• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.51-57
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• 1978

섬유소 자화세균의 분리 및 이용과정에서 혼합배양하므로써 균체증식이 향상 되었는데, 이러한 혼합배양에 따른 여러 가지 영향과 보조균을 동정한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) Cellulomona flavigena의 단독배양에서는 O.D.가 0.26이였으나, 보조균과 혼합배양하므로써 O.D.가 0.37로 증가하였다. 2) 보조균은 gliding motility가 있었으며, microcyst가 확인되었는데 이것은 Sporocytophga 속과 일치하였다. 3) 혼합배양에서 생육최적 pH는 7.2 부근이 좋았으며, 최적온도는 3$0^{\circ}C$ 부근이었다. 4) 혼합배양에 있어서 두 균의 분포도는 10 : 1 정도로 Cellulomonas flavigena가 주로 분포되어 있었다. 5) Cellulomonas flavigena의 growth factor로서 thiamine과 biotin을 요구하였으며, Sporocytophaga sp.는 vitamin 요구성이 없었다. 6) Cellulomonas flavigena의 단독배양액에서는 추적할 만한 glucose 량이 없었으나, 혼합배양에서는 glucose가 확인되었다. 7) Cellulomonas flavigena의 균체중 필수아미노산으로 valine, leucine, arginime이 비교적 많은 편이였다

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.637-649
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• 2011

Soil microorganisms play a major role in improving soil fertility and plant health. Symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a key component of the soil microbial populations. AMF form a mutualistic association with the host plant and exert a positive influence on its growth and nutrient uptake. The establishment of mycorrhizal symbioses with the host plant can positively be influenced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria through various mechanisms such as increased spore germination and hyphal permeability in plant roots. Though there are evidences that combined interactions between AMF and PGPR can promote the plant growth however mechanisms of these interactions are poorly understood. Better understanding of the interactions between AMF and other microorganisms is necessary for maintaining soil fertility and enhancing crop production. This paper reviews current knowledge concerning the interactions between AMF and PGPR with plants and discusses on enhanced nutrient availability, biocontrol, abiotic stress tolerance and phytoremediation in sustainable agriculture.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.25-38
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• 2012

일반적으로 프랜차이즈는 영리를 추구하는 상업적 기업의 성격을 가지고 있으므로 영리를 추구하는 가맹본부의 입장에서는 사업의 성과를 최대한 높일 수 있도록 기업가 정신이 높고 사업 관련 역량이 높은 가맹점을 선호하게 되는데, 오히려 이러한 가맹점은 프랜차이즈에 대한 의존성이 상대적으로 낮다. 반면 기업가 정신도 부족하고 사업역량도 부족한 영세 가맹점의 경우에는 오히려 집중적인 가맹사업자의 관리가 필요하나 일부의 경우 능력이 부재한 가맹본부로부터 제대로 된 관리를 받지 못하고 실패하는 사례가 증가하고 있다. 최근 사회적 기업분야에서 확산되고 있는 소셜 프랜차이징이나 미소 프랜차이징은 이러한 측면에서 소규모 영세 가맹점을 대상으로 하는 프랜차이즈의 전략방향에 대한 많은 점을 시사한다는 전제하에 본 연구는 소셜 프랜차이징이 도시 영세민의 자활에 도움을 주고자 하는 목적에서 몇 가지 가설을 제안하고 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 1995

Effects of environmental factors of N, P, pH, moisture, temperature and oxygen on growth and nitrogen fixation activity of kummerowia striate (Thunb.) Schindler seedling, bearing symbiotic root nodules, were quantitatively analyzed during the growing period. The specific nitrogenase activity (ARA) of nodules showed the maximum value of 187 μmol C₂H₄g fr wt-1 h-1 6 weeks after seeds were germinated. The total nitrogenase activities per plant attained as 1.56, 0.85, 0.09 and 4.0, 1.11, 0.04 μmol C₂H₄hr-1, respectively for the treatments of 1, 3 and 5 mM NO₃￣and NH₄＋ on the 60th day. While the plant grown in N-free media for 20 days after treatments of 5 mM NH₄+for 40 days resulted in 30 mg fr wt of nodule formation and exhibited the relative activities of 152％ and 162％ for total and specific ARA in comparison with those of control plant grown with N-free for 60 days. Total biomass and ARA was by 70％ and 86％ lower in N and P deficiency, respectively. The N and P deficient plot showed 70％ and 86％ decreases of total biomass and ARA in comparison with those of control. The plant grown with N-free for 20 days after pretreatment with N and P free media for 40 days showed the relative values of 77％, 118％ and 150％, respectively for nodule biomass, total and specific ARA in comparison with those of control. The treatment with acid or alkali gradients resulted in significant decreases of nodule biomass and ARA. The optimum temperature and pO₂for ARA were 30°C and 40 kPa, respectively. Two peaks of diurnal variation appeared at 11:00 and 23:00 o'clocks by the continuous light condition. The plants with water stress by temporary wilting point rsulted in 95~97％ inhibition for nodule respiration, transpiration and specific ARA. Transpiration and ARA ware recovered to 88％ and 38％ of those of water unstressed plants, respectively, 6 hours after the plants were rewatered from water stressed condition.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.270-279
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• 2016

