• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2014

The capital city of Himalayan Country Nepal, Kathmandu Valley is surrounded by consecutive high mountains, which limits the air distribution and mixing effects significantly. It in turn generates steady air flow pattern over a year except in monsoon season. The air shed in the Valley is easily trapped by the surrounded mountains and the inversion layer formulated as the cap. The $PM_{10}$ concentration was noticeably higher than the standard level (120 ${\mu}g/m^3$) in urban and suburban area of Kathmandu valley for all seasons except monsoon period. The Valley area experiences similar wind patterns (W, WWS, and S) for a year but the Easterly wind prevails only during the monsoon period. There was low and calm wind blows during the winter season. Because of this air flow structure, the air emission from various sources is accumulated within the valley air, high level of air pollution is frequently recorded with other air polluted cities over the world. In this Valley area, brick kilns are recognized as the major air pollution source followed by vehicles. Mostly Bull Trench Kiln (BKT), Hoffman Kiln and Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) are in operation for brick firing in Kathmandu valley where the fuels such as crushed coal, saw dust, and natural gas are used for processing bricks in this study. Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) was used for screening and quantifying the potential impacts of air emission from firing fuels. The total Environmental Performance Score (EPS) was estimated and the EPS of coal was approximately 2.5 times higher than those of natural gas and saw dust. It is concluded that the crushed coal has more negative impact to the environment and human health than other fuel sources. Concerning the human health and environment point of view, alternative environment friendly firing fuel need to be used for brick industry in the kiln and the air pollution control devices also need to be applied for minimizing the air emissions from the kilns.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2003년도 Challenges and Achievements in Environmental Health
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• pp.187-191
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• 2003

In this study, biomonitoring methods were developed to measure BTEXs exposure level in the air, metabolites of benzene and toluene in human urine, individual susceptibility markers in human blood for evaluation of the health effects about environmental pollution. We have also performed a small-scaled molecular epidemiology study on residents in Chuncheon and workers in workplace for these method applications. The workers in workplace were surveyed as study areas, and the residents in Chuncheon which is in the suburban area were surveyed as comparative areas in this study. Actually, 31 workers in as target group and 33 residences in as control group this epidemiological study. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. Benzene is a well-known carcinogen, it's median concentrations were 0.00024∼0.02057ppm at suburban area and 0.002∼00.654ppm at work place, These benzene concentrations were not exceed the OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Administration) threshold benzene level of 1ppm in the states. 2. Metabolites product of benzene(t,t-Muconic Acid) and toluene(Hippuric Acid) were not significant both in suburban and workplace area. The median concentration of t,t-MA and HA were 0.0122, 1.44277g/g creatinine, respectively. 3. In the case of individual susceptibility markers as CYPlAl, 41.8% of them has homozygous wild type(W) and who has heterozygous variant type(H) was 35.4% and 22.8% of homozygous variant type(M) genetic type. In the case of CYP2E1, 62.82% of them has homozygous wild type(D) type, 34.62% of each has heterozygous variant type (DC) and 2.56% of them has homozygous variant type (CC). Who doesn't have GSTM1 gene was 46.25% and who has GSTM1 gene was 53.75％. Who doesn't have GSTT1 gene was 40.0％ in study groups and who has GSTT1 gene was 60.0%. Who has W genetic type, which is homozygous wild type of GSTP1, was 69.18% and H genetic type, which is heterozygous variant type was 28.4%. M genetic type which is homozygous variant type was 2.4%. 4. Concentration differences of metabolites such as t,t-MA and HA in urine, which is generated by individual susceptibility marker of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 gene of Phase I and CYP1A1, CYP2E1 gene of Phase II, was examined. As a result, GSTP1 and GSTM1 indicate slight differences depend on the amount of metabolites in urine, it was not statistically significant.

