• Elastomers and Composites
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.173-182
• /
• 2008

Rubber-pad forming process for materials such as metal in which portions of the die which act upon the material is composed of a natural or synthetic rubber or elastomer material. This makes the rubber pad forming process relatively cheap and flexible, high accuracy for small product series in particular. In this study, we carried out the physical test and finite element analysis of elastomer such as natural rubber and urethane for steel rack rube forming. The non-linear property of elastomer which are described as strain energy function are important parameter to design and evaluate of elastomer component. These are determined by material tests which are uni-axial tension and bi-axial tension. This study is concerned with simulation and investigation of the significant parameters associated with this process.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.205-213
• /
• 1988

It is not a simple task to optimize a cable stayed bridge, because it involves, in addition to the section properties, number and arrangement of cables, initial tension forces of cables, and type and height of the tower as design variables. This study deals with an optimization problem of cable stayed bridges considering initial cable forces, section properties of the girder and the tower, and coordinates of the tower. In order to avoid difficulties in dealing with numerous variables which interact mutually, separate design spaces are adopted for initial cable forces, section properties, and coordinates, respectively. Strain energy stored in the structure is used as the object function in the design of the initial cable forces, while weight of the structure is used in the design of section and coordinates. Upper and lower limits of the initial forces, allowable stresses including the effect of buckling, and lower limit of the sectional area are considered as constraints. The proposed method is applied to a fan type bridge and a harp type bridge. It is believed through comparison of the results to the previous results in the literature that the proposed method renders rational design values. It is also shown that the coordinate optimization, which is usually deleted in the optimization process, results in additional saving of materials.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.5 no.8
• /
• pp.936-944
• /
• 1995

The effects of Spinodal decomposition induced phase separated microstructure of InGaAsP/InP heterostructure on photoluminescence(PL) intensity and FWHM(full-width at half maximum) were investigated in this study. Lattice mismatches were measured by double crystal x-ray diffractometer, and the microstructures of phase separated InGaAsP were observed by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the misfit stress calculated from lattice mismatch was related to the periodicity of Spinodal modulation. Strong dependence of PL intensity and FWHM on the modulation periodicity was also found. For systematic understanding of these observations, the interaction elastic strain energy function induced by misfit stress was proposed. The calculation illustrated that the microstructure of the epilayer such as Spinodal decomposition played an important role in determining the optoelectronic properties such as PL intensity and PL FWHM.

• Journal of Magnetics
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.211-215
• /
• 2011

The dynamic magnetostriction characteristics of an Fe-based nanocrystalline FeCuNbSiB alloy are investigated as a function of the dc bias magnetic field. The experimental results show that the piezomagnetic coefficient of FeCuNbSiB is about 2.1 times higher than that of Terfenol-D at the low dc magnetic bias $H_{dc}$ = 46 Oe. Moreover, FeCuNbSiB has a large resonant dynamic strain coefficient at quite low Hdc due to a high mechanical quality factor, which is 3-5 times greater than that of Terfenol-D at the same low $H_{dc}$. Based on such magnetostriction characteristics, we fabricate a new type of transducer with FeCuNbSiB/PZT-8/FeCuNbSiB. Its maximum resonant magnetoelectric voltage coefficient achieves ~10 V/Oe. The ME output power reaches 331.8 ${\mu}W$ at an optimum load resistance of 7 $k{\Omega}$ under 0.4 Oe ac magnetic field, which is 50 times higher than that of the previous ultrasonic-horn-substrate composite transducer and it decreases the size by nearly 86%. The performance indicate that the FeCuNbSiB/PZT-8/FeCuNbSiB transducer is promising for application in highly efficient magnetoelectric energy conversion.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.165-174
• /
• 2010

In this paper, a two-phase structural health monitoring system using acceleration response signatures are presented to firstly alarm the change in structural condition and to secondly detect the changed location for full-scale concrete girder bridges. Firstly, Mihocheon Bridge which is a two-span continuous concrete girder bridge is selected as the target structure. The dynamic response features of Mihocheon Bridge are extracted by forced vibration test using bowling ball. Secondly, the damage alarming occurrence and the damage localization techniques are selected to design two-phase structural health monitoring system for Mihocheon Bridge. As the damage alarming techniques, auto-regressive model using time-domain signatures, correlation coefficient of frequency response function and frequency response ratio assurance criterion are selected. As the damage localization technique, modal strain energy-based damage index method is selected. Finally, the feasibility of two-phase structural health monitoring systems is evaluated from static loading tests using a dump truck.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.50 no.5
• /
• pp.374-381
• /
• 2022

In the mating of filamentous basidiomycetes, dikaryotic mycelia are generated through the reciprocal movement of nuclei to a monokaryotic cytoplasm where a nucleus of compatible mating type resides, resulting in the establishment of two different dikaryotic strains having the same nuclei but different mitochondria. To better understand the role of mitochondria in mushrooms, we created four sets of dikaryotic strains of Lentinula edodes, including B2×E13 (B2 side) and B2×E13 (E13 side), B5×E13 (B5 side) and B5×E13 (E13 side), E8×H3 (E8 side) and E8×H3 (H3 side), and K3×H3 (K3 side) and K3×H3 (H3 side). The karyotypes and mitochondrial types of the dikaryotic strains were successfully identified by the A mating type markers and the mitochondrial variable length tandem repeat markers, respectively. Comparative analyses of the dikaryotic strains on the mycelial growth, substrate browning, fruiting characteristics, and mitochondrial gene expression revealed that certain mitochondria are more effective in the mycelial growth and the production of fruiting body, possibly through the activated energy metabolism. Our findings indicate that mitochondria affect the physiology of dikaryotic strains having the same nuclear information and therefore a selection strategy aimed at mitochondrial function is needed in the development of new mushroom strain.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.152-161
• /
• 2015

