• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.134-145
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• 2010

Purpose: The serologic diagnosis of rotaviral infections is not commonly used in clinical practice, but is used in seroepidemiologic studies. In this study, the usefulness of Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant VP6 proteins of group A rotavirus in the serodiagnosis of rotavirus infections by ELISA was evaluated. Methods: The recombinant VP6 proteins of group A rotavirus expressed in E. coli Rosetta II strain were purified and identified. One hundred sera from 22 children (4 healthy neonates, 13 healthy children, and 5 immunocompromised children) who had serial sera samples prior to and after rotavirus infections were provided by the Gyeongsang National University Hospital, a member of the National Biobank of Korea. IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies against rVP6 were analyzed by ELISA in all of the patients and Western blot analysis in 4 neonates. Results: ELISA tests using rVP6 proteins of group A rotavirus as antigen revealed that IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies increased after rotaviral infections in most neonates and healthy children. IgG antibodies also increased after rotaviral infections in most immunocompromised children without an adequate increase in IgM or IgA antibodies. Western blot analysis in four neonates revealed very early IgM antibody responses, even in the sera with low optical densities in ELISA tests. Conclusion: Our study showed that ELISA using rVP6 as an antigen is a valid diagnostic tool for seroepidemiologic studies of rotavirus infections and Western blot analysis is a sensitive test in detecting IgG, IgA, and and IgM antibodies in patients with rotavirus infections.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.118-135
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• 1988

This study is designed to analyze the problems of health education in schools and explore the ways of enhancing health education from a historical perspective. It also shed light on the managerial aspect of health education (including medical-check-up for students disease management. school feeding and the health education law and its organization) as well as its educational aspect (including curriculum, teaching & learning, and wishes of teachers). At the same time it attempted to present the ways of resolving the problems in health education as identified her. Its major findings are as follows; I. Colculsion and Summary 1. Despite the importance of health education, the area remains relatively undeveloped. Students spend a greater part of their time in schools. Hence the government should develop a keener awareness of the importance of health education and invest more in it to ensure a healthy, comfortable life for students. 2. At the moment the outcomes of medical-check-up for students, which constitutes the mainstay of health education, are used only as statistical data to report to the relevant authorities. Needless to say they should be used to help improve the wellbeing of students. Specifically, nurse-teachers and home-room teachers should share the outcomes of medical-check-up to help the students wit shortcomings in growth or development or other physical handicaps more clearly recognize their problems and correct them if possible. 3. In the area of disease management, 62.6, 30.3 and 23.0 percent of primary, middle, and highschool students, respectively, were found to suffer from dental ailments. By contrast 2.2, 7.8, and 11.5 percent of primary, middle and highschool students suffered from visual disorders. The incidence of dental ailments decreases while that of visual impairments increases as students grow up. This signifies that students are under tremendous physical strain in their efforts to be admitted by schools of higher grade. Accordingly the relevant authorities should revise the current admission system as well as improve lighting system in classrooms. 4. Budget restraints have often been cited as a major bottleneck to the expansion of school feeding. Nevertheless it should be extended at least, to all primary schools even at the expense of parents to ensure the sound growth of children by improving their diet. 5. The existing health education law should be revised in such a way as to better meet the needs of schools. Also the manpower for health education should be strengthened. 6. Proper curriculum is essential to the effective implementation of health education. Hence it is necessary to remove those parts in the current health education curriculum that overlaps with other subjects. It is also necessary to make health education a compulsory course in teachers' college at the same time the teachers in charge of health education should be given an in-service training. 7. Currently health education is being taught as part of physical education, science, home economics or other courses. However these subjects tend to be overshadowed by English, mathematics, and other subjects which carry heavier weight in admission test. It is necessary among other things, to develop an educational plan specifying the course hours and teaching materials. 8. Health education is carried out by nurse-teachers or home-room teachers. In connection with health education, they expressed the hope that health education will be normalized with newly-developed teaching material, expanded opportunity for in-service training and increased budget, facilities and supply of manpower. These are the mainpoints that the decision-makers should take into account in the formation of future policy for health education. II. Recommendations for the Improvement of Health Education 1. Regular medical check-up for students, which now is the mainstay of health education, should be used as educational data in an appropriate manner. For instance the records of medical check-up could be transferred between schools. 2. School feeding should be expanded at least in primary schools at the expense of the government or even parents. It will help improve the physical wellbeing of youths and the diet for the people. 3. At the moment the health education law is only nominal. Hence the law should be revised in such a way as to ensure the physical wellbeing of students and faculty. 4. Health education should be made a compulsory course in teachers' college. Also the teachers in service should be offered training in health education. 5. The curriculum of health education should be revised. Also the course hours should be extended or readjusted to better meet the needs of students. 6. In the meantime the course hours should be strictly observed, while educational materials should be revised in no time. 7. The government should expand its investment in facilities, budget and personnel for health education in schools at all levels.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2005