• 지역연구
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.3-18
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• 2019

도시 스프롤 현상은 녹지와 오픈스페이스의 잠식, 교통 혼잡 및 대기오염의 증가, 중심도시 쇠퇴의 촉진, 사회적 자본의 감소, 도시기반시설 비용에 대한 납세부담의 형평성 등 부정적 효과로 인해 비판을 받아왔다. 이 연구는 미국 대도시 지역에서 확인되는 도시 스프롤 특성과 다른 것으로 알려진 한국 수도 지역에서의 도시의 무질서한 확장을 측정한다. 특히 이번 연구에서는 수도권 지역이 교외지역의 저밀도 주택개발 확대로 중심도시의 쇠퇴 경험 여부를 조사한다. 인구밀도의 스프롤 지수, 인구 변화에 대한 도시화 지역의 변화 비율, 인구밀도 변화율 등 세 가지 척도를 채택하였으며, 도시 스프롤 현상을 측정하기 위해 GIS 지도와 서술적 분석을 사용하여 중심 도시의 쇠퇴와 교외지역의 개발 패턴의 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 한국의 수도 지역이 중앙 도시의 쇠퇴와 교외지역의 단독주택의 증가로 미국식 스프롤형식으로 이동하고 있음을 보여주며, 정책 입안자들이 도시스프롤과 미국 대도시들이 겪고 있는 도시스프롤의 부정적 영향을 예방하기 위해 성장관리 전략을 개발할 필요가 있음을 나타낸다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제78권1호
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• pp.11-25
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• 1989

본(本) 연구(硏究)를 위한 조사대상지(調査對象地)로는 도시지역(都市地域)으로 서울, 공단지역(工團地域)으로 여천(麗川)과 울산(蔚山), 비오염(非汚染) 청정지역(淸淨地域)으로는 강원도(江原道) 지역(地域)을 선정(選定)하였다. 이들 지역(地域)에서 대기(大氣) 오염물질(汚染物質)들과 산성(酸性) 퇴적물(堆積物)이 연차별(年次別)로 삼림생태계(森林生態系)의 토양산도(土壤酸度) 및 양료분포(養料分布)에 미치는 영향을 조사(調査), 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 한국(韓國)의 삼림토양(森林土壤)은 오염원(汚染源)을 중심으로 시간이 경과함에 따라 토양(土壤) 산성화(酸性化)가 계속 진행되고 있으며 1988년도(年度)의 토양중(土壤中) 수소(水素)이온 농도(濃度)의 증가율(增加率)은 전년도(前年度) 농도(濃度)의 약 60%에 해당된다. 침엽수림(針葉樹林) 토양(土壤) pH의 평균치(平均値)를 보면 서울지역(地域)이 4.45로서 제일 낮았고 다음이 여천(麗川), 울산(蔚山) 및 강원도(江原道順)으로 각각 4.54, 4.81 및 6.03이었다. 모든 지역(地域)이 동일하게 오염원(汚染源)으로 부터 거리가 멀어질수록 토양(土壤) pH가 일정한 비율로 증가하였다. 한편 모든 지역(地域)에서 삼림토양(森林土壤) pH가 감소(減少)하는 것과는 대조적으로 여천외(麗川外) 모든 지역(地域)에서는 대기중(大氣中) $SO_2$ 까스 농도(濃度)와 토양중(土壤中) 유황농도(硫黃濃度)가 감소(減少)하고 있으며 이는 유황산화물(硫黃酸化物) 외의 물질(物質) 즉 질소산화물(窒素酸化物) 등(等)에 의한 토양산성화(土壤酸性化)에의 기여도가 증가하고 있는 것으로 사료(思料)된다. 토양중(土壤中) 염기포화도(鹽基飽和度)는 70%의 강원도지역(江原道地域)을 제외하고는 모든 지역(地域)이 20%미만으로 매우 낮은 수준(水準)에 있다. 토양중(土壤中) 활성(活性) 알루미늄 농도(濃度)는 토양(土壤) 산성화(酸性化)와 함께 증가하고 있으며 강원도(江原道) 지역(地域)이 제일 낮은 수준(水準)이었고 다음이 서울, 울산(蔚山) 및 여천(麗川)의 순(順)이었다. 수목체내(樹木體內)의 중금속농도(重金屬濃度)는 구리 및 아연 모두 강원도(江原道) 지역(地域)에서 제일 낮았고, 다음이 여천(麗川), 서울 및 울산(蔚山)의 순(順)이었다.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.129-134
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• 2009

