• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

Rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process was used to make molsidomine (MOL) loaded peracetyl-β-cyclodextrin (PAc-β-CD) nanoparticles, which were collected into the air. The effect of the concentration of the drug PAc-β-CD (0.5 and 1 wt%), extraction temperature (45 ~ 60 ℃), nozzle length (5 ~ 20 mm) and internal diameter (ID) (50 ~ 150 μm) of a capillary, and spray distance on the particle size and morphology of the resulting particles were investigated. The interaction of a drug and PAc-β-CD was confirmed by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy while the particle size was measured by means of a scanning electron microscope. It was found that increasing the temperature from 45 ℃ to 60 ℃ and decreasing the nozzle diameter from 150 μm to 50 μm had an increasing effect on the average particle size, while increasing the spray distance led to a decrease in the average particle size at a constant pressure of 34.5 MPa and temperature of 45 ℃. With 0.5 wt% of PAc-β-CD, the capillary nozzle of short length (5 mm) and small ID (50 μm) gave the smallest size (165 nm). The obtained nanoparticles showed increased dispersity and solubility in oil. The oil suspension of the inclusion complex showed increased sustainability, which can increase the in-vitro controlled release time of the drug.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2014

In order to increase the integrity of the wellbore which is used to prevent the leakage of supercritical $CO_2$, it is necessary to develop a concrete that is strongly resistant to carbonation. In an environment where the concentration of $CO_2$ is exceptionally high, $Ca^{2+}$ ion concentration in pore solution of Portland cement concrete will drop significantly due to the rapid consumption of calcium hydroxide, which decreases the stability of the calcium silicate hydrate. In this research, calcium phosphates were used to modify Portland cement system in order to produce hydroxyapatite, a hydration product that is strongly resistant to carbonation under such an environment. According to the experimental results, calcium phosphates reacted with Portland cement to form hydroxyapatite. The formation of hydroxyapatite was verified using X-ray diffraction analyses with selective extraction techniques. When using dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and tricalcium phosphate, the 28-day compressive strength was lower than that of plain cement paste. However, the specimen with monocalcium phosphate monohydrate showed equivalent strength to that of plain cement paste.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2012

We have investigated the effect of lard fraction extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-$CO_2$) on the flavor enhancement of maillard reaction product (MRP) based meat flavors. MRP based meat flavors were prepared with low glutamic acid (Glu) hydrolyzed wheat gluten (NaCl concentration: 7.61%(w/v)), ribose, cysteine, garlic juice powder, protease-digested Lentinus edodes powder and lard fractions extracted with SC-$CO_2$. Lard was extracted with SC-$CO_2$ at each of three temperatures (40, 60, and $80^{\circ}C$) and at each of four pressures (30, 40, 50, and 60 MPa). Obtained lard SC-$CO_2$ fractions and MRP based meat flavors with those fractions were analyzed for their total yield, aroma pattern by SMart nose system, and sensorial properties. The extraction yield had no difference as temperature increased from $40^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$ and even decreased at $80^{\circ}C$. However, increase in pressure level at $40^{\circ}C$ drastically increased the extraction yield. The aroma patterns of raw lard and lard SC-$CO_2$ fractions with 30 MPa were significantly discriminated from those of SC-$CO_2$ lard fractions extracted with higher pressure by SMart nose system. Aroma pattern of MRP based meat flavors with higher pressure extracted lard fractions also showed significant difference through pattern analysis by the SMart nose system. The MRP based meat flavor with lard SC-$CO_2$ fractions at 50 and 60 MPa were described as less sulfuric, less pungent, and more balanced in roasted meat and sweet attributes from sensory evaluation.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.533-540
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• 2009

