• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2016

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess heat stress, compare heat stress indices, and evaluate the usefulness of wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) among outdoor workers exposed to heat during the summer season. Methods: WBGT, dry temperature, and heat index were measured using WBGT measurers (QUESTemp 32 model and QUESTemp 34 model, QUEST, WI, USA) by industrial hygienists from August 27 to September 16, 2015. Heat stress indices were measured at the workplaces of a shipbuilder in Ulsan and a construction site in Daegu. The dry temperature observed by the Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) of the Korea Meteorological Administration was also compared. Results: Dry temperature measured by WBGT is different from that by ASOS. The temperature obtained from ASOS was less than $33^{\circ}C$, above which point a heat wave is forecast by the Korea Meteorological Administration. A heat index above $32.8^{\circ}C$ as a moderate risk was not observed during measurement. WBGT was consistently higher than $22^{\circ}C$, above which the risk of heat-related illness is increased in unacclimated workers involved in work with a high metabolic rate. WBGT was sometimes higher than $28^{\circ}C$, above which the risk of heat-related illness is increased in acclimated workers involved in work with a moderate metabolic rate in September. Conclusion: According to the measurement of heat stress indices, WBGT was more sensitive than heat index and temperature. Thus, general measures to prevent heat-related diseases should be implemented in workplaces during the summer season according to WBGT.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.224-236
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• 1999

배경: 역동적 심근성형술에서 골격근 수축에 의한 단기 혈역학적 변화를 관찰하고 이에 미치는 인자를 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 이를 위해 20-30kg 사이의 한국산 잡견 10마리를 두 그룹으로 나눠 심장 상태를 정상과 심부전 상태로 구분하였고 골격근 상태도 활성도 및 수축력의 차이가 나도록 구분하였다. 그룹 A에서는 5마리의 정상 심장상태의 실험견에 심근성형술을 시행한 뒤 8주후 혈역학 검사를 실시하였고, 그룹 B에서는 5마리의 실험견에 8주동안 매주 1 mg/kg의 doxorubicin을 주입하여 만성 심부전 상태를 만들면서 동시에 좌측 광배근의 사전 조건화를 위한 근육훈련을 한후 심근성형술을 시행하고 바로 혈역학 검사를 실시하였다. 결과: 그룹 A의 정상 심장 상태에서 광배근 수축으로 평균 우심방 압력을 제외한 나머지 좌심실 혈역학 지수에는 유의한 변화가 없었다. 그룹 B에서는 광배근 수축으로 심박출량(cardiac output; CO)은 16.7$\pm$7.2%, 좌심실 압력발생 속도(positive pressure development rate of left ventricle; dp/dt)는 9.3$\pm$3.2%, 일회 심박출량(stroke volume; SV)은 16.8$\pm$8.6%, 좌심실 박출작업량(left ventricular stroke work; SW)은 23.1$\pm$9.7% 증가하였고, 좌심실 이완기말압(left ventricular end-diastole pressure; LVEDP)은 32.1$\pm$4.6%, 평균 폐동맥쐐기압(mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; mPCWP)은 17.7$\pm$9.1% 감소하였다(p<0.05). 그러나 그룹 A에서 imipramine을 7.5 mg/kg/hour의 속도로 34$\pm$2.6분 투여하여 CO이 17.5$\pm$2.7%, 좌심실 수축기압(left ventricular systolic pressure)이 15.8$\pm$2.5% 감소하고 LVEDP가 54.3$\pm$15.2% 증가한 일시적 급성 심부전 상태를 유도한 뒤(p<0.05), 이 상태에서 광배근을 자극하였더니 CO은 4.5$\pm$1.8%, dp/dt는 3.1$\pm$1.1%, SV는 5.7$\pm$3.6%, SW는 6.9$\pm$4.4% 증가하였고, LVEDP는 11.7$\pm$4.7% 감소하였다(p<0.05). 그룹 A의 급성 심부전 상태와 그룹 B의 만성 심부전 상태에서 모두 광배근 수축으로 변화한 CO, dp/dt, SV, SW, LVEDP 같은 좌심실 혈역학 지표들의 변화의 폭을 비교하면 그룹 B에서 그룹 A에서보다 더 컸다(p<0.05). 그룹 A에서 유도된 급성 심부전 상태와 그룹 B의 만성 심부전 상태가 CO, dp/dt, SV, SW, LVEDP 같은 좌심실 혈역학 지표들 면에서 통계학적으로 차이가 없고(p>0.05), 육안적으로 광배근을 관찰하였을 때 그룹 A에서는 광배근의 유착 및 염증소견이 모두에서 있었고 그중 2마리에서는 광배근의 수축을 목격할 수 없었던 반면, 그룹 B에서는 5마리 모두에서 광배근이 활발하게 수축하였다는 점을 함께 고려하면 그룹 B에서의 더 큰 증폭 효과가 광배근의 활성도 및 수축력의 차이로부터 기인한다고 평가할 수 있다. 결론: 이상에서 역동적 심근성형술의 수축기 혈역학적 변화는 심부전 상태에서만 긍정적인 개선 효과를 나타내며, 그 효과의 극대화를 위해서는 근육의 수축력을 유지하는 것이 매우 중요함을 알 수 있다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.29-46
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• 2013

