• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2007

Objectives : A morphological classification among Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, Codonopsis lanceolata, Adenophora remotiflora and Codonopsis pilosula was made through microscopic observation. Method : The slice of the tested material made by paraffin section technique was colored with Safranine Malachite Green contrast methods, and then observed and photographed by olymphus-BHT. Result : 1. Codonopsis pilosula is like a long cone, with amole-like projected parts at the beginning of the roots. 2. Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, Codonopsis lanceolata, Adenophora remotiflora, and Codonopsis pilosula are all similar as following: 1) Cork layers are composed of a few to over 10 subsidiary cells, with individual or a group of stone cells among them. 2) Phloem is wide and has a milk tube. Conclusion : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, Codonopsis lanceolata, Adenophora remotiflora, and Codonopsis pilosula are all similar and difficult to be distinguished through microscopic observation, so that chemical experiments should be conducted for their identification.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2005

Shoots of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.) derived from in vitro germinated seeds were cultured on MS medium containing $0.1\;\cal{mg/L}$ NAA under various photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) 33, 66, and $99\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ with or without membrane filter. Number of air exchanges per hour (NAEH) of the culture vessel with membrane filter on the lid was $4.9 h^{-1}$ and that without membrane filter was $0.1 h^{-1}$ Plantlets grown in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH showed greater growth than in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH. According to increase of PPF, plantlets growth decreased in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH while it increased in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH. At the same PPF, fresh weight and sugar content in plantlets in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH were above 1.9, 2.0 times higher than those in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH, respectively. Also they were enhanced in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH by increase of PPF whereas no significance in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH. The percentage of water content of plantlets in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH was $4.2\~5.5\%$ lower than those in $0.1 h^{-1}$ and no difference in PPF. The content of total chlorophyll in plantlets in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH was higher $0.27\~0.79\;\cal{mg/g}$ F.W. than that in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH. By increase of PPF, it was decreased in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH while had no significant difference in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH. Guard and subsidiary cells of leaves in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH were more developed than in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH. Especially, in $99\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ leaves in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH had undeveloped subsidiary cells and wide open stomata whereas those in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH had well-developed subsidiary cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1452-1459
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• 2007

The Dps protein, which is overexpressed in harsh environments, is known to playa critical role in the protection of DNA against oxidative stresses. In this study, the roles of Fur in the expression of the dps gene in Salmonella and the protection mechanisms against oxidative stress in Salmonella cells preexposed to iron-stress were investigated. Two putative Fur boxes were predicted within the promoter region of the S. typhimurium dps gene. The profile of dps expression performed by the LacZ reporter assay revealed growth-phase dependency regardless of iron-status under the culture conditions. The fur mutant, $_X4659$, evidenced a reduced level of ${\beta}$-galactosidase as compared to the wild-type strain. The results observed after the measurement of the Dps protein in various Salmonella regulatory mutants were consistent with the results acquired in the reporter assay. This evidence suggested that Fur performs a function as a subsidiary regulator in the expression of dps. The survival ability of Salmonella strains after exposure to oxidative stress demonstrated that the Dps protein performs a pivotal function in the survival of stationary-phase S. typhimurium against oxidative stress. Salmonella cells grown in iron-restricted condition required Dps for full protection against oxidative stress. The CK24 (${\Delta}dps$) cells grown in iron-replete condition survived at a rate similar to that observed in the wild-type strain, thereby suggesting the induction of an unknown protection mechanism(s) other than Dps in this condition.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.251-258
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• 2016

This article reports current status of micro fuel cell-combined heat and power (${\mu}FC$-CHP) systems which utilize both power and heat generated by fuel cells. There are several options for constructing CHP systems and among them, fuel cells are the most useful and their total energy efficiency combining heat and power can reach up to about 90%. Fuel cells are classified as five types based on the electrolyte, but the most suitable fuel cell types for the ${\mu}FC$-CHP system are proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). ${\mu}FC$-CHP systems have several advantages such as decrease of the transmission-distribution loss, reduced costs of electricity due to distributed power generation, and environmental-friendliness owing to zero emission. The main drawback of the ${\mu}FC$-CHP systems is the high initial investment, however, it keeps decreasing as the technology development reduces production costs. Currently, Japan is the most leading country of the ${\mu}FC$-CHP market, however, Korea tries to expand the market by planning the deployment of 1 million units of ${\mu}FC$-CHP systems and governmental subsidiary supporting of half of the install price. In this report, integration technologies for connecting FC and CHP, and technology trends of leading countries are presented as well.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2006

