• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.223-232
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary behavior of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to improve their quality of life through medical nutrition therapy. The subjects were 38 persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus visiting a public health center to participate in a dietary education program from Jun, 2003 to Nov. 2003 in Daegu, Korea. The interviews were tape-recorded and analyzed attitude, knowledge, and awareness of patients by focus group interview. Most of the patients were mainly dependent on drug therapy and had little experience of diet education. Barriers to dietary practice adherences were limitations in food selection, lack of will and feel of burden. Barriers to follow guidelines were lack of self-control, confliction with food habits of their family, accessibility, economical problems, fear for the change after dietary practice, food difficulties in meal distribution and difficulties for eating out. After 4 weeks of intensive nutrition education, fasting blood sugar levels were decreased and postprandial and waist circumference were significantly decreased in all patients and 26.9% of patients were under decreased oral hypoglycemic agent dosage due to improved blood sugar level. dietary knowledge of subjects were greatly improved in such items as dietary intake, saturated fat, HbA1C, ideal body weight, and waist circumference.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 2012

Some physicochemical characteristics like nutritional values, sugar content, and fatty acid composition (FAs) in fruits of four papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivars ('Red Lady', 'Sunrise Solo', 'Tainung', and 'BH-65') grown under plastic greenhouse conditions in the Mediterranean region of Turkey were evaluated. The chemical characteristics, except acidity in the fruits, significantly varied among the cultivars. Nitrogen (N) was the most abundant mineral in all papaya cultivars and ranged from $0.80\;g{\cdot}100\;g^{-1}$ in 'Red Lady' to $1.28\;g{\cdot}100\;g^{-1}$ in 'BH-65' in fresh weight. Potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) were found the highest amount in dry weight. Glucose and fructose were identified as the main sugars in all cultivars. Sucrose was in trace amounts in the three cultivars, but not detectable in cultivar 'Red Lady'. Twenty-five FAs were detected in the papaya fruits. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were found to be in a highest amounts compared to the saturated fatty acid (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1), and linoleic (C18:2n6) acids were the major fatty acids detected in all cultivars. The results of this study implied that dietary intake of papayas may supply substantial nutrient components necessary for human health.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.48-60
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• 2020

Objectives: Most cohort studies used food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to evaluate coffee consumption as it assesses habitual dietary patterns, whereas some studies have used the 24-hour recalls (24HR) as it elicits in-depth description of foods and the amount eaten. The aim of this study was to compare FFQs and 24HR to assess the consumption of various types of coffee. Methods: We included 25,904 participants aged 40 years or older from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES). Each participant completed one FFQ and one-day (n=11,280) or two-day 24HR (n=14,624). We classified coffee types into: black coffee, coffee with sugar and cream, and coffee with sugar alone or cream alone. We compared the proportions of nondrinkers, black coffee, and coffee with sugar and cream through FFQ and 24HR. Results: Among those who completed one FFQ and one-day 24HR, 39.4% of "nondrinkers" on one-day 24HR reported that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Whereas among those who complete two-day 24HR, 71.2% of "nondrinkers" on two-day 24HR said that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Among those who completed one FFQ and oneday 24HR, 58.3% marked "black coffee" on one-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. Among those who complete two-day 24HR, 58.8% marked "black coffee" on two-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. The kappa coefficients and percent agreements were 0.4 and 59.6%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and one-day 24HR, and 0.6 and 72.8%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and two-day 24HR. Conclusions: We found discrepancies between FFQs and 24HR in the types of coffee consumed. Such limitations should be considered when using the 24HR data to examine the effect of coffee consumption on disease development.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.384-400
