• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.836-842
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• 2015

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest and the most physiologically important membrane protein family that recognizes a variety of environmental stimuli, and are drug targets in the treatment of numerous diseases. Recent progress on GPCR structural studies shed light on molecular mechanisms of GPCR ligand recognition, activation and allosteric modulation, as well as structural basis of GPCR dimerization. In this review, we will discuss the structural features of GPCRs and structural insights of different aspects of GPCR biological functions.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1998

An artificially modulated magnetic Co/Pd multilayer is one of the promising candidates for high density magneto-optic (MO) recording media, due to large Kerr rotation angle in the wavelength of a blue laser beam. however, since multilayer structure, as well as amorphous structure, is a non-equilibrium state in terms of free energy and MO recording is a kind of thermal recording which is conducted aound Curie temperature (Tc) of the recording media, when the multilayer is used for the MO recording media, changes in the multilayer structure are occurred as the amorphous structure do. Therefore, the assessment of the structural stability in the Co/Pd multilayer is crucially important both for basic research and applications. As the parameter of the structural stability in this research, modulation amplitude and particle size of the Co/Pd multilayer are measured in terms of Ar sputtering pressure and heat treatment temperature. From the results of the research, we find out that the magnetic exchange energy in the structural changes of a magnetic multilayer structure and suggest the operating temperature range for MO recording in the Co/Pd multilayer for the basic research and applications, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.81-90
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• 2009

Due to environmental issues, the development of low energy consumption products has become one of the main topics in the home appliance industry. The energy consumption of a refrigerator depends on the efficiency of its compressor as well as on the refrigerator cycle design, such as the capacity modulation. In this study, a dual capacity, i.e., two-step capacity modulation (TCM), reciprocating compressor is developed. In a TCM compressor, capacity modulation is achieved by changing the dead volume in the cylinder. Instead of a concentric sleeve, an eccentric sleeve, a key, and a spring are used to change the dead volume for the clockwise and counterclockwise rotation of a motor. When the compressor changes its operating mode from full capacity to partial capacity or in opposite direction, the key may collide with the eccentric sleeve. The structural reliability and mode change reliability were confirmed by analysis and experiment.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.47 no.11
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• pp.687-693
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• 2009

Experiments have demonstrated that a moderate amount of Be added to $Zr_{57.5}Cu_{38.3}Al_{4.2}$ amorphous alloy enhances the plasticity of the alloy. In particular, $Zr_{54}Cu_{36}Al_{4}Be_{6}$ alloy exhibited 19% of strain to fracture along with a strength exceeding 2 GPa. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy conducted on the $Zr_{54}Cu_{36}Al_{4}Be_{6}$ alloy exhibited the presence of compositional modulation, indicating that nm-scale phase separation had occurred at local regions. In this study, the role played by the nm-scale phase separation on the plasticity was investigated in terms of structural disordering, structural softening and shear localization in order to better understand the structural origin of the enhanced plasticity shown by the developed alloy.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1999

This paper introduces orthogonally multiplexed modulation and demodulation methods based on Wavelet Packet Bases and particularly describes Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) techniques that provide the designer of transmission signal set in time-frequency domain with tree structural information which can be adapted to given channel characterristics. Multi-dimensional signaling methods are also contrasted to common and different characteristics of conventional QAM. multi-tone modulation methods. The paper addresses the mothod how to find a best tree structure that has more adaptivity to impulse and narrowband tone pulse noises using a tunning algorithm which arbitrarily partitions the time-frequency space and makes a suitable orthogonal signaling waveforms. Simulation results exhibits a favorable performance over existing mod/demod methods specially for narrowband tone pulse and impulse interferences.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.360-364
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• 2001

고상반응법(solid-state reaction)으로 산화물 초전도체 Bi$_{2+x}$ Sr$_{1.8}$ $CaCu_2$$O_{8+\delta}$(-0.2$\leq$x$\leq$0.2)을 제조하여 조성변화에 따른 산소량과 Bi 이온의 하전가(valence)가 구조변조의 주기에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 2212상의 단일상 고용한계는 -0.1$\leq$x$\leq$0.1 영역이었다. 이 영역에서 x의 증가에 따라 격자상수 c는 감소를 보이며, 온셋 임계온도 Tc$^{on}$ 과 산소량은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한, Bi 이온의 하전기와 구조변조의 주기는 단일상 고용한계 영역 내에서 x의 증가에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 구조변조의 주기는 산소량이 증가함에 따라 감소하고 Bi 이온의 하전가 증가에 따라 증가함을 보였다. 즉, 산소의 절대량과 Bi 이온의 하전가에 따라 구조변조의 주기가 변화하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.384-384
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• 2012

PRAM switching device by using current pulse modulation was investigated to verify its possibility for 3D architecture. In this work, two phase change materials connected in series having a different crystallization temperature are used. Its structural for different phase change material was evaluated by electrical resistance. We confirmed that Germanium-Antimony-Tellurium (GST) alloy and Germanium- Copper-Tellurium (GCT) alloy material were selected according to crystallization temperature, ${\sim}180^{\circ}C$ for switching and ${\sim}240^{\circ}C$ for memory devices, respectively. From this research, it is expected that phase change switching device could have advantages of process in terms of material similarity and structural simplification.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.4C
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• pp.362-369
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• 2007

APSK (Amplitude Phase Shift Keying) digital modulation is characterized by the circular positioning of the transmission symbols in the constellation diagram. Due to such structural characteristics, the peak-to-average power ratio of the APSK modulation is lower than that of the QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), and the amount of performance degradation over nonlinear channels can be mitigated. The APSK modulation scheme has recently been adopted as satellite communication system standards including the DVB-S2 (Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite, Version 2). In this paper, a BER (Bit Error Rate) upper bound approximation formula is derived using the channel model with the output power saturation characteristics, and its accuracy is demonstrated. Using the derived formula, the input power level that minimizes the BER is determined. The optimized performance based on the radii ratio of the 16APSK constellation and the channel saturation level is also presented.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2020

In this paper, We have studied the structure of a Telemetry Transmitter capable of transmitting variable data rates. This paper proposed a structure combining variable pre-modulation filter with cutoff characteristic with variable input sample rate converter. Variable pre-modulation filter has the same characteristics as pre-modulation filter and is converted to a constant sampling rate without structural changes according to the variable input data rate. We propose a software program that actively controls variable pre-modulation filter and variable input sample rate converter to respond to real-time changing data.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2015

This paper presents a numerical study on the alignment of ridge-like surface structures evolving on silicon-germanium thin films under localized modulation of surface diffusivity. A situation is considered in which the surface diffusion of film material is selectively promoted such that its morphology is perturbed to periodic patterns. To simulate the growth behavior, a governing equation is formulated taking the surface chemical potential into account, and its solution is numerically sought using a finite-difference method. Results show that an initially planar surface coalesces upon the diffusivity modulation, and the surface structures can be aligned by changing the frequency of modulation condition. This research suggests a bottom-up fabrication technique that can manage the regularity of surface structures for thin film devices.