• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.117-134
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• 2012

We analyze a systematic relationship between transaction mechanisms and wholesale pricing schemes within a supply-chain with two competing suppliers and a monopolistic retailor. When one of the suppliers changes its transaction mechanism from an independent scheme to a cooperative one, then the wholesale prices of the suppliers become cheaper than before. When one supplier changes its transaction scheme to a cooperative one while the other supplier sticks to the existing independent transaction scheme, we show that the supplier with a cooperative transaction scheme can realize the increased profit via a profit sharing contract with the retailer but the supplier with independent transaction scheme can face the decreased profit. We also show that both suppliers can achieve the higher profits by adopting the cooperative schemes with the retailer.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.243-262
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• 2023

This study provides a systematic review of smart trade contracts, examining the research trends and theoretical background of utilizing smart contracts and blockchain technology for the digitalization and automation of trade contracts. Smart trade contracts are a concept that applies the automated contract system based on blockchain to trade-related transactions. The study analyzes the technical and legal challenges and proposes solutions. The technical aspect covers the development of smart contract platforms, scalability and performance improvements of blockchain networks, and security and privacy concerns. The legal aspect addresses the legal enforceability of smart contracts, automatic execution of contract conditions, and the responsibilities and obligations of contract parties. Smart trade contracts have been found to have applications in various industries such as international trade, supply chain management, finance, insurance, and energy, contributing to the ease of trade finance, efficiency of supply chains, and business model innovation. However, challenges remain in terms of legal regulations, interaction with existing legal frameworks, and technological aspects. Further research is needed, including empirical studies, business model innovation, resolution of legal issues, security and privacy considerations, standardization and collaboration, and user experience studies to address these challenges and explore additional aspects of smart trade contracts.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.152-168
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper has an objective to suggest reasonable criteria in choosing Incoterms 2020 rules for efficient and effective logistics management in that the Incoterms rules affect not only the rights and obligations of the parties to the sales contract but also the control and management of logistics system and transaction costs in the transaction. Design/methodology - An analysis of the various factors is needed to assess the positive or negative impact on global value chain in choosing Incoterms rules from a total logistics view. This study analyzes the impact of which the content of individual incoterms rules can have on the operation of international logistics systems under the global value chain from a strategic perspective to suggest reasonable criteria for selection of Incoterms rules depending on the transaction situation. Findings - Results of this study shows that consideration of various aspects which includes the characteristics of the products, logistics capabilities, infrastructure, transaction volume, operational cost, customs regulations, tax and accounting should be reflected in choosing the appropriate Incoterms rules. Therefore, in order to minimize the total cost and improve logistics performance, it may be helpful to develop a decision support model which allows users to select appropriate Incoterms rules based on various influencing factors. Originality/value - This Study is different from previous research which has mainly focused on the rights and obligations of the parties to the transaction regarding the transfer of risks and costs under the Incoterms. In addition, this study has significance in that it provides implications for export and import companies that can be able to use Incoterms as a strategic tool to efficiently manage the global value chain and improve supply chain performance.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.3-33
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the research trends in the field of Blockchain that is one of the core technologies of the 4^th Industry, and present future research orientation. In this study, (1) Blockchain technologies in business perspective are summarized; (2) analysis criteria of Blockchain fields are established; and (3) results of analysis are presented and future research orientation is proposed. Major findings are as follows: (1) related research is being activate with the advent of the 3rd generation blockchain which aims for distributed applications. (2) major concerns of the technology (engineering) field is blockchain scalability and of the business (application) field is blockchain-based supply chain traceability. (3) Compared to overseas, domestic research results are very poor. (4) to catchup the gap, the spreading of awareness that blockchain is not a technology but a business means is required.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.137-146
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• 2016

In recent years, business environment is faced with multi uncertainty that have not been suffered in the past. As supply chain is getting expanded and longer, the flow of information, material and production is also being complicated. It is well known that development service industry using application software has various uncertainty in random events such as supply and demand fluctuation of developer's capcity, project effective date after winning a contract, manpower cost (or revenue), subcontract cost (or purchase), and overrun due to developer's skill-level. This study intends to social contribution through attempts to optimize enterprise's goal by supply chain management platform to balance demand and supply and stochastic programming which is basically applied in order to solve uncertainty considering economical and operational risk at solution supplier. In Particular, this study emphasizes to determine allocation of internal and external manpower of developers using S&OP (Sales & Operations Planning) as monthly resource input has constraint on resource's capability that shared in industry or task. This study is to verify how Stochastic Programming such as Markowitz's MV (Mean Variance) model or 2-Stage Recourse Model is flexible and efficient than Deterministic Programming in software enterprise field by experiment with process and data from service industry which is manufacturing software and performing projects. In addition, this study is also to analysis how profit and labor input plan according to scope of uncertainty is changed based on Pareto Optimal, then lastly it is to enumerate limitation of the study extracted drawback which can be happened in real business environment and to contribute direction in future research considering another applicable methodology.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.113-121
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• 2016