수질오염총량관리제에서는 다양한 토지에서 발생하는 비점오염물질의 부하량 산정을 요구하고 있다. 현재 수질오염총량관리제에서 사용되고 있는 토지이용별 오염물질 원단위는 1999년도에 제정된 7가지 지목별 원단위를 사용하고 있으나, 강우량의 고려없이 산정된 값이기에 적용과정에서 과다설계 등의 문제를 나타내고 있다. 따라서 환경부는 다양한 강우사상에서 수행된 모니터링 결과를 이용하여 토지이용별 원단위를 분리하기 위한 장기모니터링을 수행하고 있으며, 본 연구는 이러한 장기모니터링 결과의 일환으로 수행되고 있다. 특히 산림지역의 경우 자연초지와 함께 자연 상태 하천의 배경농도를 형성하는 오염원으로 인위적인 오염배출영향을 평가하기 위해서는 기본적인 유출특성 분석이 요구되고 있으나, 현재까지 연구가 미흡한 상황이다. 본 연구는 산림지역 중 활엽수림과 침엽수림을 대상으로 강우시 모니터링을 실시하여 비점오염물질의 유출특성을 파악하고 EMC를 산정하였으며, 향후 그 결과는 산림지역으로부터 유출되는 비점오염물질의 부하량 및 원단위 산정에 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.472-481
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• 2012

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the AD (allergic diseases: asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis) prevalence among elementary schoolchildren in an industrial city, Ulsan, and identify major environmental risk factors associated with AD prevalence. Methods: Data on the physician-diagnosed prevalence over the past 12 months and potential risk factors of AD were collected through a questionnaire from a 2009-2010 survey of 4,067 schoolchildren living in different urban environments. The logistic regression analysis was performed to assess differences in AD prevalence among the areas and to determine which environmental factors impacted AD. Results: Our survey results showed that the AD prevalence rate ranged between 26.2% and 35.9%. Children living in polluted areas (near industrial and central urban areas) had about a 10% higher prevalence of AD than did those living in coastal or suburban residences. The Chi-Square test demonstrated that this local difference was statistically significant before and after adjustment of major confounders such as parental AD history and parental education. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant association between several environmental factors (ventilation in winter, odor conditions and exposure to traffic smoke, and outdoor $PM_{10}/O_3$ pollution) and the prevalence of AD found by multivariate model after adjusting confounders. Conclusion: These results suggest that local differences in AD prevalence are significantly associated with outdoor environmental factors. Although there are likely to be other risk factors for AD, living in a polluted area and exposure to high levels of air pollutants can contribute to an increased risk of childhood AD.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.3533-3538
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• 2015

Background: Multiple primary malignancies (MPM) have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. This investigation was aimed at establishing the clinicopathological characteristics of MPM patients and evaluating the impact of the living environment on MPM in the Taiwanese population. Materials and Methods: From January 2009 to December 2013, a total of 8,268 cancer patients were identified in our institutional center. Of these, 125 were diagnosed as MPM and thus enrolled. Data for clinicopathological features and treatment approaches for these MPM patients living in urban or suburb zone were obtained. Findings for the air pollution status in Taiwan were also collected. Results: The most common cancer match of MPM was esophageal cancer with hypopharyngeal cancer (12.8%), followed by colorectal cancer with gastric cancer (6.4%) and colorectal cancer with breast cancer (5.6%). The air quality was significantly worse in the urban than in the suburban zone and there was a remarkably higher portion of MPM patients in the urban zone suffering from grade III and IV post-chemotherapeutic neutropenia (30.8% vs 15.1%, P=0.036). Conclusions: The tumor frequency and site distribution should be taken into the clinical evaluation because there is a relatively high risk of developing MPM. This study also highlighted the potential influence of environmental factors on post-chemotherapeutic neutropenia for patients with MPM.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.50-62
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• 2011

