• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.707-718
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to monitor 4 years of changes in the vegetation structure starting from 2007 when restoration began and propose vegetation management ideas for the riparian ecological restoration areas in the purchased land around Nakdonggang(River). The study was conducted in each of 15 locations ($208,342m^2$) in the riparian ecological restoration areas in November 2007, September 2008, October 2009 and September 2010. The analysis results of the changes in planting species and population showed that, in the case of trees, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Quercus acutissima, Acer ginnala, Quercus aliena, Quercus variabilis indicated relatively little changes in their numbers and Quercus dentata, Cornus walteri, Morus alba, Styrax obassia, Sorbus alnifolia var. macrophylla indicated a 100% withering rate. Most shrubs withered due to the oppressive pressure of herbs and climbing plants. The planting density decreased over 4 years on average 28 plants/$100m^2$ to 20 plants/$100m^2$ to 16 plants/$100m^2$. Shortly after the restoration, The the amount of growth was reduced by restoration stress. however as time goes on after the restoration tended to stabilize. The changes in the basal area showed a decrease from $507.1cm^2/100m^2$ in 2007 right after restoration to $301.8cm^2/100m^2$ in 2008 and afterwards showed an increasing trend by going to $324.9cm^2/100m^2$ in 2009 and $372.7cm^2/100m^2$ in 2010. To improve the planting structure of the riparian ecological restoration area, the selection of tree species that have been considered for soil moisture and the differentiation of suitable planting structures that have been considered for local conditions were needed.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.370-382
• /
• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of health promoting behaviors and the significant factors in rural elderly(young-old vs old-old). Methods: The data was collected using structured questionnaires from June 22th to Sep. 18th, 2009. A total of 556 elderly aged 65 years or over were selected from 14 rural districts in C province, South Korea. Age was divided into two groups as below 65-74 and 75 or older. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on the demographic characteristics, their perceived health status, the difficulty of activities of daily living, quality of life, self-efficacy and health promoting behaviors. The health promoting behaviors included nutrition, stress management, interpersonal support, exercise, health responsibility and self-actualization. The scores for health promoting behaviors were used mean and standard deviation. The data was analyzed using SPSS Win 12.0. Results: Of the 556 subjects, we found that the young-old(65-74 aged) were 359 and the old-old elderly(over 75 aged) were 197. We found that the level of health promoting behavior was higher for young-old ($2.75{\pm}0.374$) compared to old-old elderly people ($2.67{\pm}0.399$). In multiple linear regression, quality of life, self-efficacy, living with spouse, and number of generation living together for the young-old, and quality of life for old-old elderly were significantly associated with health promoting behaviors. Conclusions: The study findings indicate that there are age differences in associated factor of health promoting behaviors. Therefore our findings may provide useful assistance in developing effective intervention programs to improve health promoting behavior of the elderly in rural areas according to their age differences.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.79-89
• /
• 2005

Objectives : To acquire an improved understanding of oppositional defiant disorder, we evaluated the characteristics of children who have the symptoms of ODD in community sample. Methods : 1200 children from an elementary school in Bucheon (an urban community near Seoul) were recruited by randomized sampling method. By Disruptive Behavior Disorder Scale according to DSM-III-R & DSM-IV, we evaluated the symptoms of ODD and selected subjects with ODD. Psychiatric comorbidity, character trait were compared in subjects with ODD and comparison group. Also we examined the association between prenatal/perinatal risk factors, family functions and the symptoms of ODD. Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical method using SPSS 11.5 window version. Result : Children with oppositional defiant disorder were revealed to have significantly higher rates of psychiatric comorbidity and significantly greater family dysfunction compared to comparison group. Among the prenatal/perinatal risk factors, severe emotional stress during pregnancy, postpartum depression, medication during pregnancy were revealed as risk factors of ODD. In character inventory, ODD group were evaluated to have high score in novelty seeking, harm avoidance, but low in reward dependency. Conclusion : These results support that 1) prenatal/perinatal and psycho-social risk factors could be a important role in the progression of ODD, and 2) children with ODD have diverse comorbid psychiatric symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.699-708
• /
• 2010

This study looked into the obesity status, recognition of obesity, attitude towards obesity, eating and exercise habits, and lifestyles of Korean (n=101) and Japanese (n=123) female college students. All students were 21-years-of age, with an average height of 161 cm and the average weight of 54 kg. Korean female students responded that obesity complicated friendships, and hindered study and exercise. Japanese students did not express these opinions. Both Korean and Japanese students tended to over-consume their favorite food. Korean students ate breakfast about 24.8% everyday, while 48% of Japanese students did; both regularly ate dinner. Snack preference was mainly biscuits. The factor most influencing eating habits were TV advertisement for Korean students (57.4%) and parents for Japanese students (47.2%). Once-weekly exercise was done regularly by 34.7% of Korean students but only 20.3% of Japanese students. The main reason for Korean students to exercise was weight reduction (53.5%), while 78.2% did not exercise because it was tiring. Korean and Japanese students had similar life styles, although stress relief in Korean students was sought through conversations with friends and by reading books or listening to music for Japanese students.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.391-400
• /
• 2005