In order to develop a new microbial fungicide using endophytic bacteria for the control of anthracnoses occurring on various crops, a total of 260 bacterial strains were isolated from fresh tissues of 5 plant species. After they were cultured in broth medium, their antifungal activities were tested for in vivo antifungal activity against cucumber anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare. As the results, liquid cultures of 28 strains showed potent antifungal activities more than $90\%$ against cucumber anthracnose. At 3-fold dilutions of liquid cultures, 18 strains inhibited the development of cucumber anthracnose of more than $70\%$. They were further tested for in vivo antifungal activity against red pepper anthracnose caused by C. coccodes and in vitro antifungal activity against C. acutatum, a fungal agent causing red pepper anthracnose. Among 18 strains, a bacterial strain EB215 isolated from cucumber roots displayed the most potent antifungal activity against Colletotrichum species. It was identified as Burkholderia cepacia based on its physiological and biochemical characteristics, Biolog test and 16S rDNA gene sequence. It also controlled effectively the development of rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea), rice sheath blight (Corticium sasaki), tomato gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), and tomato late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Studies on the characterization of antifungal substances produced by B. cepacia EB215 are in progress.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.305-312
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• 1998

In order to investigate the species, serobiological characteristics and antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas spp, we isolated Pseudomonas spp from 57 spring waters around Seoul area for spring, summer and autumn and identified Pseudomonas spp by biochemical characteristics and serological method. And also we tested the antibiotic sensitivity test by discdiffusion method. Of 57 spring waters tested, Pseudomonas spp were isolated from 33 spring waters(57.9%). Isolation rate of Pseudomonas spp in spring season was 28.1%, summer 21.1% and autumn 28.1%. Only 1 spring water was detected Pseudomonas spp in all seasons and 9 (15.8%) were detected for 2 seasons and 13 (22.8%) were for only 1 season. Isolation rate of Pseudomonas spp at Mt. Cheonggye was 50% and followed by Mt. Bookhan 35.7%, Mt. Daemo 33.3%, Mt. Dobong 29.6%, Mt. Surak 25.9%, Mt. Woomyun 22.2% and Mt. Bulam 7.4%. Of 44 Pseudomonas spp, 22 strains (50%) were identified by Ps. putida, Ps. aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens and Ps. mendocina were identified 6 strains (13.6%), respectively. 4 strains (9.1%) were identified by Ps. aureofaciens. Of 6 Ps. aeruginosa, serotype A was 2 strains, B, E, G, and K was 1 strain, respectively. Of 44 Pseudomonas spp, resistance rate to amoxicillin was 90.9% and followed by chloramphenicol 84.1%, tetracycline 84.1%, carbenicillin 81.8%, nalidixic acid 68.2%, neomycin 38.6%, streptomycin 31.8%, gentamicin 4.6%, kanamycin 4.6% and colistin 2.3%. Ps. aeruginosa was more sensitive to carbenicillin than other Pseudomonas spp isolated from spring waters in Seoul area but more resistant to kanamycin, and Ps. aureofaciens was no resistant to streptomycin. Among multiple drug resistance, resistance to 5 drugs was 31.8%, 4 drugs 15.9%, 7 drugs 13.6%, 1 drug and 2 drugs 4.6%, and 8 drugs 2.3%, respectively. The multiple resistance patterns detected highestly were NA-CB-C-TE-AMC (18.2%), NA-CB-N-C-TE-AMC (13.6%), CBC-TE-AMC (11.4%) and NA-CB-N-C-TE-AMC-S (9.1%).