Background: Germanium compounds are increased to use in nutrient foods and medicines in terms of antibiotics to microbes, anticancer, modulation of immune system and neutralizing heavy metal toxins. Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast, containing stable organic germanium and bound to the yeast protein was developed by Geranti Pharm. LTD. and the modulation effect in the immune system was examined in vivo and in vitro. Methods: The compound, Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast, was fed to female Balb/c mice (each group has 10 mice) for 4 weeks and the yeast powder and steamed red ginseng powder were used as control during the same feeding time points. During 4 weeks there was no symptom to be considered, and after 4 weeks feeding all mice were sacrificed to check the changes of related immune cells and subsidiary responses (i.e. cell counting, FACS, MTT, LDH, PFC assay). Results: In pre-post comparison, B cell population was increased in the group of Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast in a dose dependent manner (100 to 800 mg/kg). However, the population of T cell, dendritic cell and macrophage was not comparably changed in all doses. The ability of cytokine production and proliferation was almost same level as shown in control group. In contrast, PFC assay informed that the compound increase the antibody production ability when fed over 200 mg/kg implying that the increase of PFC number might be due to the increase of B cells. Conclusion: Over the entire study, we concluded that the compound, Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast has better potential in immune response in terms of B cell proliferation than that of positive control, red ginseng, and the compound can be one of the future candidates for a new supplementary source improving immune system activity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2018

A comparative study of leaf epidermal microstructures in genus Aruncus (two species, five varieties) was carried out using scanning electron microscopy in order to evaluate their significance in terms of taxonomy. All of the leaves of the taxa studied here were amphistomatic with undulate anticlinal walls, and smooth and flat periclinal walls on both surfaces. The size range of the stomata complex is $8.95-21.97{\times}7.50-16.99{\mu}m$: the largest one was found in Aruncus dioicus var. astilboides (average $18.01{\times}13.47{\mu}m$) and the smallest was measured and determined to be A. gombalanus (average $11.11{\times}8.94{\mu}m$). An anomocytic stomata complex was found in all of the studied taxa. The stomatal frequency on average was $27.54/0.05mm^2$; it is highest in A. gombalanus ($60.4/0.05mm^2$) and lowest in A. dioicus var. acuminatus ($11.6/0.05mm^2$). Two types (short stalked capitate glandular trichome and non-glandular trichome) of trichomes are found in the leaves. The non-glandular trichome was divided into three types based on the presence and degree of development of subsidiary cells. Anomocytic stomata of the hypostomatic type and the distribution pattern of capitate glandular trichomes were the major characters in this genus. The stomata size and frequency, the epidermal cell structure, the trichome type and the distribution pattern may have diagnostic importance among the taxa in the genus. Our leaf micromorphological results provide useful information for the taxonomic revision of the genus Aruncus.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.118-127
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• 2013

A comparative study of leaf epidermal microstructure in tribes Forsythieae (Abeliophyllum: 1 species, Forsythia: 12 taxa - 10 species, 2 varieties), Fontanesieae (Fontanesia: 2 species) including one related genus Myxopyrum belonging to Myxopyreae (Myxopyrum: 5 taxa - 4 species, 1 subspecies) was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to evaluate their significance in the taxonomy. The leaves of investigated taxa are either hypostomatic or amphistomatic, but former is more frequent. The size range of the guard cells is 17.14-47.58 ${\times}$ 11.59- 44.25 ${\mu}m$: the smallest one was found in Forsythia giraldiana (17.48-22.96 ${\times}$ 11.64-12.88 ${\mu}m$), while the largest one was measured to Myxopyrum pierrei (31.50-41.75 ${\times}$ 32.53-44.25 ${\mu}m$). Anomocytic stomatal complex are most frequent type (rarely paracytic), usually both anomocytic and anisocytic occur in one leaf. In surface view both adaxial and abaxial anticlinal walls of the subsidiary cells are variable (e.g., straight/curved, undulate, sinuate, undulate/sinuate). Three types (simple unicellular and multicellular non-glandular, subsessile glandular) of trichomes are found in leaves. Finally, the systematic significance of the leaf epidermal micromorphological characters in idenfitication and elucidation of these tribe, between or within the genera including among the species is also briefly discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2017