Special Practitioner exists based on the need for special fields that are required to manage difficult patients with specialized skills distinguished from General practitioner. The purpose of dental specialist system is to manage patients who are not treatable by general practitioner by training doctors specializing in one specific field, thereby, enhancing health of the public. Oral Medicine deals with orofacial pain, oral soft tissue disease, forensic dentistry, oral diagnosis. In these days, living environments of city life bring about increase in stress which ultimately lead to increase in prevalence of temporomandibular disorder, oral soft tissue disease, neuropathies such as trigeminal neuralgia, and hence, the number of patients seeking help of those symptoms tend to increase. The purpose of this study was to analyze the rate of referrals and the routes of patients seeking help by investigating 3,707 patients who visited Department of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, from August, 2004 to April, 2005. The results were as follows: 1. The types of disease referred to the Department of Oral Medicine were orofacial pain, oral soft tissue disease, forensic dentistry, oral diagnosis. 2. The rate of referrals was 58.51% which implies that more than half of the patients visiting the Department of Oral Medicine were referred. 3. The types of institution which made referrals were analyzed, and as a result, dental clinics made most of the referrals with the rate of 83.23%, while that from medical or oriental medical institutions was 16.78%. 4. Among the patients who visited the Department of Oral Medicine on their own, 30.52% gained the information about the Department of Oral Medicine from internet and mass media, and from neighbors. From the above results, most of the patients visiting the Department of Oral Medicine were found to be referred not only from the field of dentistry but also from the field of medicine. These suggest that Oral Medicine manages patients who are not treatable by general dental practitioners, and medical specialists tend to cooperate with the Department of Oral Medicine to manage diseases associated with Oral Medicine. Therefore, the role of Oral Medicine can be considered to be important as a special field, and the results of this study should be considered when working out a policy of Dental specialist system on demand and supply of residents in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.583-594
• /
• 2000

Dislodgement of a crown or extension bridge and the loosening of a retainer of a bridge is a serious clinical problem in fixed restoration. Generally these problems are considered to be associated with deformation of the restoration. During biting, the restoration is subjected to complex forces and deforms considerably within the limit of its elasticity. Deformation of the restoration under the occlusal force induces excessive stress in the cement film, which then leads to the cement fracture. Such a fracture may eventually cause loss of the restoration. Because most of the past retention tests for full veneer crown were done without fatigue loading, they were not exactly simulating intraoral environment. And the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cyclic cantilever loading on the retentive strength of full veneer crowns depending on different type of cements and taper of prepared abutment. Steel dies with $8^{\circ}\;or\;16^{\circ}$ convergence angle were fabricated through milling and crowns with the same method. These dies and crowns were divided into 8 groups. Group 1 : $16^{\circ}$ taper die, cementation with zinc phosphate cement, without loading Group 2 : $16^{\circ}$ taper die, cementation with zinc phosphate cement, with loading Group 3 : $8^{\circ}$ taper die, cementation with zinc phosphate cement, without loading Group 4 : $8^{\circ}$ taper die, cementation with zinc phosphate cement, with loading Group 5 : $16^{\circ}$ taper die, cementation with Panavia 21, without loading Group 6 : $16^{\circ}$ taper die, cementation with Panavia 21, with loading Group 7 : $8^{\circ}$ taper die, cementation with Panavia 21 without loading Group 8 : $8^{\circ}$ taper die, cementation with Panavia 21, with loading After checking the fit of die and crown, the luting surface of dies and inner surface of crowns were air-abraded for 10 seconds. The crowns were cemented to the dies, with cements mixed according to the manufacturer's recommendations. A static load of 5kg was then applied for 10 minutes with static loading device. Twenty-four hours later, group 1, 3, 5, 7 were only thermocycled, group 2, 4, 6, 8 were subjected to cyclic loading after thermocycling. Retentive tests were performed on the Instron machine. From the finding of this study, the following conclusions were obtained 1. Panavia 21 showed significantly higher retentive strength than zinc phosphate cement for all groups (p<0.05). 2. There was a significant difference in the retentive strength between $8^{\circ}\;and\;16^{\circ}$ taper for zinc phosphate cement(p<0.05), but no significant difference for Panavia 21 (p>0.05). 3. Cyclic loading significantly decreased the retentive strength for all groups(p<0.05). 4. For zinc phosphate cement, there was 35% reduction of the retentive strength after loading in the $16^{\circ}$ taper die, 25% in the $8^{\circ}$ taper die, and for Panavia 21, 21% in the $16^{\circ}$ taper die, 18% in the $8^{\circ}$ taper die.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.359-369
• /
• 2007

