• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.111-119
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• 2016

Rebound hammer test, SonReb method and concrete core test are most useful testing methods for estimate the concrete compressive strength of deteriorated concrete structures. But the accuracy of the NDE results on the existing structures could be reduced by the effects of the uncertainty of nondestructive test methods, material effects by aging and carbonation, and mechanical damage by drilling of core. In this study, empirical procedure for verifying the in-situ compressive strength of concrete is suggested through the probabilistic analysis on the 268 data of rebound and ultra-pulse velocity and core strengths obtained from 106 bridges. To enhance the accuracy of predicted concrete strength, the coefficients of core strength, and surface hardness caused by ageing or carbonation was adopted. From the results, the proposed equation by KISTEC and the estimation procedures proposed by authors is reliable than previously suggested equation and correction coefficient.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2017

A clear correlation exists between the compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete. Unfortunately, determining the static elastic modulus requires destructive methods and determining the dynamic elastic modulus is greatly complicated by the shape and size of the specimens. This paper reports on a novel approach to the prediction of compressive strength in concrete cylinders using numerical calculations in conjunction with the impact-echo method. This non-destructive technique involves obtaining the speeds of P-waves and S-waves using correction factors through numerical calculation based on frequencies measured using the impact-echo method. This approach makes it possible to calculate the dynamic elastic modulus with relative ease, thereby enabling the prediction of compressive strength. Experiment results demonstrate the speed, convenience, and efficacy of the proposed method.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.837-847
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• 2016

Tone mapping for High Dynamic Range(HDR) image provides matching human visual perception between real world scene and displayable devices. Recently, a tone mapping algorithm based on localized gamma correction is proposed. This algorithm is using human visual properties of contrast and colorfulness with background intensity, generating a weight map for gamma correction. However, this method have limitations of controlling enhancement region as well as generating halo artifacts caused by the weight map construction. To overcome aforementioned limitations, proposed algorithm in this paper modifies previous weight map, considering base layer intensity of input luminance channel. By determining enhancement region locally and globally based on base layer intensity, gamma values are corrected accordingly. Therefore, proposed algorithm selectively enhances local brightness and controls strength of edges. Subjective evaluation using z-score shows that our proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional methods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2018.11a
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• pp.42-43
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• 2018

The research is to suggest the compensating strength values depending on various managing periods of concrete based on the strength development model calculated with equivalent age method for 20% of blast furnace slag replaced concrete. As a result, for 28 days of managing period, 9, 6, and 3MPa of compensating strength values were suggested when the temperatures were from 4 to 6℃, from 6 to 12℃, from 12 to 17℃, respectively. Additionally, for 42 days of managing period, 6 and 3MPa of compensating strength value was suggested when the temperature was from 4 to 7℃, from 7 to 12℃, and for 56 days of managing period, 3MPa of compensating strength value was suggested when the temperature was from 4 to 9℃. Furthermore, for 28, 42, 56, and 91 days of managing periods, any compensating strength values were needed when the temperature were higher than 17, 12, 9, and 4℃, respectively.

• Asian Spine Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1053-1059
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• 2018

Study Design: Retrospective review. Purpose: To detect the effect of cannulated (poly-axial head) and solid (mono-axial head) screws on the local kyphotic angle, vertebral body height, and superior and inferior angles between the screw and the rod in the surgical management of thoracolumbar fractures. Overview of Literature: Biomechanics studies showed that the ultimate load, yield strength, and cycles to failure were significantly lower with cannulated (poly-axial head) pedicle comparing to solid core (mono-axial head). Methods: The medical charts of patients with thoracolumbar fractures who underwent pedicle screw fixation with cannulated or solid pedicle screws were retrospectively reviewed; the subjects were followed up from January 2011 to December 2015. Results: Total 178 patients (average age, $36.1{\pm}12.4years$; men, 142 [84.3%]; women, 28 [15.7%]) with thoracolumbar fractures who underwent surgery and were followed up at Hamad Medical Corporation were classified, based on the screw type as those with cannulated screws and those with solid screws. The most commonly affected level was L1, followed by L2 and D12. Surgical correction of the local kyphotic angle was significantly different in the groups; however, there was no significant difference in the loss of correction of the local kyphotic angle of the groups. Surgical correction of the reduction in the vertebral body height showed statistical significance, while the average loss of correction in the reduction of the vertebral body height was not significantly different. The measurement of the angles made by the screws on the rods was not significantly different between the cannulated (poly-axial head) and solid (mono-axial head) screw groups. Conclusions: Solid screws were superior in terms of providing increased correction of the kyphotic angle and height of the fractured vertebra than the cannulated screws; however, no difference was noted between the screws in the maintenance of the superior and inferior angles of the screw with the rod.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.6 no.3 s.21
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• pp.99-105
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• 2006