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2005

Binocular vision had a short history in Korea. As there were many near works in these days, the needs about comparative study have been increased. There was related to both refractive error and binocular anomalies, but it is difficult to applying for binocular vision expected findings in itself due to the fact that Korean differ from foreigner. Objects were 100 adults in 18-36 years old ages, The test was Von Gaefe method and used aparatus was phoropter(Shinnippon VT10)and visual chart(Shinnippon CT30). According to interview results was that symptom in near works were headaches 28.0%, blinking 27.3%, red eye 25.1%, eyepain 15.6%, watering 15.3%, itch 12.2%, photophobia 8.5% and eye strain 7.4%. A people who have above ${\pm}0.50$ D refractive error in total objectives (100-male 45/female 55) were classified into ametropia. There was a results such as emmetropia (12.0%), ametropia(88.0%), exophoria(32.0%), esophoria(12.0%). Far negative relative convergence were that in case of high 43.0%, in case of low 7.0%. Far positive relative convergence were that in case of high 15.0%, in case of low 38.0%. Near phoria was exophoria(32.0%), esophoria(12.0%). Near negative relative convergence were that in case of high 23.0%, in case of low 38.0%. Far positive relative convergence were that in case of high 29.0%, in case of low 23.0%. Near negative relative accommodation were that in case of high 10.0%, in case of low 14,0%, Far positive relative convergence were that in case of high 69.0%, in case of low 12.0%. Results were different from expected findings, and especially positive relative accommodation was very high, However, We suggest that the expected findings in Korea for several subjects must study in binocular function.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to obtain the basis of degradation of remaining agricultural chemicals accumulated in upland soils of Honam district in Korea. The population. relative growth rate(RGR). chlorothalonil(TPN)-degradation ability and bacterialogical characteristics of TPN resistant strains were investigated in TPN levels of 0, 25, 50, 100 and $500{\mu}l/ml$ compared with Mancozeb. A number of TPN-resistant bacteria were differ in the area of examined and were decreased with higher levels of TPN. The resistance of bacteria was stronger in TPN than Mancozeb but the resistance of fungi was vise versa. RGR of bacteria in the culture was the highest at the level of $50{\mu}l/ml$ and the lowest in $500{\mu}l/ml$ of TPN. TPN-degradation ability of bacteda isolated in various TPN levels was varied : only 8 percentage of bacteria showed 75 percentage or more degradation ability. The higher the concentration in TPN resistance, the larger the number of strains carried great ability to decompose pesticide residues. The strains having higher decomposition ability was rod-shapes cells and senstive to heat. Analyses of the indol production, methyl red, and V-P test have given similar results, with negative reaction in all these strain, while the other biochemical characteristics were differ in the strains. Based on these, these strains might be classified into Pseudomonas sp., Corynebacterium sp., Acinetobacter sp. and Moraxcella sp.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.297-304
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• 2007

For large and rapid screening of high-yielding mutants of lovastatin produced by filamentous fungal cells of Aspergillus terreus, one of the most important stage is to test as large amounts of mutated strains as possible. For this purpose, we intended to develop a miniaturized cultivation method using $7m{\ell}$ culture tube instead of traditional $250m{\ell}$ flask (working volume $50m{\ell}$). For obtaining large amounts of conidiospores to be used as inoculums for miniaturized cultures, 4 components i.e., glucose, sucrose, yeast extract and $KH_2PO_4$ were intensively investigated, which had been observed to show positive effect on enhancement of spore production through Plackett-Burman design experimet. When optimum concentrations of these components that were determined through application of response surface method (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) were used, maximum spore numbers amounting to $1.9\times10^{10}$ spores/plate were obtained, resulting in approximately 190 fold increase as compared to the commonly used PDA sporulation medium. Using the miniaturized cultures, intensive strain development programs were carried out for screening of lovastatin high-yielding as well as highly reproducible mutants. It was observed that, for maximum production of lovastatin, the producers should be activated through 'PaB' adaptation process during the early solid culture stage. In addition, they should be proliferated in condensed filamentous forms in miniaturized growth cultures, so that optimum amounts of highly active cells could be transferred to the production culture-tube as reproducible inoculums. Under these highly controlled fermentation conditions, compact-pelleted morphology of optimum size (less than 1 mm in diameter) was successfully induced in the miniaturized production cultures, which proved essential for maximal utilization of the producers' physiology leading to significantly enhanced production of lovastatin. As a result of continuous screening in the miniaturized cultures, lovastatin production levels of the 81% of the daughter cells derived from the high-yielding producers turned out to be in the range of 80%$\sim$120% of the lovastatin production level of the parallel flask cultures. These results demonstrate that the miniaturized cultivation method developed in this study is efficient high throughput system for large and rapid screening of highly stable and productive strains.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.515-525
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• 2007

