• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.83-86
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• 2015

Nowadays the weapon systems are employed air bursting munition (ABM) as smart programmable 40 mm shells which have been developed in order to hit the target with programmed munition that can be air burst after a set distance in the battlefield. In order to improve the accuracy of such a bursting time, by measuring the speed of the munition from the barrel, weapon systems calculate the exact time of flight to the target and then the time information must be inputted to the munition. In this study, we introduce a device capable of detecting a shot at K4 40 mm automatic grenade. The shot is composed of a rotating copper band to convert linear motion into rotary motion when it passes through the barrel, the steel section is exert the effect of fragment and aluminum section to give fuze information. The aluminum section was used to detect munition using eddy current method. To measure muzzle velocity by means of non-contact method, two eddy current probes separated 10 cm was employed. Time interval between two eddy current probe detection times was used as muzzle velocity. The eddy current probe was fabricated U-shape Mn-Zn ferrite core with enamelled copper wire, and 200 kHz alternating current was used to detect inductance change. Measured muzzle velocity using the developed sensor was compared to the Doppler radar system. The difference was smaller than 1%.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2011

The present investigation evaluates the flexural behavior of pre-tensioned lightweight concrete beams under two-point symmetrical concentrated loads according to the variation of the partial prestressing ratio and the effective prestress of prestressing strands. The designed compressive strength of the lightweight concrete with a dry density of 1,770 $kg/m^3$ was 35 MPa. The deformed bar with a yield strength of 383 MPa and three-wire mono-strands with tensile strength of 2,040 MPa were used for longitudinal tensile reinforcement and prestressing steel reinforcement, respectively. According to the test results, the flexural capacity of pre-tensioned lightweight concrete beams increased with the increase of the partial prestressing ratio and was marginally influenced by the effective prestress of strands. With the same reinforcing index, the normalized flexural capacity of pre-tensioned lightweight concrete beams was similar to that of pre-tensioned normal-weight concrete beams tested by Harajli and Naaman and Bennett. On the other hand, the displacement ductility ratio of pre-tensioned lightweight concrete beams increased with the decrease of the partial prestressing ratio and with the increase of the effective prestress of strands. The load-displacement relationship of pre-tensioned lightweight concrete beam specimens can be suitably predicted by the developed non-linear two-dimensional analysis procedure. In addition, the flexural cracking moment and flexural capacity of pre-tensioned lightweight concrete beams can be conservatively evaluated using the elasticity theorem and the approach specified in ACI 318-08, respectively.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.576-580
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• 2003

A 7-year-old male was refered to Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Wonkwang Dental Hospital for treatment of a traumatic injury to the teeth of the maxillary anterior region of the mouth. His right central incisor presented subluxation and root fracture, the left central incisor had suffered intrusive luxation and root fracture. The initial treatment involved reposition and fixation of the teeth with 0.5mm stainless steel wire and composite resin. The patient was submitted for clinical and radiographic fallow-up. After 4 years, radiographically the right central incisor seemed to be healed by hard tissue union and showed to be indistinct fracture line, intact lamina dura. The left central incisor radiographically was healed by interposition of bone and connective tissue and showed to be distinct horizontal fracture line separating the fragments, and pulp canal obliteration. In clinical examination, the teeth showed a normal response to elective pulp test, percussion and mobility test. Pulp survival after injuries appears to be dependent upon the type of luxation injury, age of patient, stage of root development and degree of dislocation. In this case, the two teeth with incomplete root formation were suffered different type of injury by trauma and has showed different healing aspect.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.353-366
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• 2012

