• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 1978

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the bioavailability of sulfadimethoxine in pathological rats and rabbits pretreated with carbon tetrachloride and mercuric chloride. The results are as follows: The absorption of sulfadimethoxine was decreased in rats damaged liver and kidney as compared with that of normal rats. Especially, absorption of sulfadimethoxine in rats damaged liver was more decreased than that of rats damaged kidney. Blood level of sulfadimethoxine administered orally was mostly decreased significantly in rabbits damaged kidney and liver, and in rabbits severely damaged kidney the blood level of sulfadimethoxine was not significant at 4 to 6 hours. Urinary clearance of sulfadimethoxine in rabbits severely damaged kidney was inhibited at 5 to 6 hours. but in rabbit damaged liver. Hepatic clearance of sulfadimethoxine was accelerated in rabbits damaged kidney but in rabbits damaged liver. Protein binding percentage of sulfadimethoxine was not affected by the various concentration of carbon tetrachloride and mercuric chloride respectively.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.4 no.1_2
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• pp.31-38
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• 1974

The effort of proteolytic enzyme on the absorption and excretion of sulfadimethoxine are investigated in this paper. The rat small intestinal absortion of sulfadimethoxine in the presence of proteolytic enzymes such as chymotrypsin and trypsin are increasingly absorbed more than 20% during 3 hours. Blood levels of sulfadimethoxine following oral administration are not effected by proteolytic enzyme, but both on the high concentration of chymotrypsin and the low concentration of trypsin at only 3 and 4 hours are increased(P<0.05) from that of the control . Blood levels of sulfadimethoxine after duodenum injection are remakably enhensed to correspand to 18.5-25.0% (P<0.01) by the proteolytic enzyme concentration respectively. Proteolytic enzymes did not give influence on excretions of sulfadimethoxine after duodenum and oral administration.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 1976

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of ethanol on the absorption, excretion and protein binding of sulfadimethoxine from the small intestine of the rat and rabbit. The results are as follows: 1. The rat small intestinal absorption of sulfadimethoxine was increased by 0.5% and 2% ethanol. 2. Blood level of sulfadimethoxine after oral administration was significantly elevated (p<0.01) by 0.5g/kg and 1g/kg ethanol respectively, but was significantly inhibited by 3g/kg ethanol from that of the control. 3. Ethanol gave the effect on the clearance of sulfadimethoxine, which was increased by ethanol from that of control. 4. In the protein binding rate, it was found that ethanol decreased protein binding of sulfadimethoxine except 0.1% and 0.5% ethanol.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2002

In order to know the depletive changes of sulfadimethoxine and oxytetracycline residues in se겨m of dairy cattle intramusculally administered with sulfadimethoxine sodium(SDS) and oxytetracycline(OTC), the concentration of sulfadimethoxine and oxyteracycline was measured in serum of dairy cattle with using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). SDS and OTC was intramuscularlly administrated to dairy cattle at the rate of 10mg/kg(SDS) and 10mg/kg(OTC) body weight(recommended therapeutic dose) once to four dairy cattle. There were investigated the depletive changes of the sulfadimethoxine and oxytetracycline in serum of dairy cattle at the time 2, 4, 8 hours, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day after administration SMS and OTC, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. After intramuscularlly administration of the SMS, the mean concentrations of sulfamethazine in serum according to the time lapsed were showed 33.964 $\pm$ 4.435ppm at the 4 hours after withdrawal of medicated sulfadimethoxine sodium. And gradually according to the time lapsed, the concentrations of sulfadimethoxine residues in serum were significantly (p<.05) decreased 6.596 $\pm$ 3.402 ppm at 1st day, 0.217 $\pm$ 0.119 ppm at 3rd day and 0.057 $\pm$ 0.032 ppm at 4th day, respectively. 2. The mean residual concentration of OTC in serum according to the time lapsed after intramuscularly administration OTC were showed 0.743 $\pm$ 0.368ppm at the 8 hours. And gradually according to the time lapsed, the mean concentrations of OTC residues in serum of dairy cattle were significantly(p<.05) decreased such as 0.057 $\pm$ 0.047ppm at 3rd day and 0.039 $\pm$ 0.016ppm at the 5th day, respectively. In conclusion, this study could be suggested the relationship between administrated period, sulfonamides and tetracycline residual aspects in serum, and the importance of observing ceasing period of antibiotic drugs before forwarding livestocks to slaughter, Thus, this results would be able to be used the basic index for prevention of sulfonamides and tetracycline residues in dairy breedings.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.601-609
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• 2000

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to screen residues of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) in edible animal products. An indirect competitive ELISA was allowed to compete with rabbit anti-SDM for binding to a limited amount of SDM-gelatin conjugate and SDM in serum samples. Sera was diluted 20 times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and boiled for 5 minutes to destruct immunoglobulins of serum. Detection limit of this competitive ELISA for SDM was 0.1 ppb or less. Among eight sulfonamide analogues tested for specifity, only sulfamonomethoxine showed significant cross-reaction in the assay. The EC-50 value for sulfamonomethoxine was 3.5 ppm. Recovery of SDM in spiked serum samples between 100 ppb and 500 ppb ranged from 110.7% to 128.9%.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.189-193
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• 2003

pH- and temperature-sensitive bifunctional hydrogels composed of N-isopropylacrylamide (NiPAAm) and a sulfadimethoxine monomer (SDM) derived from sulfadimethoxine were prepared. These hydrogels exhibit simultaneous pH- and temperature-induced volume-phase transitions. The pH-induced volume-phase transition behavior is produced by the ionization/deionization of SDM and is very sharp. In the high pH region, the ionization of SDM induces swelling of the hydrogels. In the low pH region, the deionization of SDM induces deswelling of the hydrogels. The temperature-induced volume-phase transition behavior of the bifunctional hydrogels exhibits negative thermosensitivity because of the NiPAAm component. The hydrogels swell even at low pH as the temperature decreases. The hydrogels swell at low temperature and high pH, and deswell at high temperature and low pH. The volume of the hydrogels dependl on the balance of the swelling and deswelling produced by the two competing stimuli, pH and temperature.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2001

