• 건축역사연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.39-54
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• 2011

The Bunhuangsa stone pagoda, constructed in AD. 634, National Treasure no. 30, has been named as 'brick-copied pagoda' since the Japanese-ruling period by scholars. It is said that the Chinese brick pagoda was its precedent model, however the Bunhuangsa Pagoda is the oldest of all the Chinese-style brick pagodas except one, the Sungaksa Pagoda. The Chinese pagoda cannot have been a precedent model to copy due to its complex detail of wood vestige, as the Bunhuangsa pagoda is simple form without ornament. Domestic brick pagodas cannot have been a precedent model to copy as well, because all the domestic brick pagodas are younger than the Bunhuangsa Pagoda. Therefore, the terminology 'brick-copied pagoda' is a fallacy; it is rather that later brick pagoda copied the precedent the Bunhuangsa stone pagoda. The Bunhuangsa Pagoda is simply a piled-up pagoda of thick or thin, big or small slates of stone, facing only one smooth side and therefore needing nothing to relate to brick. The originality of the pagoda is more related to simple piled-up Indian stone stupa rather than Chinese brick pagoda. The roof form of its gradually stepped projection comes from the harmika of the summit of Indian stupa. Contrary to general history, old Silla Dynasty imported Buddhism directly from India by sea. From written national history and by temple foundation history, the Indian Buddhism evangelist possibly made influence to the erecting of temple and pagoda. The original wrong terminology has made a harmful effect gradually to the naming of mass-styled stone pagoda of only carved stepped-roof form after brick-copied pagoda. The false term 'brick-copied pagoda' should be discarded, which comes with superficial observation based on toadyism to China and colonialism to Japan. Instead of the fallacious term, this paper suggests multi-storied 'piled-up pagoda with slate stone.'

• 건축역사연구
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.59-72
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• 2018

The detailed names and meanings of Korean stone pagodas have not yet been properly studied or clearly defined. Therefore, an aim of this report is to compare the detailed names of Korean, Chinese, and Japanese stone pagodas by focusing on content used previously by Ko and his students and content that is currently in use (i.e., since the Japanese colonial era). Additional objectives are to assess the significance of these names and propose an appropriate detailed draft regarding names of stone pagodas. The discussion will proceed by dividing the stone pagoda into three parts: the podium, main structure, and finial. First, the content in Luo Zhewen(羅哲文)'s "Ancient pagodas in China(中國古塔)" (1985) is considered; then, "朝鮮の石塔" (1943)-published by during the Japanese colonial era-is explored. The thesis written by Yu-Seop Ko regarding Korea's first stone pagoda and the content in "A Study of Korean Pagodas(朝鮮塔婆의 硏究)" (1948), which contains Yu-Seop Ko's posthumous works published in book form by his student Su-Yeong Hwang, Heu-Kyoung Kim are examined. to pagodas that are used today, are compared and reviewed. Since Korea, China, and Japan influence each other, pagoda-related terms are shared to some extent. In this study, these were applied to stone pagodas, and names used thus far that have not drawn criticism were studied and proposed as suitable alternatives.

• 한국공간구조학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공간구조학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.70-73
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• 2008

연약지반의 깊이차, 연약대 및 경사면 등에 따른 지반침하의 영향에 의해 석탑구조물은 기울어짐, 변형과 균열현상 등이 발생함으로써 석탑구조물의 장기적인 보존에 문제점이 발생되고 있다. 하지만 국내의 경우 연약지반 특성을 고려한 상부 석탑구조물의 거동에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 연약지반 특성에 따른 역학적 분석을 통해 연약지반의 깊이차와 기울어짐 발생에 따른 영향을 고려하여 석탑구조물에 끼치는 구조적인 영향을 파악하고, 개별요소해석기법을 통해 연약지반 특성에 따른 석탑구조물의 구조모델링 및 구조해석을 수행하고자 한다.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2004년도 제20회 발표논문집
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• pp.15-24
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• 2004

