• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2007

The psychopharmacological profile of ginsenosides has not yet been confirmed systematically although various neuropharmacological activities associated with them have been investigated. In the present study, the psychological activities of Rb1 were investigated to evaluate whether it can be used in treatment or prevention of psychological disorders. Rb1 was intravenously injected at doses of O.2,2,5 and 10 mg/kg. The effects of Rb1 on the $Cl^-$ ion influx were investigated using IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, locomotor activity, forced swimming activity, activity on rotating rod and activity in elevated plus-maze were tested in mice. Rb1 increased the $Cl^-$ influx into the intracell region in a dose-dependent manner. Rb1 did not cause change in behavior in total open field when locomotor activity was tested, however it increased activities, especially, such as rearing frequency in center area. Administration of Rb1 at 0.2 mg/kg significantly reduced activities on rotating rod however administration at high dosages had no effect on them. Rb1 administration decreased animal immobile time in a water chamber in a dose dependent manner, and increased the strong mobile time of animals. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that Rb1 contributes to the psychopharmacological effects of ginseng and may be used in treatment or prevention of psychological disorders such as anxiety or depression.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.293-308
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• 2013

Objectives : The Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam has been used in traditional oriental medicine to treat a variety of mental disorders including anxiety and depression. The purpose of present study is to observe the changes which take place in the body in stressful situations and to compare the anti-depressive, anxiolytic and anti-stress effect of Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam in different doses. Methods : This study was performed to evaluate the effects of Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam in the immobilization stress model in rats. Twenty-five rats were divided into 5 groups of 5: control, stress, low dose administration (75 mg/kg), medium dose administration (150 mg/kg) and high dose administration (225 mg/kg). The four groups other than the control group were placed in an immobilization stress test, and distilled water (control) or Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam extract was administration orally for 2 weeks. After treatment, the despair and anxiety behavior of rats were measured by open field test, forced swimming test, weight gain, contents of 5-HT in raphe nucleus and adrenal gland weight. Results & Conclusions : As a result of evaluation by measuring five aspects, FST, OFT, weight gain, 5-HT contents and adrenal gland weight, Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam has significant antidepressant, anxiolytic, anti-stress effects.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1088-1096
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether wild ginseng (WG) administration could attenuate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) following withdrawal from repeated morphine administration in rats. Male rats were administered daily doses of WG (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 days, 30 min before morphine injection (40 mg/kg, s.c). The anxiety- and depression-like behavioral responses were measured 72 h after the last morphine injection using an elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST), respectively. Changes in hypothalamic CRF and NPY expressions were also examined by analyzing their immunoreactivities in the hypothalamus. Daily administration of WG significantly reduced anxiety- and depression-like behavior, and elicited the suppression of CRF expression and the stimulation of NPY expression in the hypothalamus. Our results demonstrated that WG extract might be effective at inhibiting the anxiety and depression responses due to morphine withdrawal by possibly modulating the hypothalamus CRF and NPY systems. Furthermore, these findings imply that WG extract can be used for developing new medication to cure or alleviate morphine withdrawal symptoms and to prevent relapses of morphine use.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.88-96
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• 2020

Stauntonia hexaphylla (SH) and Vaccinium bracteatum (VB) are herbal extracts widely used in food and traditional herbal medicine, and have the ability to perform a wide range of biological activities. We aimed to investigate the effects of the SH and VB combination (SHVB) on mice models of chronic restraint stress (CRS) and pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors to elucidate its possible mechanisms of action. CRS-exposed mice treated with SHVB showed significantly decreased immobility time, increased swimming and climbing times in the forced swim test (FST), and increased locomotor activity in the open field test (OFT). SHVB decreased serum CORT levels, but enhanced brain monoamine neurotransmitters. SHVB significantly decreased the sleep latency and increased total sleep duration in pentobarbital-induced sleeping behavior in mice. SHVB showed inhibitory effect on 5-HT_2A receptor-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These results suggest that SHVB has antidepressant and hypnotic effects by regulating the 5-HT_2A receptor.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2013

The fish fauna of Munsom in Jeju-do, Korea, was investigated for a total of five times underwater from April 2009 to October 2010. Fish specimens were collected with a small net by SCUBA diving and fish specimens difficult to collect were photographed underwater using a underwater camera and a camcorder. The fish specimens collected from the sea around Munsom were identified as 91 species, belonging to 73 genera, 39 families, and 11 orders. Among them, the largest group was Order Perciformes, comprising 54 species and 21 families, consisting 59.3% in total number of species and the following 19 species of Order Scorpaeniformes was 20.8%. In this study Amblyeleotris sp. of family Gobiidae was discovered as new species by underwater photography in Korea. It was more the demersal fishes (55%) than the pelagic fishes (45%) and in social behavior pattern it was much more species swimming alone than schooling.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.453-459
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• 2014

