13.8%)에서 나타났다. 3. 희생자를 추모하기 위해 주로 기념벽이 사용된 곳이 65개소(74.7%)였고, 대부분의 메모리얼에서 다른 전쟁메모리얼처럼 국가 및 지역, 부대의 명예 고양을 위해 기와 엠블렘이 사용되었다. 이 밖에 빈 의자, 기념비나 마커, 기둥 및 열주, 폰드 및 수로, 헬리콥터 등이 일부 메모리얼에 도입되었다. 4. 메모리얼에서는 V자형 검은색 기념벽을 자주 사용하였기 때문에, 기념조각은 상대적으로 적은 21개소(24.1%)에서 도입되었다. 이 중에서 승리를 고무하는 영웅적인 전투 장면보다는 병사상이나 부상 장면을 묘사한 사실적 조각이 16개소(18.4%)로 대부분이었고, 일부에서 추상조각 및 은유조각이 사용되었다. 5. 전사자 및 실종자 등 희생자를 추모하기 위해 기념벽에 전사자 및 실종자 이름을 새기거나, 일부에서는 전사자 및 실종자의 사진 및 추모시를 음각하였고, 'DUTY, HONOR, COUNTRY'와 같은 상징적 문구를 적었으며, 전쟁으로 인하여 사회적으로 큰 이슈가 되었던 전쟁포로 및 실종자에 대한 관심을 나타내는 MIA/POW 이미지를 활용하였다. 6. 미국에서는 기념벽을 중요한 요소로 활용하여 전사자 실종자 참전군인의 이름을 새기고, 성조기 부대기 주기 등을 게양하며, 'ALL GAVE SOME, SOME GAVE ALL' 및 'DUTY, HONOR, COUNTRY'를 자주 표현하여 희생자를 추모하고, 명예를 고양하는 민주주의적 애국주의를 강조하였다. 반면, 베트남에서는 전쟁승리 및 민족 저항정신을 강조하였고, 사회주의의 대표적 양식인 기념조각 및 기념탑을 자주 사용하였으며, '조국은 당신을 기억한다'는 의미의 'TO-QUOC-GHI-CONG(토-국-기-공(土-國-記-功))'을 새기어, 민족주의, 사회주의, 애국주의를 강조하였다는 점에서 대조적이다. 향후 베트남 및 미국 이외에 베트남전쟁 참전국인 한국 및 오스트레일리아에 있는 베트남전쟁 메모리얼에 대한 분석을 통하여 국가적 기념성에 대한 비교 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.291-299
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• 2011

As our lifestyles have changed due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, new social and communication problems have been caused and there have been lots of discussion on regional communication. For communities to become alternatives with realistic meanings in this changed society, considerations on social and spatial conditions are needed. Therefore, public space which works as a device of physical environment for activation of communities needs more active changes which encourages social communication. In respect to the activation of communities, the following suggestions are given: First, physical devices of a urban plaza should be arranged to support various programs presented along with consideration of human behaviors as users. Second, fundamental facilities of the plaza should accommodate various activities through connections with programs and commercial space. Third, when cultural and historical characteristics of the community are understood, the plaza can form regionality and symbolism through artistic representation. And users can form the identity of community. Fourth, transportation facilities should be separated from or coexist with areas of passengers and the plaza should have its own identity through symbolic sculptures.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.26-38
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• 2011

