• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 1985

The effects of morphological development and environmental temperature on synthesis and accumulation behavior of cell-wall constituents were studied in maize cv. Blizzard and sorghum cv. Sioux and Pioneer 931 at Muenchen Technical University from 1979 to 1981. Various growth stages of maize and sorghum plants were grown on field and phytotron at 4 temperature regimes of 30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 18/8 degree C and mid-summer sunlight over 13-hour days. The results are summarized as follow: 1. Cell-wall constituents in sorghum and maize plants were shown to have a great synthesis rates at early growth stage from growing point differentiation to final leaf visible. The highest concentration of cell wall contents were found at heading stage with 52-54% and 64-68% of neutral detergence fiber, and 30% and 45% of acid detergence fiber foe maize and sorghum, respectively. 2. The structural carbohydrates, cellulose and hemicellulose, were found as a main components of cell-wall constituents. Cellulose were mainly accumulated in stalks, while hemicellulose were an important cell wall components in leaves and panicle. 3. Synthesis rates of cell-wall constituents and non-strnctural carbohydrates were associated with increasing of temperature. Reserved carbohydrates such as fructosan, mono - and dissaccharose in plant were, however, declined when the temperature exceeded 30 deg C, during the accumulation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were increased continuously. 4. Cell-wall constituents lowered digestibility and net energy accumulation in sorghum and maize plants. In a in vitro and in vivo trial, it was found a negative correlation between digestion dry matter and cell wall constituents, especially cellulose and lignin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.2106-2112
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• 2018

Concanavalin A (ConA) interacts with carbohydrates as a lectin, and recent reports proposed its application for detecting a diversity of viruses and pathogens. Structural studies have detailed the interaction between ConA and carbohydrates and the metal coordination environment with manganese and calcium ions (Mn-Ca-ConA). In this study, ConA was crystallized with a cadmium-containing precipitant, and the refined structure indicates that $Mn^{2+}$ was replaced by $Cd^{2+}$ (Cd-Ca-ConA). The structural comparison with ConA demonstrates that the metal-coordinated residues of Cd-Ca-ConA, that is Glu8, Asp10, Asn14, Asp19, and His24, do not have conformational shifts, but residues for sugar binding, including Arg228, Tyr100, and Leu99, reorient their side chains, slightly. Previous studies demonstrated that excess cadmium ions can coordinate with other residues, including Glu87 and Glu183, which were not coordinated with $Cd^{2+}$ in this study. The trimeric ConA in this study coordinated $Cd^{2+}$ with other residues, including Asp80 and Asp82, for complex generation. The monomer does not have specific interaction near interface regions with the other monomer, but secondary cadmium coordinated with two aspartates (Asp80 and Asp82) from monomer 1 and one aspartate (Asp16) from monomer 2. This study demonstrated that complex generation was induced via coordination with secondary $Cd^{2+}$ and showed the application potential regarding the design of complex formation for specific interactions with target saccharides.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.370-376
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• 2008

Ginsenoside Rp1 (G-Rp1) is a ginseng saponin derivative with chemopreventive and anti-cancer activities. In this study, we examined the regulatory activity of G-Rp1 on the functional activation of macrophages. G-Rp1 remarkably inhibited TNF-$\alpha$ production, LPS-induced cell cytotoxicity, NO production, ROS generation, and phagocytic uptake from lipopolysacchride (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. According to structural feature study using several G-Rp1 analogs, two carbohydrates (glucose-glucose) at R1 position were observedto be highly effective, compared to other structural derivatives. Although the inhibitory activities of G-Rp1 on macrophage functions were not remarkable, several points that G-Rp1 was known to be safe, and that this compound was orally effective, suggest that G-Rp1 may be beneficial in treating macrophage-mediated immunological diseases.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2013

A study was conducted to determine if subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) induced by feeding high level of non-structural carbohydrates results in increases in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of peripheral blood in dairy cattle. In this experiment four Holstein steers, two of which having ruminal canulae with indwelling probes placed for measuring long term pH changes, were alloted into two dietary treatments in a cross-over design, where an acidogenic diet (AD) was formulated by including high amount of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) based on corn silage and corn flake as TMR ingredients. Data for ruminal pH change and plasma LPS concentration were compared against normal diet (ND) which contained grass hay as forage and low NSC ingredients. Feeding AD for more than 14 days to animals brought about a pH change as low as less than 5.8 for more than 4 hours, which made good contrast to ND fed animals. Decreased ruminal pH also had an effect on LPS concentrations which showed significantly higher level for AD compared with ND. Therefore, plasma LPS concentration may be used as an effective indicator to verify acidosis whether it is acute or chronic. Na-bentonite and Propylene glycol, which are frequently included in dairy TMR as additives, helped decrease ruminal pH by buffering and then ultimately alleviates SARA. Therefore, it could also be helpful to lower the occurrence of laminitis which is often caused by increased blood endotoxin (LPS) concentration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.254-263
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of wilting and additives on the fermentation quality, structural and non-structural carbohydrate composition of mulberry silages. Methods: The selected lactic acid bacteria strains Lactobacillus plantarum 'LC279063' (L1), commercial inoculant Gaofuji (GF), and Trichoderma viride cellulase (CE) were used as additives for silage preparation. Silage treatments were designed as control (CK), L1, GF, or CE under three wilting rates, that is wilting for 0, 2, or 4 hours (h). After ensiling for 30 days, the silages were analyzed for the chemical and fermentation characteristics. Results: The results showed that wilting had superior effects on increasing the non-structural carbohydrate concentration and degrading the structural carbohydrate. After ensiling for 30 days, L1 generally had a higher fermentation quality than other treatments, indicated by the lower pH value, acetic acid, propionic acid and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) content, and the higher lactic acid, water soluble carbohydrate, glucose, galactose, sucrose, and cellobiose concentration (p<0.05) at any wilting rate. Wilting could increase the ratio of lactic acid/acetic acid and decrease the content of NH₃-N. Conclusion: The results confirmed that wilting degraded the structural carbohydrate and increased the non-structural carbohydrate; and L1 exhibited better properties in improving fermentation quality and maintaining a high non-structural carbohydrates composition compared with the other treatments.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1739-1749
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• 2020