In this work, 5'-nitroindirubinoxime (5'-NIO) has been prepared as solid dispersions using a supercritical aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) process in order to enhance its water solubility and dissolution rate. Solid dispersions of 5'-NIO and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were prepared in various weight percent ratios. Three-component solid dispersions consisting of 5'-NIO, PVP, and poloxamer 188 (P188) were also prepared to study the influence of P188 level on their morphology, crystallinity, and dissolution behavior. All samples were prepared at $35^{\circ}C$ and 180 bar using supercritical carbon dioxide. The particle morphology and size of the two-component solid dispersions were found to be nearly spherical and much smaller (100-200 nm) compared with the original 5'-NIO. The morphology of three-component solid dispersions became more agglomerated as the level of P188 increased. The crystallinity of the original 5'-NIO was not observed in the solid dispersions prepared by the ASES process. Faster dissolution rates were observed for the three-componet solid dispersions because the arrangement of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide blocks of the poloxamer 188 enabled the formation of micelles in an aqueous phase.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1691-1696
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• 2010

Neohesperidin is a natural new nutrition sweetener, widely existing in plants of dry citrus peel, which can be derived from extraction. Since the sweetness is 1,300-1,500 times greater than that of sugar, neohesperidin are widely used in fruit juices, wines, beverages, bakeries and pharmaceutical formulations, and are particularly suitable for consumption by diabetic patients. However, the yield of extraction from citrus peel waste is very low. In this study optimal yield conditions were determinedusing response surface methodology (RSM) in order to increase the neohesperidin extraction yield. The critical factors for maximum extraction yield were selected extraction pressure ($x_1$), extraction time ($x_2$), and concentration of ethanol ($x_3$). As a result, the extraction yield was improved when the extracting pressure increased. The extraction yield also increased in a time-dependent manner. When adding ethanol as an assistance solvent to the supercritical carbon dioxide, extraction yield was increased as more ethanol concentration was added. Finally, the extraction yield of neohesperidin was improved to about 162.22% compared to ethanol extraction as a conventional method.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.431-437
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• 2005

Overall experiments were planned by central composite design, and results were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) to determine effects of three independent variables, temperature ($X_{1}$), extraction time ($X_{3}$), and pressure ($X_{3}$), on yield of sesame oil extract (Y). Regression equation model optimized by response surface analysis was: Y (sesame oil) = $-3.89+0.07X_{1}+0.03X_{2}+0.0006X_{3}-0.0007X_{1}^{2}-0.0002X_{2}X_{1}-0.00008X_{2}^{2}+0.000004X_{3}X_{1}+0.0000009X_{3}X_{2}-0.00000009X_{3}^{2}$. According to RSM analysis, optimum extracting conditions of temperature, time, and pressure were $45.89^{\circ}C$, 131.89 min, and 34228.41 kPa, respectively, and statistical maximum yield of sesame oil was 96.27%. Fatty acid composition of sesame oil showed sesame oil extracted by Supereritical Fluid $CO_{2}$ contained lower levels of palmitic, stcaric, and oleic acids and higher levels or palmitoleic and linoleic acids than commercial sesame oil. Commercial and extracted sesame oils were analyzed by electronic nose composed of 12 different metal oxide sensors. Obtained data were interpreted by statistical method of MANOVA. Sensitivities of sensors from electronic nose were analysed by principal component analysis. Proportion of first principal component was 99.92%. All sesame oils showed different odors (p < 0.05).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.249-257
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• 2016

In this study, rapeseed extracts were obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of defatted rapeseed to evaluate the stability and antioxidant activity of an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion system. The oil-in-water emulsions were prepared from stripped soybean oil with different concentrations (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6%) of rapeseed extract as an emulsifier. Their emulsion stability was compared to that of emulsions prepared with the commercial emulsifier, Tween 20 (Polysorbate 20, 0.2%). After stripping the soybean oil, the total tocopherol content was reduced from 51.4 g/100 g to 1.1 g/100 g. Emulsion stability and oxidative stability of emulsions prepared with Tween 20 and rapeseed extract as emulsifiers were evaluated. For 30 days droplet sizes of emulsions containing rapeseed extract (0.4, 0.5, and 0.6%) were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Similar results were obtained for emulsion stability (ES) and Turbiscan analysis, suggesting that the addition of rapeseed extract increased emulsion stability. The addition of rapeseed extract at more than 0.4% resulted in an emulsion stability comparable to the addition of 0.2% Tween 20. The antioxidative ability of rapeseed extract increased with the amount added in the emulsion. Moreover, the addition of 0.6% rapeseed extract resulted in the lowest emulsion peroxide values (10.3 mEq/L) among all treatments. Therefore, according to the stability of its antioxidative and physical stability properties, rapeseed extract from super critical extraction could be successfully applied to the food and cosmetic industries.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.411-416
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• 1996

