• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.505-513
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• 1995

The major factors affecting productivity on daily farms in Queensland, Australia, were determined using the stepwise linear regression approach. The data were obtained from a survey conducted on the total population of daily farms in Queensland in 1987. These data were divided into six major dailying regions. The technique was applied using 12 independent variables believed by a panel of experienced research and extension personnel to exert the most influence on milk production. The regression equations were all significant (p < 0.001) with the percentage coefficients of determination ranging from 62 to 76% for equations developed using' total farm milk: production as the dependent variable. Three of the variables affecting total farm milk: production were found to be common to all six regions. These were; the amount of supplementary energy fed, the area set aside to irrigate winter feed and the size of the area used for dailying. Higher production farms appeared to be more efficient in that they consistently produced milk production levels higher than those estimated from the regression equation for their region. Other methods of analysis including robust regression and non linear regression techniques were unsuccessful in overcoming this problem and allowing development of a model appropriate for farms at all levels of production.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2013

This study is to develop the production method of stepwise dilution gas for the evaluation of complex odor concentration by orifice tube. The basic orifice tube for 10 and 30 times of dilution sample was made at first, and with the combination of the basic orifice tubes we can continuously manufacture the stepwise dilution sample gas for air dilution sensory test ; 10, 30, 100, 300, 1,000, 3,000 times etc. The hole size of orifice tube was 0.84 mm for 10 times of dilution sample, and was 0.34 mm for 30 times. Dilution sample gas made with the basic orifice tube have an excellent reproducibility, 2%RSD. In addition, over 90% of correlation was shown between the sample made by the orifice tube and the sample by the syringe dilution method. Because there was no concentration drift of dilution gas with changes of connected pump flow, the basic orifice tube could be mounted directly with a vacuum suction box, and could be used simply as a tool for the evaluation of odor, especially on site.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2011

Biodiesel, mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, is one of the alternative fuels derived from renewable lipid feedstock, such as vegetable oils or animal fats. For decade, various lipases have been used for the production of biodiesel. However, the production of biodiesel by enzymatic catalyst has profound restriction in industry application due to high cost. To overcome these problems, many research groups have studied extensively on the selection of cheap oil sources, the screening of suitable lipases, and development of lipase immobilization methods. In this study, we produced biodiesel from plant oil using Proteus vulgaris lipase K80 expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The recombinant lipase K80 was not only expressed in high level but also had high specific lipase activity and high stability in various organic solvents. Lipase K80 could produce biodiesel from olive oil by 3-stepwise methanol feeding method. The immobilized lipase K80 also produced biodiesel using the same 3-stepwise method. The immobilized lipase could produce biodiesel efficiently from various plant oils and waste oils.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.277-285
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• 1995

This study was conducted to understand the relationship between climatic factors and matsutake(Tricholoma matsutake) mushroom production. Data on local annual matsutake production collected from 29 locations from 1984 to 1993 were analyzed for stepwise and multiple regression with local climatic data, such as monthly maximum, minimum, and average air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall, and number of rainy days. Correlation between monthly climatic factors and annual matsutake production was calculated in each location(Case 1), each year(Case 2), and each month(Case 3). In Case 1, number of rainy days and minimum temperature in Sep. showed positive correlation with matsutake production. In Case 2, maximum, minimum, and average temperature in June showed negative correlation with matsutake production. In Case 3, amount of precipitation in Sep. and Oct. number of rainy days in Sep., and minimum temperature in Sep. and Oct. showed positive correlation with matsutake production. In conclusion, amount of rainfall and number of rainy days in Sep. were the most important climatic factors and correlated positively with matsutake production. Below average air temperature in June was also beneficial for matsutake production.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1859-1864
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• 2018

Synthesis of flavonoid glycoside is difficult due to diverse hydroxy groups in flavonoids and sugars. As such, enzymatic synthesis or biotransformation is an approach to solve this problem. In this report, we used stepwise biotransformation to synthesize two quercetin bisglycosides (quercetin 3-O-glucuronic acid 7-O-rhamnoside [Q-GR] and quercetin 3-O-arabinose 7-O-rhamnoside [Q-AR]) because quercetin O-rhamnosides contain antiviral activity. Two sequential enzymatic reactions were required to synthesize these flavonoid glycosides. We first synthesized quercetin 3-O-glucuronic acid [Q-G], and quercetin 3-O-arabinose [Q-A] from quercetin using E. coli harboring specific uridine diphopsphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) and genes for UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-arabinose, respectively. With each quercetin 3-O-glycoside, rhamnosylation using E. coli harboring UGT and the gene for UDP-rhamnose was conducted. This approach resulted in the production of 44.8 mg/l Q-GR and 45.1 mg/l Q-AR. This stepwise synthesis could be applicable to synthesize various natural product derivatives in case that the final yield of product was low due to the multistep reaction in one cell or when sequential synthesis is necessary in order to reduce the synthesis of byproducts.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.749-756
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• 2010