본 연구는 베트남에 있는 베트남전쟁 메모리얼을 대상으로 메모리얼의 유형적 특성, 설계개념 및 내러티브, 입지 및 공간적 특성, 도입요소의 특성, 조경디테일에 나타난 표현 내용을 분석하고, 이를 토대로 하여 베트남전쟁 메모리얼에 나타난 기념문화를 분석하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 오랜 전쟁으로 인해 베트남전쟁 메모리얼은 군인묘지, 전적지, 전쟁박물관, 비극적 장소, 평화공원 등 10가지 유형으로 다양하게 나타났으며, 이중에서 전통적 양식에 근거한 군인묘지, 장소성을 강조한 전적지와 비극적 장소, 전쟁 승리와 잔혹함을 표현한 전쟁박물관, 평화공원이 특징적인 유형으로 나다났다. 2. 메모리얼에 나타난 주요한 설계개념 및 내러티브는 희생자 추모, 국가에 헌신, 전쟁승리와 저항, 장소적 기념성으로 나타났으며, 국제적인 민간단체의 협력에 의해 만들어진 미라이 평화공원(My Lai Peace Park) 및 한-베 평화공원(Han-Viet Hoa Binh Cong Vien)에서 비극적 사건을 극복하고 평화를 도모하는 개념을 적용하였다. 3. 메모리얼은 비무장지대(Demilitarized Zone: DMZ) 및 전쟁 루트였던 호치민 트레일(Ho Chi Minh Trail), 그리고 베트남을 남북으로 연결하는 주요한 도로인 A1 국도 주변에 위치하고 있으며, 이 밖에 하노이 및 호치민 등 도시에 전쟁박물관 및 모뉴멘트가 조성되었다. 묘지 및 추모 메모리얼에서는 문과 기념탑(또는 제단)을 연결하는 축을 중심으로, 좌우에 묘역이 배치되는 전통적 공간체계를 따랐으며, 전적지 및 비극적 장소에서는 장소성에 지나치게 의존하여 설계를 통한 특정적인 공간 형태보다는 상징적 요소를 도입하여 기념성을 구현하였다. 4. 기념조각 및 기념탑은 베트남 사회주의공화국의 대표적 양식으로 전쟁승리 및 저항정선을 표현하기 위해 보편적으로 사용되었고, 포획한 무기를 전시하고 박물관에 사진 및 모형 등 자료를 전시하여 전쟁의 긴장감과 리얼리티를 보여주고 있으며, 유교 및 불교 등 전통문화에 근거한 상징요소를 도입하여 추모감을 높였다. 5. 기념조각이나 기념벽에 그림을 그리거나 사진을 이용한 사실적 표현을 강조하였다. 또한 상징적 문구로서 자주 사용되고 있는 'TO-QUOC-GHI-CONG 토국기공(士-國-記-功)'에서 전사자의 업적과 국가적 관심을 나타냈으며, 이와 반대로'Quagmire'는 미군 참전용사들이 베트남에서 겪은 혼란스럽고 어려운 전투 상황과 베트남전쟁에 대한 미국사회의 혼돈을 묘사하는 정치사회적인 메타포(metaphor)로서 사용되었다. 베트남전쟁 메모리얼에는 민족주의, 애국주의, 사회주의, 자본주의 등 다양한 이데올로기가 복합되어 있고, 유교 불교 도교 음양오행사상이 잘 나타났다. 한편, 유교적 전통에도 불구하고 베트남전쟁에서 영웅적 여성의 모습을 강조하였으며, 일부 메모리얼에서 베트남전쟁에 대한 국내 외적 갈등이 내포되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 하여 향후 미국에 있는 베트남전쟁 메모리얼의 설계특성을 연구하여 전쟁에 대한 인식 및 기념문화적 특성에 대한 비교연구가 필요하다.

• 복식
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.60-71
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• 2011

This study set out to examine Hakchangui worn in Joseon around the 18th century and further the relationships between the Chinese Hakchang and Joseon Hakchangui, as well as to figure out spread factors of Hakchangui. The study proceeded as follows: 1)The Hakchangui was examined those appearing in the collections of works and paintings after the 17th century. 2)The Zhuge Liang's Hakchang was researched through Romance of Three Kingdoms, paintings and sculptures. 3)The images of Hakchangui wearers described in literature were investigated to understand the symbolic meanings of Hakchangui in Joseon those days. Those research efforts revealed four findings: 1)In many cases, the Hakchangui worn in Joseon in the 17th and 18th century has side slits, but no back slit. It's both sides of the center front were parallel, not overlapped. 2)Hakchangui was strange to the Joseon people until the end of the 18th century but started to permeate among those who liked classic style. 3)The aspects of Zhuge Liang were standardized in the combination of 'Yungeon, Hakchang, a feather fan and a wagon' in Romance of Three Kingdoms. 4)Zhuge Liang was considered as a symbol of wisdom and loyalty and had an image of a Taoist hermit who transcended the mundane world. The analysis of the research findings led to two following conclusions: 1)ln Joseon the Chinese Hakchang was introduced to people who had exchanges with Chinese or liked classic style in the 17th and 18th century and gradually spread by their advocates. 2)The Hakchangui must have been increasingly worn by more Joseon scholars because they started to borrow the image of Zhuge Liang driven by the popularity of Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the tendency of reinforcing Zhuge Liang's image as a loyal subject by the kings of Joseon.