The Seokgatap pagoda composed of mainly alkali granite and other minor pink-feldspar granite, fine-grained granite, granodiorite, diorite, gabbro, and tuff. Despite the small loss and damage derived from joints, its peel-off and exfoliation are serious enough to cause the heavy deterioration on the stone surface. The chemical and petrological weathering has partly replaced the original rock-forming minerals with clay minerals and iron oxyhydroxides. Based on the petrogenesis, rock materials of the pagoda is very similar to rocks of Dabotap pagoda and the Namsan granite in the Gyeongju. The central fart of the pagoda has sunken highly, which caused all the corners to split and the structural transformation to become worse. The reverse V-shaped gaps between the materials have broken stones filled in a coarse way. The iron plates inserted between the upper flat stone laid on other stones and tile pagoda body in the north and east side has been exposed in the air and corroded, discoloring of the adjacent stones. The overall diagnosis of the Seokgatap pagoda is the deteriorated functions of the stone materials, which calls for a long-term monitoring and plans to reinforce the stone surfaces. But the main body including the pagoda roof stone needs washing on a regular basis, and the many different cracks should be fixed with glue by using the fillers or hardeners designed for stone cultural properties after removing the cement mortar. In case of the replacement of the stone materials with new stones, it's necessary to examine the pagoda for the center of gravity and support intensity of the materials. The structural stability of the pagoda can be attained by taking a reinforce measure in geotechnical engineering and making a drainage. The ground humidity, which has aggravated weathering and structural instability, should be resolved by setting up a humidity reduction facility. The contamination of lichens and bryophyte around the pagoda and on the surface is serious. Thus biochemical treatments should be given too in order to prevent further biological damages and remove the vegetation growing on the discontinuous planes.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.365-375
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• 2016

이 논문에서는 원각사지 십층석탑 표면에 발생한 오염물의 형성과정을 연구하였다. 연구결과, 흑색오염물은 석탑의 화학적인 풍화로 인해 석고가 일차적으로 형성되고 공기 중의 탄소화합물이 석탑표면에 고착되면서 생성된 흑연에 의해 발생한 것으로 판단되며, 발생시기는 1933년 이전으로 확인되었다. 백색오염물은 보호각 상부 마감재의 노후화 및 구조물의 훼손으로 발생한 방해석이 석탑표면에 재결정화 되면서 형성되었으며, 발생시기는 보호각이 설치된 1998년에서 2013년 사이에 발생한 것으로 판단된다. 원각사지 십층석탑의 장기적인 보존을 위해서는 보호각 상부에 형성된 오염물의 제거, 구조물의 방청처리 및 지속적인 모니터링이 요구된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.445-453
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• 2013

의성 탑리리 오층석탑(국보 제77호)은 통일신라시대의 대표적인 석조문화재이다. 현재 이 석탑은 지속적인 풍화로 인해 전체적으로 흑색, 황색, 백색변색이 발생되어 있으며 백색변색이 발생한 부분에서 미세균열, 박리박락, 입상분해가 집중적으로 분포해 있다. 표면오염물에 대한 분석결과, 흑색변색은 망간산화물, 황색변색은 철산화물, 백색변색은 석고와 타라나카이트로 인해 발생한 것으로 확인하였다. 또한, 석탑에 발생한 물리적 훼손은 암석내부에서 석고의 결정화 작용으로 인해 발생한 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 의성 탑리리 오층석탑을 장기적으로 보존하기 위해서는 보존처리 매뉴얼에 따라 석고를 중심으로 표면오염물을 제거하고 P-XRF를 활용한 정기적인 모니터링이 요구된다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제18권
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• pp.19-32
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• 2006

경주 분황사석탑은 암석을 벽돌 모양으로 다듬어 쌓아올린 모전석탑으로서, 모전석을 이루는 암석은 주로 안산암질암이다. 전석은 부분적으로 모서리 마모와 균열이 발생되어 있으며 다중박리와 박락, 양파껍질과 같은 분해, 구열상 균열 및 암편상 탈락이 진행 중이다. 화강암질암으로 구성된 기단부와 동서남북 방향의 감실 및 인왕상은 지의류와 이끼류에 의한 피복오염이 심하며 부분적으로 암흑색 및 황갈색 이차 수화물에 의한 무기오염물도 관찰된다. 또한 강수의 침입에 의한 상대적 수분 유지시간이 긴 감실이나 북쪽 탑신 부분은 매우 습한 상태이다. 이런 부분에서는 방해석, 석고, 점토광물 등과 같은 수화성 이차광물과 염화물의 결정화에 의해 박리와 박락이 촉진되고 있다. 삼층 옥개석의 경우 탑의 전반적인 불균형으로 인해 부재의 균열 및 이탈이 발생되어 있어 전석의 교체와 보강이 필요하다. 동남쪽 사자상과 동북쪽 사자상은 알칼리 화강암이며 . 서남쪽 및 서북쪽 사자상은 암편질 응회암이다. 이 석탑의 총표면부재수는 9,708개이며 균열된 부재는 11.0%, 암편 탈락부재는 6.7%이며 이차적 오염물질이 피복된 부재는 전체의 7.0%에 달한다. 이 석탑은 환경변화와 물리적, 화학적 및 생물학적 요인의 표면풍화에 의해 석재 자체의 기능이 저하되어 있으므로 장기적인 모니터링과 함께 종합적인 보존방안을 연구해야할 것이다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제20권
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• pp.43-54
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• 2007