This study was carried out to identify causative agents from california mastitis test(CMT) positive mastitic milk, and to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility of 50 heads in Seongju and Chilgok area of Gyeongbuk province. Sulfadimethoxine sodium(SMS) was intramuscularly administered once to four mastitis Infected dairy cattle at the rate of 10mg/kg body weight. After injection of SMS, the depletion rate of serum and milk from the cattle were periodically measured for five days. The CMT positive number from 50 heads showed 46% and that of 200 quarters was 47(23.5%). From 39 quarters of 47 heads 39 different microorganisms were identified. These organisms were classified into 12 species : Staphylococcus aureus 8(20.5%), Sta hemolyticus 6(15.4%), Streptococcus bovis 4(10.3%), Sta hyicus 3(7.7%), Sta epidemidis. Sta xylosus, Sta sciuri 2(5.1%), Str agalactiae 2(5.1%), Escherichia coli(10.3%), three Enterobacter cloacae(7.7%), two Ent aerogenes(5.1%) and one Salmonella spp(2.6%). As the results of antibiotic susceptibility test, gentamicin(Gm, 11 species 27 strains, 69.5%), cephalotin(Cf, 9 species 24 strains, 61.5%), sulfamethoxazole(Stx, 8 species 14 strains, 43.6%), tetracycline(Tc, 8 species 14 strains, 35.9%), and streptomycin(Sm), lincomycin(Lm), cefoperazon(Cp) and penicillin(Pc) have a highly resistance(7.7% ～5.1%). However, carbenicillin (Cb), amikacin(Ah) have no susceptible for all drugs. The mean residual concentration of SMS in serum according to the time lapsed were showed 33.964 $\pm$ 4.435ppm at the 4 hours after intramuscularly injection(AII). It was significantly(p<.05) decreased to 6.596 $\pm$ 3.402, 0.217 $\pm$ 0.119 and 0.005 $\pm$ 0.004ppm at the 1st, 3rd and 5th day AII. The mean concentration of SMS in milk was significantly(p<.05) decreased from 0.920 $\pm$ 0.42ppm to 0.084 $\pm$ 0.016ppm between 8 hours and 1 day AII. As the results of this experiments, sulfadimethoxine was residued at the level of no less than 0.01ppm in milk on the 2nd day AII. Thus, this results would be able to be used the basic index for prevention of sulfonamides residue in milk after treatment of dairy mastitis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.683-688
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• 2003

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), a central nervous system stimulant, is contained in various foods, beverages and over-the-counter medications. Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) is one of the anti-thyroid agents and induces proliferation of thyroid capsule in two stage thyroid carcinogenesis model using N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN). In this study, we examined the effect of caffeine on fibrous proliferation of thyroid capsule in DHPN and SDM-treated rats. Five-week-old male F344 rats were given a single subcutaneous injection of DHPN (2,800 mg/kg, body weight). Starting one week thereafter, SDM (1,000 ppm in drinking water) with or without caffeine (1,500 ppm in diet) was administered for 12 weeks. All animals were autopsied and histopathological examination of the thyroid glands was performed. Thyroid follicular proliferative changes were induced in all rats treated with DHPN+SDM. In addition, the proliferation of perithyroidal fibrous tissue and pleomorphic thyroid follicular cells within the capsule were observed in DHPN+SDM treated group. Caffeine would not be related to these lesions in this experimental condition. although pentoxifylline, a methyl xanthine derivative, has an anti fibrotic effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 1994

This survey was carried out to determine five sulfonamide(sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfaquinoxaline) residues in beef, pork, chicken and swine kidney. For this survey, 30 samples of beef, 15 samples of chicken, 10 samples of pork and 10 samples of swine kidney were collected in Chonnam from June, 1992 to June, 1993, and were analyzed by HPLC. The recoveries of sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfaquinoxaline in spiked samples between $0.25{\sim}1.00$ ppm were 71.7%, 80.3%, 71.6%, 70.9%, 68.4%, respectively. None of 65 samples which were examined exceeded 0.1 ppm. Of 15 chicken muscle samples, 2 samples exceeded 0.05 ppm in sulfamerazine (0.077 ppm) and sulfamethazine (0.075 ppm), respectively. Of 10 swine kidney samples, 1 sample exceeded 0.05 ppm in sulfadimethoxine (0.052 ppm). And sulfanilamide concentration of swine kidney were higher than pork.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2012

The residue levels of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) was studied after oral administration to cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus at $20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$. The concentrations of SDM in the plasma and liver were determined by HPLC-UV detector after a single dosage of 400 mg/kg body weight. The average recoveries of SDM in spiked samples between 2~50 ppm were 92.24~93.62% for plasma and 88.34~91.90% for liver. Limit of detection for SDM was 0.05 ppm by using this method. Samples were taken at 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 168 h, 240 h, 336 h and 480 h post-dose. The peak plasma and liver concentrations of SDM, which attained at 1 h post-dose, was $402.64{\pm}59.66{\mu}g/ml$ and $238.18{\pm}54{\mu}g/g$, respectively. Thereafter, it's elimination from both tissues was considerably faster following process of time. Their concentrations of SDM were not measurable at 480 h post-dose. Based on this results, dosage and withdrawal times for SDM could be used when it is prescribed with SDM in olive flounder.