A survey conducted on 1,103 patients or caretakers visited Korean medical clinics and hospitals between August 25, 2011 to September 30, 2011 by the Ministry of Health and Welfares and Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs was analyzed and obtained following results: 1. For sociodemographic distribution, female(813) outnumbered male(290) patients with majority of patients ranging from 30s to 60s. Married patients(793) outnumbered unwed(150) patients and 65.0% with higher than high school education. Statistical significance was seen in gender, age, marital status, and education level but no significant difference for status of employment, income level, and types of insurance between the clinics and hospitals. (P<0.05). 45.1% had less than \2,000,000 in monthly salary and most of coverage was provided by either regional or work insurance. 2. 67.9% of the patients rated health conditions to be better than average and 32.1% listed as poor. People in good health showed tendency to visit Korean medical facilities. Musculo-skeletal conditions such as arthritis, ankle sprain, lumbago, muscular injury, and frozen shoulder were common conditions, followed by gastric disorders, common cold and herbal tonics. No significant difference was observed between the clinics and hospitals for above conditions, but significance was seen in atopic dermatitis, stroke, and sequela from traffic accidents (P<0.05). 3. Ten most common conditions addressed at Korean medical facilities were lumbago, arthritis, muscular injury, back sprain, gastric disorders, ankle sprain, common cold, herbal tonics, frozen shoulder and stroke. Major treatment modalities rendered were herbal medicine, herbal supplements, acupuncture and moxibustion, cupping, tuina, and Korean midical physical therapy. No significant difference existed between the clinics and hospitals. 4. All modalities showed at least 85% effectiveness. No statistical significant difference between the clinics and hospitals except for herbal decoction. (P=0.0452) 5. 88.3% of responses showed treatment satisfaction with significant difference between the clinics and hospitals (P=0.002). The occurrence of side effects was at 2%, mostly corning from treating digestive, skin, kidney disorders and neurological issues. No significant difference was observed between the clinics and hospitals. From the above results, the typical population visiting Korean medical facilities can be summarized as being middle aged female with relatively higher education and moderately low income. The health condition is generally good and the purpose of visit is to receive traditional treatments of acupuncture, herbal medicine, and physical therapy. Treatment efficacy and satisfaction were high with no significant differences between the clinics and hospitals.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

본 논문의 목적은 Ethyl Benzene 플랜트의 공정에서 과압 현상이 Column 상부의 반응폭주 및 화재 폭발의 원인이 되기 때문에 안전장치시스템의 신뢰도가 압력방출밸브가 요구하는 안전건전성수준으로 설계되어 있는지를 정량적으로 분석한 것이다. 압력방출밸브의 요구시 실패확률은 일반신뢰도 자료 조사결과를 근거로 하여 안전장치시스템에 대한 안전건전성수준의 목표등급을 SIL3으로 설정하였고, 이에 대한 PFD를 1.00E-3에서 1.00E-4로 결정하였다. 신뢰도 모델의 구축 및 결함수 분석기법을 이용하여 SIS의 요구시 실패확률에 대한 정량화를 수행한 결과 SIS에 대한 PFD는 Benzene Prefractionator Column, Benzene Column, EB Column에 대해 각각 8.97E-04, 5.37E-04, 5.37E-04로 계산되었다. 따라서 SIS의 신뢰도가 SIL3 등급에 요구되는 안전건전성수준으로 설계되어 있다고 판단되며 컨트롤밸브에 대한 6개월 주기의 Partial Stroke Test가 수행될 경우 각 Column의 SIS는 약 $22{\sim}27%$의 신뢰도 향상이 기대된다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.379-382
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• 2007

The MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) process is used in a micro/nano pattern manufacturing method. This method is based on the lithography technology. But the MEMS process has some problems such as complicated process, long processing time and high production costs. Many researchers are doing research in substitute manufacturing method to work out a solution to these problems. In this paper, we apply a dieless incremental forming technology to a substitute method of MEMS process. This dieless forming technology is using in the commercial scale sheet forming such as a prototype of automobile sheet parts. 5-axes CNC (Computerized Numeric Control) method are applied in this system to get a micro-scale dieless forming results. These 5-axes system are composed of precision AC servo motor stages (4-axes) and PZT actuator (1-axis). A PZT actuator is used in a precision actuating axis because it can be operated in the nano scale stroke resolution. This micro dieless incremental forming system has the advantage of minimization in manipulating distance and working space. As equipment and tools become smaller in size, minute inertia force and high natural frequency can be obtained. Therefore, high precision forming performance can be obtained. This allows the factory to quickly provide the customer with goods because the manufacturing system and process are reduced. To construct this micro manufacturing system, many technologies are necessary such as high stiffness frame, high precision actuating part, structural analysis, high precision tools and system control. To achieve the optimal forming quality, the micro dieless forming system is designed and made with high stiffness characteristic.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2002

Insomnia describes not only a state of a lack of sleep but also a causative factor for both psychological and physical disorders. Most people tend to underestimate the effects of insomnia on psychological problems, stroke, Sogal or other life-threatening conditions. insomnia may occur when 1) the flow of Jung(精), Ki(氣), Shin(神) and Hyul(血) is not smooth; 2) the five Jang organs and six Bu organs are in disharmony; 3) Shin(身) and Hyung(形) are inconsistently developed; 4) Young and Wi(衛) do not work in concert; 5) and other factors such as age or exposure to Cold are involved. I observed my patients suffering from insomnia according to Hyungsang medicine, which is based on 'Dongyuibogam'(東醫寶鑑). Insomnia due to the problems with Jung, Ki. Shin and Hyul was found in the Shin type(神科) and the Ki type(氣科). When it comes to the organs, sleep disorder significantly correlates to weakened Spleen, Liver and Kidneys. In terms of the inconsistent development of Shin and Hyung, patients who were shortsighted or experienced surgery showed insomnia. Patients exposed to Cold showed false type agitation. With respect to age, while children showed a weakened Gallbladder, the aged had deficient Blood. Sleep disorder caused by disharmony of Young and Wi occurs at dusk or dawn.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2016

In the present study, a single cylinder four stroke dual fuel diesel engine was tested to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of various test fuels. The engine was tested in dual fuel mode using diesel and Karanja biodiesel blends as pilot fuel along with Natural gas as primary fuel with a constant gas flow rate under different loading conditions. From the experimentation it was found that smoke opacity and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are at low level for all the prepared test fuels in dual fuel mode but the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and hydrocarbon (HC) were found higher. In comparison to diesel fuel, by increasing the blend percentage different emission parameters are found to be reduced. At different loading conditions all the test fuels show poor performance in dual fuel mode of operation when compared with single mode of operation with diesel and biodiesel. With increase in gas flow rates, except (NOx) and smoke emissions, the other emission parameters like CO, HC and $CO_2$ values increased for all test fuels. Again, all blended fuels showed lower performance compared to diesel. The maximum pilot fuel savings for diesel was found decreasing with the increase in karanja biodiesel. From the present work it may be concluded that Karanja biodiesel with Natural gas in dual mode can be can used as promising alternative for diesel with some required engine modifications and further research must be carried out to minimize the emissions of CO, HC and $CO_2$.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.715-720
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• 2014