This study was interpreted the making techniques of the Four Guardian Statues in Wanju Songkwangsa Temple, and retained basic data necessary for conservation treatment and restoration of the same material by estimating the soil source. The molding clay used in the Statues showed a variety of material characteristics according to different layers. The first and mid layers estimated as the original molding clay are composed of the same kind of soil. The soil of the finish layer was also confirmed to be genetically similar to that of the first and mid layers, despite little discrepancy. The former restoration layer was inconsistent in material characteristics with the original molding clay in every result of analysis. As a result of gamma radiography, making techniques of the Statues were able to identify the figure of the frame connecting the woods of main pillar frame to sub-frame and steel wire with ㄷ-clamp, nails and straw ropes, and the molding clay constructed upon the frame. Meanwhile, provenance interpretation confirmed that the soil of the estimated provenance area is of the same origin as the soil of the finish layer, and therefore is an appropriate material for conservation treatment. This result will contribute to the research on making techniques of the molding clay Statues.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.548-557
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• 2002

본 연구는 스털링 기관의 성능에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 재생기의 설계에 적합한 축열재를 찾을 목적으로 단일 철선 종류(ø0.7, ø0.9, ø1.2, ø1.6, ø2.0, ø2.7), 복합 철선 4종류 (ø1.6-ø1.2, ø1.2-ø1.6, ø0.9-ø1.2, ø1.2-ø0.9), 철망-철선을 서로 다르게 혼합한 축열재 8종류(150-ø0.9, 150-ø01.2, ø0.9-150, ø1.2-150, 150-ø0.9-150, 150-ø1.2-150, 150-ø1.6-150, 150-ø2.0-150)을 공시 축열재로 하여 스털링 기관의 운전조건과 동일한 왕복 유동 상태에서 축열재의 삽입 방법에 따른 온도 분포 및 압력 강하 특성에 관한 실험을 수 행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 단일 철선을 축열재로 사용한 경우, 재생기 양단의 온도차는 단일 철선의 직경이 작을수록 커지는 경향을 보였으나, 양단의 압력 차는 단일 철선의 직경이 커질수록 작아졌다. 단일 철선 ø0.7과 ø0.9의 성능은 이들 2종류의 공시 축열재의 성능을 비교하기 위하여 재생기 양단의 온도차 증가에 따른 기관의 압력증가량과 압력강하 곡선의 차를 비교한 결과, 거의 비슷함을 알 수 있었으며 최적치를 나타냈다. 2. 복합 철선 4종류의 경우, 가열부 쪽에 ø1.2, 냉각부 쪽에 ø0.9를 삽입한 것이 반대로 삽입한 것보다 재생기 양단의 온도차가 큰 반면, 압력 차는 적으므로 재생기 축열재로서 더 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 복합 철선을 사용할 경우 가열부 쪽보다 냉각부 쪽에 철선 직경이 작은 것을 삽입하는 것이 효과적임을 알 수 있다. 또한 철선의 직경이 큰 것의 조합보다는 직경이 작은 철선의 조합이 재생기 양단의 온도차가 큼을 알 수 있다. 3. 철망-철선 혼합재를 축열재로 사용할 경우 재생기를 반으로 나누어서 가열부 쪽에 철선을, 냉각부 쪽에 철망을 삽입한 것이 반대로 삽입한 것보다 재생기 양단의 온도차는 높게 나타났고, 재생기 양단의 압력 차는 낮게 나타났다. 재생기 축열재로서 철망-철선을 사용할 경우 철선-철망 ø1.2-150이 전열 표면적은 작으나 재생기 양단의 온도차가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났으며 재생기 양단의 압력 차는 가장 낮게 나타나 공시 철망- 철선 혼합 축열재중 가장 우수함을 알 수 있다. 4. 철망사이에 철선을 삽입한 축열재의 경우, 철망사이에 삽입한 철선의 직경이 큰 것이 철선의 직경이 작은 것보다 재생기의 양단의 온도차가 높게 나타났고 재생기 양단의 압력차는 작게 나타났다. 그러므로 철망사이에 철선을 삽입한 것 중 성능이 우수한 것은 150-ø2. 0-150으로 나타났다. 5. 실험한 재생기 축열재들 중에서 성능이 우수한 것들을 비교한 결과, 복합 철선 ø1.2-1 50이 가장 성능이 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.19-20
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• 1998