This study explained vertical distributions and growth environments for woody vegetation. It had been degenerated by long-term volcanic activity of Sakurajima; vegetation and thicknesses of tephra layers and forest soils were investigated at 5 sites (250-700 m in altitude) with different altitudes localized at the northwestern-northern flanks of Sakurajima in Kagoshima Prefecture. The results in 2015 were compared with the vertical distribution of woody vegetation in 1963, when the volcanic activity of Sakurajima was relatively moderate. Thus, we investigated temporal changes in the vertical distribution of woody vegetation owing to volcanic activity over about 50 years (1963-2015). We indicated altitude decreased, the number of woody vegetation, number of species, sum of cross-sectional area of tree diameter at breast height, Fisher-Williams's diversity index ${\alpha}$, and forest soil thickness increased. However, these values were found to be degenerated when compared to climax forest values, and succession was incomplete. It seems that because the woody vegetation of the flank was affected by volcanic activity for a long time, exposing them to severe growth environments, areas with lower altitudes became distant from the craters of Sakurajima, thereby weakening the effect of volcanic activity in these areas at lower altitudes. a at the same altitudes over about 50 years (1963-2015) decreased by about 31-72%, and the sum of the cross-sectional area in tree diameter at breast heights decreased by about 14-62%. Thus, comparative growth environments for woody vegetation in 2015 were more severe than that of 1963, with respect to tephra layer thickness. In addition, for vegetation succession in the flank of Sakurajima, vegetation restoration should be promoted through the introduction of artificial woody plants covered by symbiotic microorganisms or organic materials.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.266-273
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• 2009

화학비료와 유기질비료를 시비 수준 및 Methylobacterium suomiense CBMB120의 접종이 고추 생육에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 유기질비료와 화학비료의 시비량을 권장시용수준의 100%, 75% 및 50%로 처리하고 Methylobacterium suomiense CBMB120을 접종 한 후 정식 후 19, 36, 및 166일에 작물의 높이를 측정하였으며 이식 후 166일에 건물량 측정하였다. 균주를 접종한 처리구의 식물체 높이는 정식 후 19, 36일에 각각 14.17%, 10.03% 증가하였다. 건물 중 역시 10.30%, 6.84% 증가하여 유의성 있는 차이를 나타내었다. 또한 균주 접종은 유기질 비료 100% 시용구는 36일 후 고도의 유의성(p<0.01)을 갖는 차이를 보였으며 화학 비료 100% 시용구는 19일 후 고도의 유의성(p<0.01)을 갖는 차이를 나타내었다. 화학비료 100% 시용구에 균주를 접종하지 않은 처리 구와 화학비료 75% 시용구에 균주를 접종한 처리구의 생육을 분석한 결과 유의성 있는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 향후 다양한 처리량 및 처리방법의 연구를 통하여 Methylobacterium suomiense CBMB120 균주의 접종이 화학비료를 일정 부분 감비 할 수 있다는 가능성을 시사한다.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2013