좌심실보조장치(LVAD)가 심실부하감소에 미치는 영향을 극대화 하기 위해, 심실보조장치 치료를 위한 최적의 심부전 심각도 단계를 찾는 것은 중요하다. 우리는 심부전 정도에 따른 LVAD 의 박동효율을 이론적으로 예측하였다. 우리는 혈관시스템의 6 컴파트먼트의 Wind-kessel 모델과 연동된 심실의 삼차원 유한요소모델을 사용하였다. 이 모델을 이용하여, LVAD 치료 하에서 심부전의 정도에 따라 심실의 수축성 ATP 소모율, 좌심실압력, 심박출량, 심박출 분획, 1 회심박출량 등과 같은 심장응답을 예측하였다. LVAD 치료 중에 에너지학적 부하조건을 암시하는 수축성 ATP 소모율은 5 단계 심부전 조건에서 가장 크게 감소하였다. 따라서, 우리는 LVAD 를 회복으로의 가교로서 고려하고 있을 때, 심부전 5 단계에서 LVAD 치료를 시작하는 것이 가장 적절하다는 결론을 내린다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the method of setting up logic and estimate Fang Youzhi's work through Shanghanluntiaobian. Methods : Wang Shuhe's old edition Shanghanlun and Fang Youzhi's Shanghanluntiaobian were compared and several essential provisions were analyzed and addressed the positive and negative aspects of Fang Youzhi's revising old edition Shanghanlun mixed bamboo tablets. Results : Fang Youzhi's changing Bianmaifa("辨脈法") and Pingmaifa("平脈法") and placement Bianchishiyemaizhengbingzhi chapter after Liujingbingmaizhengbingzhi for discriminating convulsion dampness summer heat stroke from febrile diseases is appropriate. Fang Youzhi's deletion Shanghanli("傷寒例") chapter that has a guiding characteristics shows his editorial policy. Fang Youzhi's addition Bianwenbingfengwenzabingmaizhengbingzhi chapter is for discriminating febrile disease from epidemic febrile disease wind warmth syndrome miscellaneous disease and it indicates Shanghanlun is a book of treatment after differentiation of syndromes containing epidemic febrile disease and miscellaneous disease. Through Fang Youzhi's revising method I can see several positive aspects. First he tried to refine the logic of the content of Shanghanlun and accord with an actual situation. Second he shows Shanghanlun is a book of treatment after differentiation of syndromes containing epidemic febrile disease and miscellaneous disease and tried to see Shanghanlun clearly. A criticism of the Preserving Old Edition Shanghanlun group could interrupt flexibility and creative thinking reading Shanghanlun and a criticism to the Sangangdingli Principles of the several exegetists is a productive criticism because medicine treats human being so it cannot be completed by a logic. Conclusions : All of these processes are Fang Youzhi's endeavour for strengthening the system and logicality of the old edition Shanghanlun and it is meaningful to show a method to read Shanghanlun to beginners.

• 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2001

회화에서 사용되는 효과들을 컴퓨터 화면상에 재현하고자 하는 많은 연구가 있었다. 수채화나 유화와 같은 서양화의 경우는 주로 사진 이미지를 수채화나 유하 효과를 가지는 이미지로 변환하는 기법이 연구되었다. 그러나 동양화의 경우는 서양화와는 달리 사물의 특징을 나타낼 수 있는 몇 개의 스트록(Stroke)만을 사용해서 그려지기 때문에, 변환 기법이 서양화에서처럼 용이하지 않다. 따라서 동양화에서는 주로 그림을 그리는 도구들의 모델링(Modeling)을 통해 결과 이미지를 생성하는 방법이 사용되었다. 본 논문에서는 동양화를 생성할 때, 중요한 요소인 번짐효과를 표현하기 위한 모델을 제안한다. 이것을 위해 스트록의 물 함유 상태를 구분하기 위한 방법으로 계층 모델에 대해 설명하고, 물과 잉크가 종이의 각 셀 사이로 이동하기 위한 모델로 지역 평형 모델을 제안한다. 지역 평형 모델은 빠른 시간안에 효과적으로 잉크와 물의 이동을 계산할 수 있는 한가지 방법을 제공하는 모델이다. 또한 동양화적인 붓의 표현을 위해 붓에서의 잉크 감소 모델에 대해 설명한다. 마지막으로 각 모델들의 모델링 결과로 생성되는 몇가지 효과들과 그려진 동양화 결과를 보여준다.