오버레이용접에 의한 표면개질기술(Weld Surfacing or Hardfacing Technology)은 내식성, 내 마모성, 또는 내열성을 갖는 합금의 용접재료를 모재 표면에 균일하게 용착(오버레이:Ovedayer)시킴으로써 목적하는 재료의 표면성질을 향상시키는 표면처리의 한 방법이으로써 1922년 Stoody가 Steel Tube에 Cr합금 분말을 충진한 용접봉을 제조하여 석유시추용 회전드릴의 선단 표면을 오버 레이 용접시켜 내마모성을 획기적으로 개선시킴으로써 이루어 졌다. 초기 오버레이 용접기술은 발전설비I 제철설비I 시벤트설비, 그리고 제지설비 등 주로 설비 부품들의 표면부 내마모성을 개선시키는 방향으로 주로 연구 개발이 이루어졌으나, 기술개발의 진전으로 탈황설비 둥의 표면부 내식성 향상, 연속주조롤 표면부의 내산화성, 내열피로성, 내마모 성 향상 둥을 위해 점차 산업전반에 널리 이용되고 있으며, 설비의 고도화 및 장수명화가 요구되 면서 본 기술의 중요성 또한 점차 부각되고 있다. 그림 1은 연강의 모재 위에 셀프쉴드플럭스코어드와이어(Self-Shield Flux Cored Wire:SS-FCW, 이하 55-FCW라 기술함)를 사용하여 오버레이 용접올 하는 장면을 도식적으로 나 타낸 것이다. 모재와 전극재인 용접봉(S5-FCW) 사이에서 아크가 발생되고, 아크열에 의해서 용접 봉 및 모재 일부가 용융되면서 모재 표면에 새로운 오버레이 표면층이 형성된다. 통상 오버레이 층의 1층 두께는 2-6mm 내외이며, 단층 혹은 다충 오버레이를 자유롭게 실시한다. 오버레이층의 물성은 아크열에 의한 모재로의 용입정도에 따라 1층부에서는 모재의 영향을 크게 받지만 오버레 이충 수가 증가된 3층부에서 부터는 전적으로 용접봉의 성분에 좌우된다. 사진 1은 연강(55-41)의 모재위에 크롬탄화물이 다량 함유된 고크롬 탄화물형 내마모재가 오버 레이된 내마모 복합강판 (wear plate)의 단면 미세조직 사진으로써 모재부와 오버레이충을 함께 보여주고 있다. 모재와 오버레이 충간의 경계면은 모재 일부가 용융된 후 웅고하면서 형성됨으로 인해서 도금이나 용사층과는 달리 매우 견고하게 결합되어 있다. 따라서 계면부의 탈락이라는 문 제점은 거의 없어 심한 응력을 받는 기계구조물 및 부품에도 본 기술은 널리 적용되고 있다. 그리고 사진 1에서 알 수 있는 바와 같이 모재와는 전혀 상이한 재료를 자유로이 선택하여 표면 유효층 일부만 오버레이시키며I 주조 및 단조가 불가능한 재료까지도 표면부에 오버레이 시킴으로 서 부품 및 설비의 제조에 있어 재료비의 절감과 제품의 수명이 획기적으로 개선될 수 있다. 그리고 최근에는 도금 빛 용사 둥과 같은 표면처리를 할 경우임의 소재 표면에 도금 및 용 사에 용이한 재료를 오버레이용접시킨 후 표면처리를 함으로써 보다 고품질의 표면층을 얻기위한 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 국내, 외의 오버레이 용접기술의 적용현황 및 대표적인 적용사례, 오버레이 용접기술 및 용접재료의 개발현황 둥을 중심으로 살펴봄으로서 아직 국내에서는 널리 알려지지 않은 본 기 술의 활용을 넓이고자 한다.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.305-309
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• 2014