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary factors are important contributors to cardiometabolic and cancer mortality. We examined the secular trends of nine dietary factors (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and seeds, milk, red meat, processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and calcium) and the associated burdens of cardiometabolic and cancer mortality in Korea using representative cross-sectional survey data from 1998 to 2016. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Using dietary data from Korean adults aged ≥ 25 years in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), we characterized secular trends in intake levels. We performed comparative risk assessment to estimate the population attributable fraction and the number of cardiometabolic and cancer deaths attributable to each dietary factor. RESULTS: A total of 231,148 cardiometabolic and cancer deaths were attributable to nine dietary risk factors in Korea from 1998 to 2016. Suboptimal intakes of fruits and whole grains were the leading contributors. Although the intakes of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains moderately improved over time, the intake levels in 2016 (192.1 g/d, 225.6 g/d, and 10.9 g/d, respectively) remained far below the optimal levels. Deaths attributable to the low intakes of nuts and seeds (4.5 g/d), calcium (440.5 mg/d), and milk (37.1 g/d) and the high intakes of red meat (54.7 g/d), processed meat (4.7 g/d), and sugar-sweetened beverages (33.0 g/d) increased since 1998. Compared with older age groups (≥ 45 years), more unfavorable changes in dietary patterns were observed in the younger population aged 25-44 years, including more sharply increased intakes of processed meat. CONCLUSIONS: We observed improvement in the intakes of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and unfavorable changes in the intakes of processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages over the past few decades. Our data suggest that to reduce the chronic disease burden in Korea, more effective nutritional policies and interventions are needed to target these dietary risk factors.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.229-239
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate and examine the relationship between dietary habits, food intake patterns, and depression in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Korean Version was used to determine whether a participant was depressed or not. The dietary habits were assessed by the Min-Dietary Assessment (MDA) method, and food intake data were collected by the 24-hour recall method on two non-consecutive days, at least 7 days apart, and the average of the two days was used to estimate the usual dietary intake. The total MDA scores of the Depression Group was significantly lower than that of the No-Depression Group ($31.5{\pm}6.4$ vs $33.4{\pm}6.0$, p = 0.027). The intake of cereals/potatoes/sugar products, milk and milk products, plant protein, and calcium for the Depression Group were significantly lower compared to the No-Depression Group. The Depression Group had a significantly higher percentage of energy intakes from protein as well as the consumption of fish and shellfish compared to the No-Depression Group. There was a significant inverse relationship between milk and milk products consumption and the prevalence of depression [OR (95% CI) for the highest tertile compared to the lowest: 0.390 (0.177-0.857); p for trend = 0.016]. There were also significant positive relationships between the prevalence of depression and the consumption of the following: fish and shellfish [OR (95% CI) for the highest tertile compared to the lowest: 2.319 (1.128-4.770); p for trend = 0.009], animal protein (p for trend = 0.049), and the percentage of energy intakes from protein [OR (95% CI) for the highest tertile compared with the lowest: 2.546(1.156-5.609); p for trend = 0.025]. Further studies are needed in order to investigate whether the intake of protein and of animal protein is indeed associated with depression in PCOS patients in Korea and the possible mechanisms thereof. The results of our study can be applicable for the development of effective nutrition counseling and education programs regarding PCOS patients with depression as part of their successful treatment regimen.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of food habits on blood components level(blood glucose, uric acid, hemoglobin, some lipids levels) and health condition in Taejon. The study was conducted with 250 subjects (male 130, female120) who visited in a general hospital from May to June in 1997. Questionaires were used for food habits. The data were analyzed by using $x^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA and multiple range test. Results were summerized s follow : mean of Broca Index were 110.0 $\pm$13.7% in male, 110.6$\pm$16.6% in female. Mean values of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were 130.9$\pm$17.6mmHg, 76.2$\pm$12.6mmHg, respectively. The systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in man than woman, Mean serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were 202.8$\pm$40.2, 121.1$\pm$35.5, 50.3$\pm$12.9, 157.1$\pm$112.6mg/dl, respectively. Triglyceride level was significantly higher in man than woman. But HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in man than woman. And also, the value of LPH and AI were higher in man. So Man has more risk of atherogenesis than woman. Mean values of blood sugar, uric acid and hemoglobin was 102.7$\pm$1.36mg/dl and 14.1$\pm$1.56g/dl were higher in man than woman except blood sugar. Food habit of woman were better than it of man. The levels of education and income did not affect to food habit score. The most problem of habits were intake of salty food and lack of exercise. The intake of nutrients were higher as food habit score was higher. Intakes of energy, Ca, vitamin A and vitamin $B^1$ were lower than RDA's of nutrients in bad food habit group. This result did not show that blood components level and health condition were significantly different by food habits. But Broca Index and triglyceride levels were higher in bad food habit group than other groups, but not statistically significant. By this result, it is more needed food habit education to man and young people. The education of food habits will include the real methods of weight control, low intake of salt and exercise to bad food habit group.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.250-257