무량사오층석탑(보물 제185호)은 백제의 옛 땅에 위치한 지리적 특성으로 백제의 기법이 이어졌고 통일신라의 시대적인 양식도 계승된 고려초기의 석탑이다. 이 석탑은 오랜세월 외부에 위치해 있어 부재에 심한 암석학적 풍화와 생물학적 풍화를 받고 있으며 상대갑석에는 중심침하가 발생한 상태이다. 이에 상대갑석의 중심침하의 원인을 규명하기 위해 탄성파 탐사, 전기비저항 탐사, GPR 탐사와 같은 비파괴 방법을 이용하여 지반안정해석을 실시하였다. 이 결과, 모든 탐사에서 지반은 양호한 상태로 나타났으며, 특히 전기비저항 탐사자료를 통해 지반강화 다짐으로 보여지는 고비저항대가 나타났다. 따라서 상대갑석에서 발생한 중심침하 현상은 지반의 불안정에 의한 것이 아니라 상대갑석 상부 부재의 구조적 불안정에서 기인된 것이라 해석된다. 이 결과는 석탑의 상시 모니터링 또는 보존대책 수립시 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권25호
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• pp.171-195
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• 2004

This research presents an evaluation of the weathering and deterioration state of the Wanggung-ri five-storied stone pagoda in the Iksan (National Treasure No. 289) and suggests conservational schemes. A deterioration map of the pagoda was drawn from the aspects of petrological, physical, chemical, biological, structural and artificial weathering.The rock properties consisting of the pagoda were medium-grained biotite granite that had leucocratic phenocryst developed in parts. The body of each story suffered severely from the secondary contamination that turned the colors into light grey, pitch dark, yellowish brown, and reddish brown as well as granular decomposition, exfoliation and peel-off. The roof stones were heavy exfoliated or peeled off in most of the cases. In addition to the fine cracks, there were layered cracks on the corners. The roof stones of the3rd and 4th story in the north and west side had some stones fall-off, while those of the 2ndstory in the north side had steel reinforcement filled for a fixing purpose. Those of the 5th story showed big gaps that must have originated from cracks and were easily subject to granular decomposition and rainfall. The inside clay filler was missing in the lower part of the roof stones of the 4th and 5th story and the supporting stones, which were thus covered by light grey or pitch dark sediments. The contact area of the materials was about 70 % in the parts where there was a space due to the filler missing and washigher than 90 % in the lower parts of the pagoda. About 90 % or more of the roof stones surface of each story were covered by aerial plants that formed a thick biological mat. Thus it seemed necessary to come up with the conservational measures to remove the plans living on the surface of the stone materials, with the plans to prevent rain from falling inside, and with the water repellent and hardening treatments to postpone the surface weathering of the rock properties. All those measures and plans must be based on the results of long-term monitoring and thorough detail investigations.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.103-126
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• 2009

This study aims to discover historical trends and change of form of all stupas in India with observation of field study that is as direct as possible, by classifying, analyzing, and synthesizing the stupas. Study of Indian stupa in Korea has a number of shortcomings since only introductory partial approach has been made in order to seek the origin of Korean pagoda. This study also aims to correct errors of stupa terminology in Chinese character committed by misinterpretation of Hindi language which was established by precedent Japanese scholars several decades ago. Piled-up stupas were totally destroyed by pagans, therefore their remains tell us only of structure, material, sizeand disposition. However remains of carved stone at torana and drum give us clues as to the original form of stupa and worshipping activity, as well as change to a more luxurious form. Many rock cave stupas of India show us both simple forms matching the ascetic age of early Buddhism and luxurious changes in Mahayanan era introducing us to statues of Buddha. Indians recovered the spheric form of 'anda,' a Hindi term meaning cosmic egg, from the hemispheric form of the piled-up stupa. Therefore we might discard the erratic term of 'bokbal', which means an upset vessel. Railings and parasols became main factors of stupa design. Carved railings around stupa became a sign of divinity. Serious worshipping activity made drums long or high and created multi-embossed stripes. Bases of circular drums of some cave stupas changed their shapes to rectangular or octagonal. Single parasols became multiparasols of affluent flowerlike curved stems on carved stupa. Multistoried, elongated and high parasols of Gandhara stupas are closely related to such factors as diverse changes of form in Indian subcontinent. Four-sided torana gate and ayaka column of the circular form of original stupas suggest the rectangular form of subsequent East Asian pagoda, and higher and wider base of Indian stupas became the origin of East Asian rectangular pagoda.