Supercritical fluid extraction of ${\beta}$-carotene from carrot was optimized to maximize ${\beta}$-carotene (Y) extraction yield. A central composite design involving extraction pressure ($X_1$ 200-,100 bar), temperature ($X_2,\;35-51^{\circ}C$) and time ($X_1$$ 60-200min) was used. Three independent factors ($X_1,\;X_2,\;X_3$) were chosen to determine their effects on the various responses and the function was expressed in terms of a quadratic polynomial equation,$Y={\beta}_0+{\beta}_1X_1+{\beta}_2X_2+{\beta}_3X_3+{\beta}_11X_12+{\beta}_22X_3^2+{\beta}_-12X_1X_2+{\beta}_12X_1X_2+{\beta}_13X_1X_3+{\beta}_23X_2X_3,$ which measures the linear, quadratic and interaction effects. Extraction yields of ${\beta}$-carotene were affected by pressure, time and temperature in the decreasing order, and linear effect of tenter point (${\beta}_11$) and pressure (${\beta}_1$) were significant at a level of 0.001(${\alpha}$). Based on the analysis of variance, the model fitted for ${\beta}_11$-carotene (Y) was significant at 5% confidence level and the coefficient of determination was 0.938. According to the response surface of ${\beta}$-carotene by cannoical analysis, the stationary point for quantitatively dependent variable (Y) was found to be the maximum point for extraction yield. Response area for ${\beta}$-carotene (Y) in terms of interesting region was estimated over $10,611{\mu}g$ Per 100 g raw carrot under extraction.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2005

Effects of co-solvent polarity, citric acid, pressure, temperature, run time, and co-solvent ratio on extraction of major flavonoids from Lonicera Flos were investigated using supercritical fluid $CO_{2}(SF-CO_{2})$. HPLC analysis revealed addition of pure methanol resulted in low extraction yield of major flavonoids, luteoloin (Lu), Quercetin (Qu), Apigenin (Ap). Under same condition, as co-solvent polarity increased, yields of major flavonoids increased gradually, At optimum co-solvent extraction condirion of 60% aqueous methanol (10%, v/v), yields of Lu, Qu, and Ap were 42.09, 28.18, and 3.49 mg/100 g, respectively. Addition of citric acid to 60% aqueous methanol gave higher, with addition of 1% citrie acid resulting in highest yields of 63.2 (Lu), 39.35 (Qu), and 5.79 (Ap) mg/100 g. Optimum extraction conditions of major flavonoids were 200 bar, $50^{\circ}C$, 60 min, and $CO_{2}$-methanol-water(20: 1.8: 1.2).

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.438-444
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• 1999

The natural full-fat rice bran is reported to contain 8.4 to 14.7 wt % Lipids, but the amount and composition of bran depend on the type of rice, quality of paddy, pretreatments to paddy such as parboiling, type of milling system employed, and the degree of polishing. These lipids are usually mixtures of several class fatty acids containing palmitic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, tocopherol, squalene, etc. In this study the oil rich essential fatty acid (EFA) including squalene was extracted from the domestic brown rice bran using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and cosolvent induced SFE process, respectively. And the extracts were analyzed with GC-MSD. The extracted amount of rice bran oil was dependent upon the operating pressure and temperature, and the fatty acid composition of oil was varied with the reduced density (${\rho}_{\gamma}$) of supercritical carbon dioxide. About 70~80% of rice bran oil was extracted in 4hrs. The cosolvent induced SFE process shortened the total extraction time, extracted greater amount of oil than SFE process. Especially squalene which was not found in solvent extract phase was identified in SFE and cosolvent induced SFE process.