CodY is a highly conserved protein in low G+C gram-positive bacteria that regulates genes involved in sporulation and stationary-phase adaptation. Bacillus thuringiensis is a grampositive bacterium that forms spores and parasporal crystals during the stationary phase. To our knowledge, the regulatory mechanism of CodY in B. thuringiensis is unknown. To study the function of CodY protein in B. thuringiensis, BMB171codY^- was constructed in a BMB171 strain. A shuttle vector containing the ORF of cry1Ac10 was transformed into BMB171 and BMB171codY^-, named BMB171cry1Ac and BMB171codY^-cry1Ac, respectively. Some morphological and physiological changes of codY mutant BMB171codY^-cry1Ac were observed. A comparative proteomic analysis was conducted for both BMB171codY^-cry1Ac and BMB171cry1Ac through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS analysis. The results showed that the proteins regulated by CodY are involved in microbial metabolism, including branched-chain amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, we found CodY to be involved in sporulation, biosynthesis of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, growth, genetic competence, and translation. According to the analysis of differentially expressed proteins, and physiological characterization of the codY mutant, we performed bacterial one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments and confirmed the direct regulation of genes by CodY, specifically those involved in metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, ribosomal recycling factor FRR, and the late competence protein ComER. Our data establish the foundation for in-depth study of the regulation of CodY in B. thuringiensis, and also offer a potential biocatalyst for functions of CodY in other bacteria.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.39-55
• /
• 1992

In this research, a Three Level Decomposition technique has been developed for configuration design optimization of truss structures. In the first level, as design variables, behavior variables are used and the strain energy has been treated as the cost function to be maximized so that the truss structure can absorb maximum energy. For design constraint of the optimal design problem, allowable stress, buckling stress, and displacement under multi-loading conditions are considered. In the second level, design problem is formulated using the cross-sectional area as the design variable and the weight of the truss structure as the cost function. As for the design constraint, the equilibrium equation with the optimal displacement obtained in the first level is used. In the third level, the nodal point coordinates of the truss structure are used as coordinating variable and the weight has been taken as the cost function. An advantage of the Three Level Decomposition technique is that the first and second level design problems are simple because they are linear programming problems. Moreover, the method is efficient because it is not necessary to carry out time consuming structural analysis and techniques for sensitivity analysis during the design optimization process. By treating the nodal point coordinates as design variables, the third level becomes unconstrained optimal design problems which is easier to solve. Moreover, by using different convergence criteria at each level of design problem, improved convergence can be obtained. The proposed technique has been tested using four different truss structures to yield almost identical optimum designs in the literature with efficient convergence rate regardless of constraint types and configuration of truss structures.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2005

Methylophaga aminosulfidovorans SK1 (KCTC 10323 BP) can utilize trimethylamine as a sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. The bacterial flavin-containing monooxygenase (bFMO) gene was identified in the strain and the recombinant enzyme expressed in E. coli oxidized trimethylamine. To study the function and regulation of the bfmo, over 8,000 nucleotide sequences of the neighboring regions including the bfmo were determined. Three open reading frames proceeding to the bfmo gene encoded analogues to highly conserved nitrate/nitrite sensing two-component system regulators and a methyl accepting protein. Two small open reading frames just downstream of the bfmo gene showed no similar proteins of known functions but the sequences were conserved among other bacteria. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the six putative genes consisted of three transcription units. The three regulatory genes located upstream of the bfmo gene formed two separate transcription units. The bfmo and the two downstream genes were transcribed from a single promoter.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.100-107
• /
• 2013

Unlike general microwave, QRD (Quadratic Residue Diffusor) Microwave used in this study is known as a new technology that enhances the sterilization effect with low power because it is possible to induce the average sterilization by changing wavelength phase difference. Therefore, basic research was conducted on the function that could sterilize culture media for plant factory by using environmentally friendly and low energy consuming QRD Microwave. The results are as follows: It was confirmed that there was no external deformation in the polyurethane foam and rock wool medium when changing the microwave level between 2 and 8 kW in different water content of culture media. However, PDA solid media at 2 kW were not dissolved in 60 and 180 seconds. All of the media were dissolved in other processing. There was little difference in the microwave irradiation level and surface temperature of the strain according to the processing time between Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. In the sterility test according to the microwave irradiation level and processing time, it was confirmed that both Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. grew in the microwave level 2 kW regardless of time. In the microwave level 6 kW, all experimental groups except the processing of Burkholderia sp. for 60 seconds were sterilized, and all of Bacillus sp. was killed in the all experimental groups. In the microwave level 8 kW, it was confirmed that both Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. were sterilized regardless of time. The temperature in microwave-processed media after contaminating strains to each medium was maintained at more than 100 in polyurethane foam and rock wool medium after 60 seconds. In general, it was shown that it was possible to sterilize after 60 seconds. Therefore, it is considered that Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp. which are the biggest problems in the plant factory can be adequately sterilized by QRD Microwave used in this study.