In this investigation, results of laboratory tests on four reinforced concrete flat plate interior connections with elongated rectangular column support which has been used widely in tall residential buildings are presented. The purpose of this study is to evaluate an effect of column aspect ratio (${\beta}_c={c_1}/{c_2}$=side length ratio of column section in the direction of lateral loading $(c_1)$ to the direction of perpendicular to $c_1$) on the hysteretic behavior under earthquake type loading. The aspect ratio of column section was taken as $0.5{\sim}3\;(c_1/c_2=1/2,\;1/1,\;2/1,\;3/1)$ and the column perimeter was held constant at 1200mm in order to achieve nominal vertical shear strength $(V_c)$ uniformly. Other design parameters such as flexural reinforcement ratio $(\rho)$ of the slab and concrete strength$(f_{ck})$ was kept constant as ${\rho}=1.0%$ and $f_{ck}=40MPa$, respectively. Gravity shear load $(V_g)$ was applied by 30 percent of nominal vertical shear strength $(0.3V_o)$ of the specimen. Experimental observations on punching failure pattern, peak lateral-load and story drift ratio at punching failure, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation in the hysteresis loop, and steel and concrete strain distributions near the column support were examined and discussed in accordance with different column aspect ratio. Eccentric shear stress model of ACI 318-05 was evaluated with experimental results. A fraction of transferring moment by shear and flexure in the design code was analyzed based on the test results.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2013

Unlike general microwave, QRD (Quadratic Residue Diffusor) Microwave used in this study is known as a new technology that enhances the sterilization effect with low power because it is possible to induce the average sterilization by changing wavelength phase difference. Therefore, basic research was conducted on the function that could sterilize culture media for plant factory by using environmentally friendly and low energy consuming QRD Microwave. The results are as follows: It was confirmed that there was no external deformation in the polyurethane foam and rock wool medium when changing the microwave level between 2 and 8 kW in different water content of culture media. However, PDA solid media at 2 kW were not dissolved in 60 and 180 seconds. All of the media were dissolved in other processing. There was little difference in the microwave irradiation level and surface temperature of the strain according to the processing time between Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. In the sterility test according to the microwave irradiation level and processing time, it was confirmed that both Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. grew in the microwave level 2 kW regardless of time. In the microwave level 6 kW, all experimental groups except the processing of Burkholderia sp. for 60 seconds were sterilized, and all of Bacillus sp. was killed in the all experimental groups. In the microwave level 8 kW, it was confirmed that both Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. were sterilized regardless of time. The temperature in microwave-processed media after contaminating strains to each medium was maintained at more than 100 in polyurethane foam and rock wool medium after 60 seconds. In general, it was shown that it was possible to sterilize after 60 seconds. Therefore, it is considered that Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. which are the biggest problems in the plant factory can be adequately sterilized by QRD Microwave used in this study.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.120-128
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• 1976

Two experiments were conducted to study the nature of protein degradation in fish muscle postmortem, first one with English sole (Paraphyrus vetulus) followed by another with rockfish (Sebastodes spp.). In the first one, proteolysis was measured by the increase of amino-N in gutted fish during storage in ice and in the homogenates prepared from fish of different ice storage during $20^{\circ}C-incubation$. In order to test the possible involvement of fish muscle a cathepsin, a portion of each homogenate sample was exposed to 0.5 Mrad of gamma radiation to destroy viable microorganisms prior to the incubation. Proteolysis was not detected until viable count reached a level above $10^7$ cells per gm fish flesh, corresponding to 31 days of ice storage. Even if fish flesh were mechanically disrupted by means of homogenization and subsequently incubated at $20^{\circ}C$, proteloysis attributable to muscle cathepsin was not detected. In the second with rockfish muscle aseptically prepared from freshly killed fish, the samples were inoculated with a proteolytic strain of fish spoilage Pseudomonad or irradiated at 0, 0.5 and 3.0 Mrad. The four samle groups were stored at $0-2^{\circ}C$ to compare the spoilage pattern of sterile and non-sterile muscle. In sterile muscle both total-N (extracted in 0.5M KCl) and amino-N $(soluble\;in\;70\%\;ethanol)$ declined slightly while the inoculated muscle showing increase in parallel with the increase of number of inoculated bacterium. The results indicate that proteolysis is a part of normal fish spoilage and the onset of proteolysis is delayed until viable count reaches its maximum level. Contribution of fish muscle cathepsin to protein degradation in white flesh fish muscle post-mortem is nil.