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship among snack consumption patterns, Socio-Economic Status(SES) and oral health behavior in Samcheok-si children. We surveyed oral health behaviors, SES, and snack consumption patterns of children from guardians of three kindergartens in Samcheok-si. There were 148 representative samples who completed the survey sheet. Chi-square test and logistic regression were conducted by SAS 9.2 survey data analysis procedure. The result of relationship between sugar snack intake frequency and house income, and caregiver's education years were significantly different (p<.05). Also, Soda consumption frequency and mother's age, and house income were significantly different (p<.05). The relationship between toothbrushing children by caregiver and fruit consumption frequency were significantly different (p<.05). Fruit consumption and caregiver's education years were associated. Also, soda intake frequency and candy reward were associated with caregiver's age and education years respectively. We found that snack intake behavior of the Samcheok-si children was not associated with their oral health behavior.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.83-93
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical characteristics, intake rate, and sensory properties of kimchi provided to elementary school foodservice in Seongnam. Average amount of kimchi intake at the elementary school foodservice for lower grade(1~3) students and higher grade(4~6) students was 7.15 g(23.83%) and 11.15 g(37.17%) respectively. The physicochemical properties of kimchi provided to the school foodservice in Seongnam were different between head cabbage kimchi(Pogi kimchi, H product) and head cabbage kimchi for children(C product). The head cabbage kimchi showed the pH 4.31~4.65(average pH 4.45), 6.86~8.38 $^{\circ}Brix$(average sugar content 7.74 $^{\circ}Brix$), and salinity 1.36~2.20%(average 1.73%) whereas the head cabbage kimchi for children indicated the pH 4.23~4.45(average pH 4.32), 7.68~8.48 $^{\circ}Brix$(average sugar content 8.18 $^{\circ}Brix$), and salinity 1.38~1.80%(average 1.65%). The result of the sensory evaluation of head cabbage kimchi and head cabbage kimchi for children indicated that there was significant difference by grades and gender. Higher graders tended to prefer less sweet, less sour and salty kimchi, and girls preferred sweet and sour kimchi more than boys. Therefore, it is required to develop kimchi for children considering sensory characteristics by grades and gender.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.272-280
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• 1987

This research is intended to reveal the correlations between diabetes and dietary and other related factors. We were studied for 257 diabetics, in t도 9 general hospitals, located at Seoul, From August 109 to September 3, 1986. The result of this study can be follow ; 1) Distribution of the subjects according to their general characteristics ; The sex ration of the subjects is 1.06 ; 1.00 (male ; female), and the average age is 54.7 $\pm$10.9 years. Among the subjects 28.8% have a family history of diabetes ; the closer the genetic relationship, the more hereditory factors play a part. 2) Distribution of the scores according to their socioeconomic status ; As the socioeconomic status goes p, the intake of calories and fiber increases ; however, the frequency of eating out and the degree of physical activity decrease. 3) Relationship between obesity prevalence and each variable ; Among the subjects 27.2% are obese, and 60.3% have been obese in the past. Even though there is no significant relationship between the food habit and obesity, the number of people who are obese shows a significant increase as the socioeconomic status improves. 4) The effect of sex on each variable ; The intake of calories, sugar, alcohol and coffee is higher in male subjects, as is the frequency of eating out. In regular exercise and physical activity, there are significant differences between male and female subjects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.217-233
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• 1998

Milk yield and its composition is governed by level of nutrition and the composition of diet. Higher concentrate input improves milk yield, whereas its input at moderate levels improves yield of milk fat. High level of dietary protein improves dry matter intake and milk production, however, CP content above 14% has less advantage. Milk yield is enhanced by the feeding of cottonseed and soyabean meal, whereas milk fat increases by the supplementation of cottonseed. Dietary fat increases energy intake, production of milk and milk fat. Quality and quantity of feeds consumed affect fermentation patterns in rumen. Among the rumen metabolites, volatile fatty acids (VFA) content and propionate proportion have been related positively with milk yield, whereas proportion of acetate and butyrate have been related positively with milk fat content. Dietary carbohydrates through the source of sugar, starch, roughage and fibre affect VFA concentration in rumen. Therefore, concentration of volatile fatty acids could be altered to the advantage of consumer through judicious manipulation of diet.