Chronic mild stress (CMS) has been reported to induce an anhedonic-like state in mice that resembles some of the symptoms of human depression. In the present study, we used a chronic mild stress animal model of depression and anxiety to examine the responses of two strains of mice that have different behavioral responsiveness. An outbred ICR and an inbred C57BL/6 strain of mice were selected because they are widely used strains in behavioral tests. The results showed that the inbred C57BL/6 and outbred ICR mice were similarly responsive to CMS treatment in sucrose intake test (SIT) and open field test (OFT). However, the two strains showed quite different responses in forced swimming test (FST) and novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) test after 3 weeks of CMS treatment. Only C57BL/6 mice displayed the depression- and anxiety-like behavioral effects in response to CMS treatment in FST and NSF test. Our results suggest that there are differences in responsiveness to CMS according to the different types of strain of mice and behavioral tests. Therefore, these results provide useful information for the selection of appropriate behavioral methods to test depression- and anxiety-like behaviors using CMS in ICR and C57BL/6 mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.295-301
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• 2015

Target strength (TS) information is an important parameter that estimates the detection, distribution, and abundance of Aurelia aurita. In order to investigate the biological TS of jellyfish, some factors such as size (bell diameter), tilt angle, pulsation, and symbion should be known. In the ex situ TS measurements, the tilt angles and pulsation from synchronized swimming behavior of four live A. aurita (bell diameters in the air: 54.2 ~ 94.2 mm) were measured with the acoustic data at 70 kHz. The reduced target strength (RTS) of A. aurita was found to change ranged from 13.4 ~ 16.5 dB according to the incidence angles from $-30^{\circ}$ to $24^{\circ}$. When the change rate of bell diameter in the water was 0.2, the TS value showed a 7.2 dB change. These results could be utilized as an important data to understand the acoustic characteristic scattering of A. aurita.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.150-154
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• 2009

In this paper, we described a case of mass mortality of doctor fish from a private fish hatchery farm in Korea with a history of abnormal swimming behavior, diffuse bleeding on the skin and fins and sudden death caused by fish pathogenic bacteria, Citrobacter freundii. Twelve moribund fish fingerling samples were submitted to College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University in October 2008 for diagnostic examination. Diagnostic results showed that the morphological and biochemical properties of the bacteria isolated from the moribund fish were C. freundii. The remaining diseased fish from the hatchery farm were given treatment based on our recommendation and successfully recovered.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2017

In this paper, numerical modeling is conducted to analyze the tension of an anchor line by varying the size and drag coefficient of a buoy when the trapnet is influenced by the wave and the current simultaneously. A mass-spring model was used to analyze the behavior of trapnet underwater under the influence of waves and current. In the simulation of numerical model, wave height of 3, 4, 5 and 6 m, a period of 4.4 s, and the flow speed of 0.7 m/s were used for the wave and current condition. The drag coefficients of buoy were 0.8, 0.4 and 0.2, respectively. The size of buoy was 100, 50 and 25% based on the cylindrical buoy ($0.0311m^3$) used for swimming crab trap. The drag coefficient of the trapnet, the main model for numerical analysis, was obtained by a circular water channel experiment using a 6-component load cell. As a result of the simulation, the tension of the anchor line decreased proportional to buoy's drag coefficient and size; the higher the wave height, the greater the decrease rate of the tension. When the buoy drag coefficient and size decreased to one fourth, the tension of the anchor line decreased to a half and the tension of the anchor line was lower than the holding power of the anchor even at 6 m of wave height. Therefore, reducing the buoy drag coefficient and size appropriately reduces the trapnet load from the wave, which also reduces the possibility of trapnet loss.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.125-127
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• 2016

Gradual mortality of look down fish (Selene vomer) was observed in a private aquarium in Seoul, showing abnormal swimming behavior and lethargy. A bacterial pathogen from kidney was cultured, identified, and confirmed as Vibrio harveyi using Vitek System 2 and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A predominant bacterial strain, SNUVh-LW2 was proved to be most closely related to isolates from China by phylogenetic analysis with minimum evolution method. Also, tetracycline was considered as the most sensitive antibiotic agent via antibiotic susceptibility test. The group of fish was treated according to the diagnostic result and no more mortality was observed.