In many conditions, bacterial surface properties are changed as a result of variation in the growth medium and conditions. This study examined the influence of bile salt concentrations (0-0.1%) on colony morphotype, hydrophobicity, $H_2O_2$ concentration, S-layer protein production, and slpA gene expression in Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. It was observed that two types of colonies (R and S) were in the control group and the stress condition. When the bile level increased in the medium, the amount of S type was more than the R type. A stepwise increment in the bile concentration resulted in a stepwise decline in the maximum growth rate. The results showed that hydrophobicity was increased in 0.01%-0.02% bile, but it was decreased in 0.1% bile. Treatment by bile (0.01%-0.1%) profoundly decreased $H_2O_2$ formation. S-Layer protein and slpA gene expression were also altered by the stress condition. S-Protein expression was increased in the stress condition. The slpA gene expression increased in 0.01%-0.05% bile and it decreased in 0.1% bile. However, we found that different bile salt concentrations influenced the morphology and some surface properties of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356. These changes were very different in the 0.1% bile. It appears that the bacteria respond abruptly to 0.1% bile.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.529-547
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to understand the concept, form, and structure of the bata de cola through an investigation of the history of the costume and a study of the suitability of its functional elements during performance of 'Caña Flamenco'. Traditionally, Flamenco dance dresses were made by Spanish women from the lower classes, and the 'upward flow' of the dresses represented the women's individuality and unique style. The bata de cola, which appeared later, was an evolution of the Flamenco dress that was influenced by costume styles and silhouettes of the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was made famous by Flamenco dancers. For practical costume production, a Flamenco artist who had performed in Spain and Korea was proposed as a study participant. The study was conducted using a stepwise wearing evaluation method whereby the Flamenco artist wore prototype dresses and evaluated whether they were practical for the required dance movements or not. A final bata de cola pattern was derived after the experiment was repeated five times based on the feedback of the Flamenco artist, focusing on the factors that were considered most important. Using stepwise clothing evaluation of the prototype, a costume that enabled the Flamenco artist to implement optimal movements was successfully produced.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to research the antimutagenic and antioxidative effects of water dropwort and small water dropwort by Ames test and by measuring malondialdehyde(MDA) production. Water dropwort and small water dropwort were extracted with methanol and then further fractionated to hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water, stepwise. The methanol extracts from both samples reduced the mutagenicities by aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$ in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The production of MDA also decreased when the methanol extracts were added to the system. The hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions revealed higher antimutagenic activities against $AFB_1$ than the butanol and water fractions. Among the five fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest level of antioxidant activity. From the results of the experiment, water dropwort and small water dropwort seem to be good antimutagenic and antioxidative sources of food.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 1972

Effects of several different petroleum fractions (LGO, HGO, VGO, Diesel oil, SP(E), HGO-wax, L/M-wax), stepwise addition of calculated amounts of HGO at defined intervals, recycling of spent media on cell growth of Candida tropicalis KIST 351 were studied using $2.5{\ell}$ fermenter by batch process. In addition, continuous cultivation of the yeast was also performed in the light of biomass production using $28{\ell}$ fermenter with LGO. 1) Cell concentration, yield on the basis of gas oil and n-paraffin with the petroleum fractions were in the range of $11{\sim}15g/{\ell}$, $10{\sim}12%$ and $77{\sim}82%$, respectively. 2) By stepwise addition of the gas oil, cell concentration and yield on the oil were increased up to 18.9 g/land 13%, respectively. 3) Spent medium slowed emulsifying ability of hydrocarbon and stimulating effect on the cell growth. Without additional supplementation of $Mg^{++}$ up to 20% of spent medium could be reused, while by adding of the $Mg^{++}$, 50% of medium could be recycled. 4) Optimum condition of continuous cultivation for biomass production was attained at the dilution rate of $D=0.1{\sim}0.125\;hr^{-1}$. Maximum yield coefficient on consumed n-paraffin was 0.94 at $D=0.1\;hr^{-1}$, however, 24% of supplied n-paraffin in the media was not utilized at this dilution rate.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 2010

Lipid from Scenedesmus sp. was extracted, fractionated and purified by silicic acid column chromatography. Total lipid content of extract was $21.38{\pm}1.03$ wt%, and triacylglycerol, an index lipid for biodiesel production was detected. Ten species of $C_{16}{\sim}C_{22}$ with saturated and unsaturated fatty acid were identified showing the very adequate fatty acid profiles for biodiesel production with a good flow property at low temperature. The fractions of glycolipid, neutral and phospholipid were 52.64, 28.10 and 19.26% of total lipid, respectively. The triacylglycerol of 12.63% and chlorophyll a of 49.47% was fractioned using stepwise elution of n-hexane-diethyl ether (95:5, v/v) solvent. The high content of chlorophyll was considered as a potential source of value-added co-product.