Exopolysaccharide produced by the yeast Papiliotrema flavescens, isolated from wine grape berries of Champagne vineyard, was investigated for both chemical and functional characterization. SECMALLS and colorimetric assay analyses showed that the EPS is a high M_W heteropolymer (2.37 × 10⁶ g/mol) majorily consisting of mannose, glucose, xylose and glucuronic acid as monosaccharide constituents, with two substituents (sulphate and phosphate groups), and a minor protein moiety. Structural enchainment of these carbohydrates based on methylation, GC-MS and NMR analyses revealed a linear main backbone built up of α-(1 → 3)-D-mannopyranosyl residues on which are branched side chains consisting of a single β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid residue and β-(1 → 2)-xylopyranoses (2-5 residues). Suggestion of some xylopyranose side chains containing a mannose residue at the nonreducing terminal end was also proposed. This is first report on EPSs from the grape P. flavescens yeast with such structural characteristics. Furthermore, investigations for valuating the application performance of these EPS in relation with their structural features were carried out in 8% alcohol experiment solutions. Very exceptional viscosifying and foaming properties were reported by comparison with commercial biopolymers such as Arabic, gellan and xanthan gums. The intrinsic properties of the natural biopolymer from this wild grape-associated P. flavescens yeast make it a potential candidate for use in various biotechnology applications.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.48-58
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• 2009

Glycosyl hydrolases (GH, EC 3.2.1.-) are key enzymes which can hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. The new enzyme nomenclature of glycoside hydrolases is based on their amino acid sequence similarity and structural features. Here, we examined the glycosyl hydrolase family(GHF) genes reported from earthworm species. Among overall 115 GHFs, 12 GHFs could be identified from earthworm species through CAZy database. Of 12 GHF group genes, five genes including GHF2, 5, 17, 18, 20 are thought to be potent for industrial applications. The alignment of these genes with same genes from other animal species exhibited high sequence homology and some important amino acid residues necessary for enzyme activity appeared to be conserved. These genes can be utilized as a pest control agent or applicable to the food industry, clinical therapeutics and organic wastes disposition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2011

The structural components of microorganism are quite related to the toxin and environmental conditions. The vegetative and dormant cells are quite affected by the physical and chemical environments to survive and they will be dormant when they are in the extreme environment. The mechanism to activate the microorganisms however, is not well defined yet in the area of activation state and sporulation state through the analysis of EPS. Other than that even the main mechanism of prior to acquisition of analysis values is not well understood. Therefore, what kind of specific environment to affect the activation and sporulation will be discussed through the analysis of the extracellular polymeric substances(EPS). EPS are a high molecular weight mixture of polymers presenting both outside of cells and interior of microbial aggregates. They are a major complex materials in microbial aggregation for sustaining them together in a three dimensional matrix. Three commonly used extraction methods were applied to this study their effectiveness and quantification in extracting EPS from several Bacillus microorganisms and activated sludge. Three extraction methods used for this study are regular centrifugation with formaldehyde (RCF), Steaming, and EDTA extraction. The results of EPS contents such as the quantitative proteins, carbohydrates and the ratio of protein versus carbohydrate from the several species with the several specific methods showed in this research. This study aims to get comparable results of the quantitative production of EPS and the effectiveness of sedimentation for Bacillus microorganisms and activated sludge from several wastewater treatment plans. The results revealed that the protein amount extracted was the highest by the Steaming method of three extraction methods before sporulation and the carbohydrate amount extracted was the highest by the RCA method of three extraction methods after sporulation. The higher amount of protein compared with carbohydrate from Bacillus microorganisms affected higher sedimentation efficiency, however it could not be found the relation between the EPS production and sedimentation efficiency for the activated sludge.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2015

The isolation, cloning, and characterization of an R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene (MtMYB70) from the model legume Medicago truncatula is reported. MtMYB70 consists of a 768-bp coding sequence corresponding to 255 amino acids. Sequence alignment revealed that MtMYB70 cDNA contains conserved R2R3-type MYB domains with highly divergent C terminal regions. MtMYB70 was found to have relatively low sequence homology with known R2R3-MYB genes. Phylogenetic analysis placed the R2R3-MYB domain of MtMYB70 closest to PtMYB1, a known activator of lignin biosynthesis. Overexpression of MtMYB70 under the control of the 35S promoter in transgenic poplar did not cause a significant difference in total lignin content relative to the control, but glucan content was significantly increased in transgenic poplar. Therefore, MtMYB70 might have regulatory role in the biosynthesis of cell wall structural carbohydrates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.715-719
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• 1996

Dietary fibers consist mostly of complex carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins, and also included are carbohydrate-based gums or hydrocolloids exampled as alginate, carrageenan, galactomannan xanthan, etc. Due to structural diversity, dietary fibers can be classified by various ways i.e., source, plant function, solubility, charge and topology. Understanding on the plant cell wall structure is of primary importance, since physicochemical properties of dietary fibers are dependent on the existence patterns in the cell wall. Depending on the four distinct observational dimensions, the physical parameters of dietary fibers were discussed in terms of raw sources, bulky & complex plant cell wall materials, individually separated hydrocolloid materials and specifically designed materials. Each existence state possesses the distinct physical parameters governing a variety of physiological properties of dietary fibers.