Polyporus umbellatus (Syn. Grifola umbellata) is a sclerotium forming mushroom belongs to family Polyporaceae of Polyphorales, Basidiomycota. The sclerotia of P. umbellatus have long been used for traditional medicines in China, Korea and Japan. This study was initiated to obtain the basic data for artificial sclerotial production of P. umbellatus. Here, we investigated the favorable conditions for mycelial growth of P. umbellatus and its symbiotic fungus Armillaria mellea. We also evaluate the favorable carbon and nitrogen sources for sclerotial formation in dual culture between P. umbellatus and A. mellea. The favorable conditions for mycelial growth of P. umbellatus were $20^{\circ}C$ and pH 4, while optimal conditions for mycelial growth of A. mellea were $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 6. The carbon sources for optimal mycelial growth of P. umbellatus were fructose and glucose, while carbon sources for favorable mycelial growth of A. mellea were also fructose and glucose. The nitrogen sources for favorable mycelial growth P. umbellatus were peptone and yeast extract, while optimal mycelial growth of A. mellea were obtained in peptone and yeast extract. When P. umbellatus and A. mellea were dual cultured on carbon sources, sclerotia were induced on basal media supplemented with glucose, fructose and maltose at pH 4~6, while nitrogen sources inducing sclerotia were basal media supplemented with peptone and yeast extract for 60 days at $20^{\circ}C$ under dark condition.

• Mycobiology
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2002

Two types of mycorrhizae, orchid(OM) and arbuscular mycorrhizae(AM), were observed in the cortical cells of Botrychium ternatum roots. The vesicles or arbuscules of AM fungi were examined and the fresh or digestive pelotons by other species of basidiomycetes were also observed in the roots under light microscope. These symbioses were, as the genomic DNAs extracted from roots of B. ternatum reacted with the specific primers, confirmed with PCR technique, being added to more strong evidences. These discoveries were rarely happened in the roots, especially a fern in nature. OM was observed in the roots of B. ternatum collected from the nationwide areas, whereas AM was only in the roots of B. ternatum collected from Chung-Buk areas. It is speculated that OM are associated with the nitrogen cycle in Islands and the growth of B. ternatum in the inland of Central Korea is related to both the phosphate and nitrogen cycle in the nature. The results suggest that B. ternatum is a typical species with two types of mycorrhizae under various growing conditions.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제48권
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• pp.41-48
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• 2003

The number of natural products obtained from plants has now reached over 100,000 and new chemical compounds are being discovered ever year. Medicinal and Aromatic plants and their extracts have been used for centuries to relieve pain, aid healing, kill bacteria and insects are important as the antifungal and anti-herbivore agents with further compounds being involved in the symbiotic associations. Although their functions in plants have not been fully established, it is Known that some substances have growth regulatory properties while others are involved in pollination and seed dispersal. The complex nature of these chemicals are usually produced in various types of secretory structures which is an important character of a plant family and also influenced and controlled by genetic and ecological factors. Detailed anatomical description of these structures ave relevant to the market value of the plants, the verification of authenticity of a given species and for the detection of substitution or adulteration. Volatile oils are used for their therapeutic action for flavoring of lemon, in perfumery of rose or as starting materials for the synthesis of other compounds of turpentine. For therapeutic purposes they are administered as inhalations of eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil, as gargles and mouthwashes of thymol and transdermally many essential oils including those of lavender, etc. With these current trend for using volatile components in essential oil will be increasing in the future in Korea and in the world as well.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.483-490
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• 1998

Two unidentified methanotrophic strains (MM-white and MM-red) secreting soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) involved in thrichloroethylene biodegradation have been isolated from mixed methanotrophic consortium (MM) around Taejon area. Subsequently four methanotrophic strains were isolated from MM and named according to their color; white (MS-white), yellow (MS-yellow), pink (MS-pink) and reddish brown (MS-rbrown). All strains except MS-yellow which can take glucose as well as methane, metabolized methane as a sole carbon source. They all showed symbiotic behavior when methane was used as the sole carbon source. Optimum conditions of cell growth for MM were pH of 6.8 - 7.2, temperature of 29 - 32$^{\circ}C$, and gas flow rate of 6 (for methane), 40 (for air), and 4 ml/min (for carbon dioxide). The sMMO activity was expressed as naphthalene oxidation rate (${\mu}$mol/ mg protein/ hr). The sMMO activity for MM grown in flask culture with 1 ${\mu}$M of CuSO4 was 36, while it was 61 without copper. The activity for MM grown in the fermentor without CuSO4 was 1077, but is was 197 after reaction with 5 ppm of TCE. The methanotrophs showed significantly high sMMO activity despite the presence of 1 ${\mu}$M of CuSO4, although most of other strains already known could not express sMMO activity under this condition.