Purpose - This paper aims to examine the impact of buyer-supplier cooperation on suppliers' trust on buyers and the moderating role of buyers' governance mechanism between the sharing activities and trust. Research design, data, and methodology - An integrated research model is designed to materialize the research hypotheses. First, the impact of buyer-supplier cooperation is empirically analyzed by looking into how the sharing activities, in the field of information, resource, and knowledge, of buyer with supplier will affect the trust of supplier on buyer. Second, the moderating effect of contract-based governance mechanism of buyer is empirically analyzed. Third, the influence of trust on innovation performance of suppler is empirically analyzed. Results - Our findings provide supporting evidence for some of our hypotheses. First, all of the sharing activities are significantly influential, but in different degree, to trust of supplier. Second, contract-based governance mechanism of buyer have a moderating effect on the relationship between sharing activities and trust, positively in resource-sharing activities, negatively in information-sharing activities, not significant in knowledge-sharing activities. Third, supplier's trust on buyer positively affects supplier's own innovation performance. Conclusions - The strategies applied in supply chain management have become important as the competition among firms has shifted from competition between individual firms to competition between supply chains. A customer's sharing activities with its supplier may contribute to an increase in innovation performance. The supplier's information-sharing activity with its customer could affect its information-sharing activities with its main supplier. Cooperative activity with a partner in the supply chain is cultivated and amassed into relationship knowledge, and this study shows that the cooperative relational knowledge related to information-sharing activities enables firms to participate in sharing activities with their main suppliers. Increasing evidence shows that sharing various activities between buyer and supplier improves trust and performance outcomes, and enables firms to maintain competitive advantage. From the perspective of knowledge theory, external knowledge is becoming more important in firms' innovation activities, because innovative knowledge is acquired primarily through interaction with another organization. In addition, relationship learning could be an important tool in absorbing the supplier's core technology, information, expertise, and core competencies, increasing relational value.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.283-302
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• 2000

The firms aim to acquire services and costs advantage from logistics outsourcing strategy. But it is very important to select optimum service provider. A checklist of the criteria for the evaluation of service providers follows : service quality, low cost, logistics information system, service network, financial stability, investments in plant and equipment, management attitude and lookout for the future strategic fit, cultural and psychological barriers etc. Also, a 8-step implement of logistics outsourcing strategy will be of help for maximizing benefits of logistics outsourcing. It follows : 1-step : logistics environment analysis, 2-step : check service provider availability, 3-step : logistics outsourcing determinant analysis, 4-step : select of optimum service provider, 5-step : contract with optimum service provider, 6-step : identify of remaining barriers, 7-step : performance of logistics outsourcing, 8-step : evaluation.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.149-168
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• 2015

It is expected that the temperature in Pyeongyang will be similar to that ($16.6^{\circ}C$) in Seogwipo in the late 21st century, and most of South Korea will enter the subtropical climate due to climate change. Change in the precipitation pattern like the range of fluctuation caused by climate change will lead to expanded uncertainty in securing reliable water supply, along with a serious impact on demands for living and industrial water due to change in the volume and period of river outflow. As industrial water for production activities is estimated based on the contract quantity, it is difficult to apply rationalization of water usage and incentives in water recycling. Therefore many companies are making efforts in complying with the effluent standard while spending few resources on such rationalization and recycling. This study researched water risk management over 115 Korean companies by 28 questions in 4 categories. Through the research, this study aims to understand water risk management levels and seek response plans.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.217-243
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• 2023

This study revealed practical implications by analyzing the clauses and disputable issues of the Korea Service Contract. Korea introduced Servcie Contract in the container part since Hanjin Shipping's bankrupcy and distributed the standard form(2019). After that, the standard form was revised during the supply chain crisis(2022). In the standard form, there are clause that require agreement due to conflicting interests of shipper and carrier. Therefore, the main clauses of the standard form were analyzed to derive the practical meaning to the both parties. In addition, in the process of introducing the standard form, the most disputable issues, liquidated damages and minimum quality commitment, were deeply analyzed to explain how shipper and carriers' benefit and loss differ as the clause changes. In conclusion, both parties must set LD at a very reasonable level so that they do not proceed separately with penalty. In addition, 'evenly' is a much more important than quantity for carrier in the establishment of MQC, so extra box option for shipper even during the peak season is needed to accommodate with service contract.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.765-776
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to a) examine IC (intellectual capital) circumstance of CFMC (contract foodservice management company), b) identify the correlation between IC of CFMC, c) analyze the cause and effect of IC in the viewpoint of contractor, client, and customer. The questionnaires of IC measurement were handed out to 108 CfHCs, there composing of main office employees, foodservice managers, customers, and clients of 207 school, 38 hospital, and 86 business/industry foodservices. The statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS Win (ver 12.0) for descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, simple linear regression analysis. First, CFMCs had operational experience for an average of 8 years and 8 months, and served an average of 38,540 meals a day. Most of the respondent companies operated 'food supply/distribution($50\%$)', 'catering ($46.7\%$)', and restaurant business ($43.3\%$)' except for institutional foodservice and managed an average of 66 clients for the contract period of 2 years and 3 months. Second, there was positive correlation between $\ulcorner$sales of foodservice$\lrcorner$ and 'market ability', $\ulcorner$client satisfaction$\lrcorner$ and necessary intellectual capital for managing branch/chain foodservice office, and $\ulcorner$customer satisfaction$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$renewal and development$\lrcorner$, 'market ability', 'infrastructure support for foodservice operation', 'employee satisfaction', respectively. Finally, the result of the cause and effect analysis on CFMCs, clients, and customers was positively influenced by 'client satisfaction' with 'customer satisfaction', 'infrastructure support for foodservice operation' and 'customer satisfaction' with 'employee satisfaction', and 'infrastructure support for foodservice operation'. In conclusion, if CFMCs were to perform a routine checkups by utilizing CFMC's IC measuring tool, improvements in CFMC operational capacities as well as foodservice quality can be noted. Additionally, CFMCS can satisfy their client-customer relationship by employing internal marketing thechniques for employee, a more efficient infrastructure support system, and construc tive infrastructure utilization. Therefore, CFMCs can show significant improvement in their sales and foodservice quali-ty though continuous maintenance of the client and customer satisfaction.