In this paper, the estimation of compressive strength of concrete incorporating fly ash subjected to high temperature is discussed. Ordinary Portland cement and fly ash cement(30% of fly ash) were used, respectively. Water to binder ration ranging from 30% to 60% and curing temperature ranging from $20^{\circ}C{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ were also adopted for the experimental parameters. According to results, at the high temperature, FAC had higher strength development at early age than OPC concrete and it kept its high strength development at later age due to accelerated pozzolanic reaction subjected to high temperature. For strength estimation, Logistic model based on maturity equation and Carino model based on equivalent age were applied to verify the availability of estimation model. It shows that fair agreements between calculated values and measured values were obtained evaluating compressive strength with logistic curve. The application of logistic model at high temperature had remarkable deviations in the same maturity. Whereas, the application of Carino model showed good agreements between calculated values and measured ones regardless of type of cement and W/B. However, some correction factors should be considered to enhance the accuracy of strength estimation of concrete.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.47-48
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• 2018

The aim of the research is to suggest the compensating strength values depending on various managing periods of concrete based on the strength development model calculated with equivalent age method for OPC 100 % concrete. As a result, for 28 days of managing period, 6, and 3 MPa of compensating strength values were suggested when the temperatures were from 4 to 9℃, from 9 to 17℃, respectively. Additionally, for 42 days of managing period, 3MPa of compensating strength value was suggested when the temperature was from 4 to 10℃, and for 56 days of managing period, 3 MPa of compensating strength value was suggested when the temperature was from 4 to 5℃. Furthermore, for 28, 42, 56, and 91 days of managing periods, any compensating strength values were needed when the temperature were higher than 17, 10, 5, and 4℃, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.347-355
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• 2007

In this paper, estimation of the compressive strength of the concrete incorporating blast furnace slag subjected to high temperature was discussed. Ordinary Portland cement and blast furnace slag cement (BSC;30% of blast furnace slag) were used, respectively. Water to binder ratio ranging from 30% to 60% and curing temperature ranging from $20^{\circ}C{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ were also chosen for the experimental parameters, respectively. At the high temperature, BSC had higher strength development at early age than OPC concrete and it kept its high strength development at later age due to accelerated latent hydration reaction subjected to high temperature. For the strength estimation, the Logistic model based on maturity equation and the Carino model based on equivalent age were applied to verify the availability of estimation model. It was found that fair agreements between calculated values and measured values were obtained evaluating compressive strength with logistic curve. The application of logistic model at high temperature had remarkable deviations in the same maturity. Whereas, the application of Carino model showed good agreements between calculated values and measured ones regardless of type of cement and W/B. However, some correction factors should be considered to enhance the accuracy of strength estimation of concrete.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.195-202
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• 1994

In this research, a lot of triaxial test results (CID) are analyzed to study the curvature characteristics of failure envelope of sand and parametric relationship between shear strength and state parameter by Been and Jefferies. In the conventional triaxial tests, correction for the change of sectional area of a sample and for membrane influence is essential especially in order to determine critical state (or steady state) condition more correctly. Based on the test results, a model to express the shear strength of fine sand as a function of density and stress level is presented and curvature characteristics of shear failure envelope and parametric relationship between state parameter and shear strength parameters are evaluated.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1992.04a
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• pp.114-119
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• 1992

The main disadvantages of destructive testing methods are the delay in obtaining test results, the relatively high cost of testing, and the lack of reproducibility in the test results. As a result, nondestructive testing methods are generally used. There are three objectives in this paper. The first is to determine the equations of the compressive strength of concrete estimated by Schmidt hammer technique, ultrasonic pulse velocity method and combined method respectively in laboratory. The second is to determine the correction factors according to the concrete age which affects most in evaluating the compressive strength of in-situ concrete. The third is to examine the applicability of the equations to evaluation of the compressive strength of in-situ concrete structures.