The natural preservative "complex Scutellaria baicalensis extract (BHC)" contains Scutellaria baicalensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis (liquorice), Zizyphus jujube (jujube), and Astragalus propinquus (milk vetch root). BHC has been used as a natural preservative for more than 10 years to increase storage duration and quality of food with strong antibacterial activity. BHC has been added into functional foods as a subsidiary ingredient. However, no studies have been performed to test whether or not BHC affects the activity of main functional ingredients. In this study, we tested whether or not BHC has any effect on the hepatoprotective activity of lactic acid-fermented garlic extract (LAFGE) when formulated in a clinical test supplement. $H_2O_2-induced$ oxidative damage in HepG2 cells was not attenuated by BHC, indicating that BHC had no influence on the protective effect of LAFGE against oxidative damage. Furthermore, BHC had no effect on the hepatoprotective effect of LAFGE against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in rats, as indicated by no changes in alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels. In conclusion, BHC, formulated in the clinical test supplement with LAFGE, had no effect on hepatoprotective activity, indicating BHC could be considered as a suitable natural preservative for liquefied functional food materials.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.199-212
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• 2016

A comparative study of leaf epidermal microstructures in the tribe Sorbarieae (Adenostoma: 3 spp., Chamaebatiaria: 1 sp., Sorbaria: 11 spp., Spiraeanthus: 1 sp.) including related genera Gillenia (2 spp.) and Lyonothamnus (2 spp.) was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to evaluate their significance in taxonomy. The leaves of Adenostoma, Chamaebatiaria, and Spiraeanthus were amphistomatic, whereas Gillenia, Lyonothamnus, and Sorbaria were hypostomatic. The size range of the guard cells is $7.84-48.7{\times}5.86-38.6{\mu}m$; the smallest one was found in Sorbaria tomentosa var. tomentosa ($7.84-11.8{\times}6.84-10.5{\mu}m$), while the largest measured example was Adenostoma fasciculatum var. obtusifolium ($30.3-48.7{\times}18.8-38.6{\mu}m$). Anomocytic stomata complex were the most frequent type (rarely cyclocytic), with usually both anomocytic and actinocytic types occurring in one leaf. On the surfaces, both the adaxial and abaxial anticlinal walls of the subsidiary cells vary (e.g., straight/curved, undulate, sinuate). Four types (unicellular non-glandular trichome, stellate, glandular trichome, pustular glandular trichome) of trichomes are found in the leaves. The epicuticular wax can be divided two types: membraneous platelets (Lyonothamnus) and platelets (Sorbaria arborea var. arborea, S. arborea var. subtomentosa, S. kirilowii, S. tomentosa var. tomentosa, Spiraeanthus schrenkianus). The trichome diversity (in particular, stellate, gland) and the existence of epicuticular wax may have taxonomic significance, although the leaf epidermal micromorphological characteristics do not provide synapomorphy in this tribe. These leaf micromorphological features are most likely better understood in the Sorbarieae when used in conjunction with external morphological characters.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.151-165
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• 1995

This study was conducted to establish a systematized taxonomic problems of through the leaf morphological characters and leaf venation patterns, and stomatal cell patterns and cell characteristics of abaxial and adaxial surface of the leaflets by SEM, of 6 native species in Korea and 2 foreign species of the Genus Rhus in the Family Anacardiaceae. The results obtained from this study are summarized as followings: 1. Morphological study measured 32 characters of leaves from herbarium specimen and field-collected samples for each species. The results of cluster analysis based on the Euclidean distance showed that the species could be classified into 3 groups: R. sylvestris. R. typhina, R. succedanea: R. trichocarpa. R. chinensis. R. verniciflua: and R. ambigua. R. radicans subsp. orientale, Analysis of principal components showed 5 groups: The major factors in the first principal component group was length of petiole of the terminal leaflets, that in the second group angle of left side in the terminal leaflet bash, that in the third group area ratio between first and terminal leaflets, that in the forth group angle ratio between right and left side in the terminal leaflet base, and that in the fifth group was angle of main and secondary vein at midrib of terminal leaflet. Cumulative contribution by the first, second and third principal component group was explained with 82.6%, a large percent of all information. 2. The leaf venation pattern investigated using soft X-ray photography revealed clado-and reticulo-camptodromous types according to branching angle of the secondary vein. And three groups by the developing degree of secondary vein were R. trichocarpa, R. ambigua. R. chinensis, R. typhina; R. radicans subsp. onentale, R. succedanea, R. verniciflua: and R. sylvestris. Classification key for the Rhus of Korean-native Anacardiaceae was made by the venation pattern and devevoping degree of the secondary vein. 3. The stomatal cell patterns were greatly classified into paracytic and anomocytic types, specific among species according to stomatal and subsidiary cell patterns, and various differences among the species was determined. Microstructure of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces could be divided into synclinal and anticlinal cell wall patterns, and were specific-species. Stomatal cells of R. chinensis were surrounded with characterized villus-like cells.