This in vitro study was performed to assess the effect of surface sealing on the microleakage of class V composite resin restorations that underwent several aging treatments. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of 100 sound extracted premolars and restored with a hybrid light-cured composite resin according to the manufacturer's instructions. They were randomly divided into two groups consisting of 50 samples: group I, without surface sealing, and group II, in which margins were etched and surface sealant was applied. After thermocycling, each group was divided into five subgroups, respectively, to represent the five aging treatments: group A = no further treatment (only thermocycling), B = toothbrushing, C = load cycling, D = toothbrushing followed by load cycling, and E = aging treatment in deionized water for six months. Microleakage was assessed by examining the penetration of 2% methylene blue dye. The following results were obtained: 1. At occlusal and cervical margins in groups without surface sealing, there was no significant difference in microleakage after the several aging treatments (p>0.05). 2. The occlusal margins of groups with surface sealing showed no significant differences after the several aging treatments (p>0.05). 3. In the cervical margins of groups with surface sealing, microleakage significantly increased after load cycling or aging in deionized water for six months (p<0.05). 4. The no-further-treatment group and the toothbrushing group with surface sealing showed less microleakage than the corresponding groups without surface sealing (p<0.05). 5. The surface-sealed groups with load cycling or aging in deionized water showed no significant difference in microleakage to the corresponding groups without surface sealing (p>0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the surface sealant infiltrating through the gap of the cervical margin exerted a positive effect on microleakage at the initial stage, but the effect was not sufficient to overcome the stress generated by the cuspal flexure during occlusal loading and water absorption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.321-326
• /
• 2011

The aim of the present study was to investigate antihyperglycemic effect of Gleditschiae Spina (GS) in streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NA)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. The rats were divided into four groups: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic rats supplemented with acarbose (AC, 4 mg/kg), and with GS ethanol extracts (GSE, 50 mg/kg). Weekly fasting blood glucose (FBG) for 10 weeks and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 10th week were monitored using glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips. The FBG level was significantly reduced in AC group after 8 weeks and in GSE group at the end of period. The AUCs for the glucose response from OGTT and blood glucose level after sacrifice were significantly lower in the AC and GSE groups than the DC group. GSE supplementation significantly increased plasma total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) in STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats, compared with DC group. The present study indicates that GSE could ameliorate type 2 diabetes and be comparable to acarbose, a standard hypoglycemic drug. Also, we suggest that GSE may possess antioxidant activity against the STZ-NA-induced oxidative stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.325-334
• /
• 2013

The objective of this study was to compare the content and metabolic activities between fresh pine needle juice (PNJ) and fermented pine needle juice (FPNJ). A variety of factors were measured, including total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity [DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA), total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC)], anti-genotoxic activity, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. The TPC was $17.3{\pm}0.2$ and $4.6{\pm}0.0$ mg GAE/g in PNJ and FPNJ, respectively. The DPPH RSA, TRAP, and ORAC values increased in a dose-dependent manner for both PNJ and FPNJ, with significantly higher activities in PNJ than FPNJ. The CAC against AAPH-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells was protected by both PNJ and FPNJ. Pretreatment with PNJ and FPNJ in human leukocytes produced significant reductions in $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage at a concentration of $50{\mu}g/mL$. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was significantly higher in FPNJ than PNJ. The ACE inhibitory activity was about 87.1% and 60.0% in 1:1 diluted PNJ and FPNJ, respectively. This study suggests that the fermentation of PNJ could enhance the regulation of blood glucose metabolism and both PNJ and FPNJ might be a new potential source of natural antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive agents applicable to food.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of castration and ovariectomy on growth performance and plasma hormone concentration in pigs. A total of 48 pigs of 35 days of age were used. The results obtained in the present study are summarized as follows: 1. No significant difference was found in average daily gain between ovariectomy group (898.6g) and control gilt group (862.7g), and between castration group (926.0g) and control boar group (945.5g), respectively. Average daily gain of control boar group, however, was significantly higher than that of control gilt group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in feed/gain between ovariectomy and control gilt group and between castration and control boar group, respectively. Backfat thickness was significantly (p<0.05) higher in ovariectomy or castration group than in control gilt or boar group, respectively. 2. Plasma concentration of IGF-I was significantly (p<0.05) increased during the period of 5 weeks of age (45.1 $\pm$0.72 ng/ml) to 15 weeks of age (356.3$\pm$3.05 ng/ml), and maintained constantly afterwards in control gilt group, as was in control boar group. That of ICF-I tended to be lower in ovariectomy or castration group than in control gilt or boar group, respectively. Regarding steroid hormones of estradiol-17$\beta$, progesterone, and testosterone, the concentration was extremely low at 5 weeks of age, however, increased from 11 weeks to 23 weeks of age in control gilt or boar group, while it was nearly under detection limit in ovariectomy or castration group. 3. Chemical compositions of pork loins were not affected by ovariectomy or castration, except that crude ash content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in castration group than in control boar group. These results indicated that ovariectomy or castration had no effects on growth performance and feed utilization. However, the concentration of sex steroid hormones was under detection limit in ovariectomy and castration group. Further studies, however, are needed to develope the techniques which minimize the stress related with castration or ovariectomy for the production of high quality pork.