Temporal trends and spatial distributions of ozone concentrations in Pohang were investigated using data measured at 4 air quality monitoring stations (i.e., Daedo, Jukdo, Jangheung, and Desong) during 2002-2006. The monthly mean ozone concentrations were highest during April and June and decreased during July and August, which follows the typical trend in the Northeast Asia region. The high springtime ozone concentration might have been strongly influenced by the enhanced photochemical ozone production of accumulated precursors during the winter under increased solar radiations. In July and August, ozone levels were decreased by frequent and severe precipitation that caused lower mean monthly solar radiation and efficient wash-out of ozone precursors. This suggests that precipitation is extremely beneficial in the aspect of ozone pollution control. High ozone concentrations exceeding 80ppb dominantly occurred in May and June during the late afternoon between 16:00~17:00. Ozone concentrations were higher in Jangheung and Daesong relative to Daedo and Jukdo, whereas total oxidants $(O_3+NO_2)$ were higher in Jangheung and Daedo. In the suburban area of Daesong, ozone concentrations seem to be considerably higher than those in urban sites of Daedo and Jukdo due to lower ozone loss by NO titration with lower local NO level.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.13-17
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• 1983

도시근교(都市近郊)의 중김속오양(重金屬汚梁)의 실태(實態)를 조사(調査)하고져 일차적으로 엽근채류(葉根菜類)인 상치, 쑥갓, 잎파, 배추, 무(4개품종(個品種))를 선정하여 식물(植物)의 부위(部位), 재배시기(栽培時期) 그리고 매립후(埋立後)의 경작년도(耕作年度)에 따라 중김속(重金屬)(Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd)의 함양(含量)을 조사(調査)한 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었기에 보고(報告)하는 바이다. 1) 무우와 잎파는 뿌리에 높은 함량을 보이는 반면, 배추와 쑥갓에서는 잎에 중김속함량(重金屬含量)이 높았다. 2) 상치의 경우 겨울에 중김속함량이 가장 높았고 봄과 가을간(間)에는 차리(差異)가 없었다. 무우(잎)와 시금치는 봄과 가을만 조사(調査)했는데 이들 상호간(相互間)에는 함량(含量)의 차리(差異)가 없었다. 3) 매립후(埋立後) 1,3,5년된 땅에서 상치를 재배(栽培)하여 중김속(重金屬)의 함량(含量)을 비교(比較)한 결과 차리(差異)를 발견(發見)치 못했다. 4) 조사(調査)된 중김속(重金屬)의 합량(合量)은 인체에 위험하지는 않았다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.111-128
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• 2023

Chungcheongnam-do has various emission sources, including large-scale facilities such as power plants, steel and petrochemical industry complexes, which can lead to the severe PM pollution. Here, we measured concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and its metallic elements at a suburban site in Taean, Chungcheongnam-do from September 2017 to June 2022. During the measurement period, the average concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were 58.6 ㎍/m³ (9.6~379.0 ㎍/m³) and 35.0 ㎍/m³ (6.1~132.2 ㎍/m³), respectively. The concentration of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 showed typical seasonal variation, with higher concentration in winter and lower concentration in summer. When high concentrations of PM_2.5 occurred, particulary in winter, the fraction of Zn and Pb components considerably increased, indicating a significant contribution of Zn and Pb to high-PM_2.5 concentration. In addition, Zn and Pb exhibited the highest correlation coefficient among all other metallic elements of PM_2.5. A backward trajectory cluster analysis and CPF model were performed to examine the origin of PM_2.5. The high concentration of PM_2.5 was primarily influenced by emissions from industrial complexes located in the northeast and northwest areas.