Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.9715/KILA.2011.39.3.026

A Study on Commemoration Culture of Vietnam War Memorials in Vietnam  

Lee, Sang-Suk (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, University of Seoul)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture / v.39, no.3, 2011 , pp. 26-38 More about this Journal
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the commemoration culture of Vietnam War Memorials (VWM) in Vietnam. Through site survey, the researcher selected 23 VWM in Vietnam and analyzed 5 categories: memorial type, design concept and narratives, location and spatial form, landscape elements, and content expressed in landscape details. The results are as follows: 1. Because of the long, drawn out Vietnam War, which lasted from 1955 to 1975, VWM were divided into 10 types mainly as soldier cemeteries based on a traditional memorial style, battlefields and places of tragedies considering sense of place, war museums representing victory and atrocity in war, and peace parks promoting reconciliation and peacemaking. 2. The analysis revealed that the main concepts and narratives of VWM were to value the victims of the Vietnam War, remember soldiers' contributions, highlight the victory in war and resistance to the United States, and express a sense of place. Peacemaking applied only to My Lai Peace Park and Han-Viet Hoa Binh Cong Vien, built by international cooperation. 3. Cemeteries and appreciation memorials were designed to follow a traditional memorial space form that highly regard both axis and symmetry. The design concept at battlefields and places where tragedies occurred depended mainly upon a sense of place and used symbolic landscape elements to compensate for the undefined concept. 4. Sculptures and towers were mainly used to highlight war victory and resistance as the representative style of a Socialist country, weapons and pictures exhibited in war museums and battlefield showed the reality and strain of war. Symbolic elements of Buddhism and Confucianism were often introduced as a way to venerate the memory of deceased persons. 5. The state and heroic actions in the Vietnam War were realistically depicted on sculptures and walls. Also, the symbolic phrase, 'TO-QUOC-GUI-CONG' meaning 'our country remember your achievement', were written on the memorial tower and 'Quagmiire' was used to metaphorically represent the difficulties faced by the U.S. military on battlefields during the war and the uncertainly that pervaded U.S. society in those days. 6. In VWM, ideologies like nationalism, patriotism, socialism, capitalism were mixed and traditional cultures like Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism were inherent. Differing from their Confucianism culture, war heroes, particularly including women, were often described by sculpture, monument, and pictures and the conflict in and outside the country regarding the Vietnam War was shown. Further study will be required to analyze design characteristics of VWM in the u.s. and to understand the difference in commemoration cultures between Vietnam and the U.S.
Keywords
Traditional Culture; Symbol; War Museums; Landscape Details; Monuments;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 http://peace.maripo.com/x_pacific.htm
2 http://travel.webshots.com/photo/2780540260040368265VHTUVR?oldest=true
3 http://www.mylaipeacepark.org/peacepark_mylai.lasso
4 http://zine.media.daum.net/h21/view.html?cateid=3000&newsid= 20060321110710965&p=hani21
5 이상석(2010a) 6․25전쟁 기념공간에 나타난 기념적 표현. 한국전통조경학회지 28(2):98-108.
6 이상석(2010b) 한국전쟁 메모리얼의 설계요소에 나타난 기념성. 한국조경학회지 38(1):12-24.
7 고경태(2006.3.21) 아시아, 그 결정판!. 한겨레 21제601호.
8 Bleakney, Julia(2006) Revisiting Vietnam(Memoirs, Memorials, Museums). New York: Routledge
9 Bodnar, John(2001) Forward. In Tam Ho Taieds., The Country of Memory. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. ix-xi
10 Gills, John R. (1994) Commemorations (The Politics of National Identity). Princeton(NJ): Princeton University Press
11 Jorgensen, Karsten(1998) Semiotics in landscape design. Landscape Review 4(1):39-47.
12 Quang Ngai Vestige Sites Management Board(2009) A Look Back Upon Son My. Quy Nnon: Tang Bat Ho TP.
13 Mayo, James M.(1988) War Memorials as Political. Landscape New York: Praege
14 Nguyen, Ba Dang, Vu Phuong Nguyen, and Hoang Van Ta(2010) Traditional Vietnamese Architecture. HaNoi: The Gioi Publishers
15 Potteiger, Matthew and Jamie Purinton(1998) Landscape Narratives. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
16 Tam Ho Tai(2001) Faces of Remembrance and Forgetting. In Tam Ho Taieds., The Country of Memory. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp.167-195.
17 Tam Ho Tai(2001) Introduction: Situating memory. In Tam Ho Tai eds., The Country of Memory. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp.1-21
18 Yoshimura, Valerie Nao(1997). Ruin & Reunions, Planes & Cranes: National Identity and World War II Memorials in France, Japan, and the United States. Kyoto and Tokyo: The 49th Annual Japan-America Student Conference 1-26.
19 Wagner-Pacifici, Rovin and Barry Schwartx(1991) The Vietnam Veteran Memorial: Commemorating a difficult past. The American Journal of Sociology 97(2):376-420.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Whittick, Arnold(1961) Symbols Signs and the irmeaning. Massachusetts: Charles T. Bran ford Company.
21 http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/베트남_전쟁
22 이상석(2009) USS애리조나 메모리얼과 히로시마 평화기념공원. 환경과 조경 (254):142-151
23 이상석(2005) 경관, 조형 & 디자인. 서울:일조각. pp.86-87.