Recently, there has been an increase in the use of several nephrotoxicity biomarkers in preclinical experiments. In addition, it has been indicated that the result may have been influenced by secondary factors, such as sample storage condition or storage period. In this study, we have assessed the variation in urinary nephrotoxicity biomarkers as a result of urine storage conditions and storage period of the urine. Urine was sampled from specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats (19 weeks old), which were housed individually in hanged stainless steel wire mesh cages. Urine was stored at $20^{\circ}C$, at $4^{\circ}C$, or at $-70^{\circ}C$ after sampling. The levels of the biomarkers such as beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), cystatin-C (Cys-C), N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), micro albumin (MA), micro protein (MP) were measured at 6, 24, 48 and 144 hr after sampling. The B2M level was significantly decreased at 6, 24, 48, and 144 hr compared to 0 hr at $-70^{\circ}C$ (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively) and 24 and 144 hr at $20^{\circ}C$ (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively). The Cys-C level was significantly decreased at 144 hr compared to 0 hr at $4^{\circ}C$ (p < 0.01), at $20^{\circ}C$ (p < 0.05) and at $70^{\circ}C$ (p < 0.01). MP and MA levels were not different for 144 hr in all storage conditions. Taken together, B2M and Cys-C levels were modulated by storage temperature and period. For the enhancement of test accuracy, it is suggested that strict protocols be established for samples to minimize the effects of the storage conditions on the detected levels of biomarkers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1548-1555
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• 2011

Persimmons are shown to contain high levels of phenolics. The present study was designed to investigate if a sweet persimmon wine (SPW) would affect the development of alcoholic fatty liver in rats. Initially, male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed singly in stainless steel wire-bottomed cages in a room of controlled temperature and lighting. The rats had free access to a nutritionally adequate AIN-93G diet and deionized water. After the acclimatization period, rats were weight-matched and assigned to the following three groups: two groups were fed 6.7% ethanol or the caloric equivalent of maltose-dextrin in a Lieber-DeCarli diet and the other group was fed the isocaloric Lieber-DeCarli diet containing SPW at the same ethanol level. All three groups were fed their respective diets for 6 weeks. Serum transaminase, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured. Liver lipids and histology were assessed at 6 weeks. The total phenolic content and the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of SPW were determined. SPW significantly increased antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. As markers of liver injury, serum alanine and aspartate transminases were markedly lowered by SPW at 6 weeks. SPW significantly reduced the serum levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride compared to ethanol treatment. SPW delayed the development of an alcoholic fatty liver by reversing fat accumulation in the liver, as evidenced in histological observations. Taken together, SPW seems to protect the liver from becoming fatty by alleviating fatty liver symptoms and lowering hepatic and serum lipid levels. Such a protective effect of SPW appears to be in part due to its phenolics.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.5 s.52
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• pp.525-541
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate force systems and tooth movements produced by retraction archwire during retraction of four maxillary incisors after the maxillary canine retraction into the maxillary first premolar extraction space using the computer-aided three-dimensional finite element method. A three-dimensional finite element model, consisting of 2248 elements and 3194 nodes, was constructed. The model consisted of maxillary teeth and surrounding periodontal membranes, .022'$\times$.028'-slot brackets, and 5 types of retraction archwires(.019'$\times$.025' stainless steel archwire) modeled using the beam elements. The contact between the wire and the bracket slot was modeled using the gap elements because of the non-linear elastic behaviors of the contact between them. The forces and moments, End displacements produced by retraction archwire were measured at various conditions to investigate the difference according to types of loops, magnitudes of activation force, gable angle, and anterior lingual root torque. The results were expressed quantitative and visual ways in the three-dimensional method. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study.1. When the tear-drop loop archwire was activated, the mesio-distal and lingual translational movements of the teeth helped to close the extraction space, but unwanted movements of the teeth including intrusions and extrusions, and rotational movements in each direction occurred. 2. Activation of T-loop archwire compared with those of other types of retraction archwires produced the least translational movements of the teeth helped to space closure and also the least unwanted movements of the teeth. 3. Increasing amount of activation in the tear-drop archwire led not only to increase of translational movements of the teeth helped to space closure, but also to increase of unwanted movements of the teeth. 4. Addition of gable bend in the tear-drop archwire helped anterior teeth to translational movements in the mesio-distal direction, but increased unwanted movements of the teeth 5. Addition of anterior lingual root torque in the tear-drop archwire helped central and lateral incisor to improve their facio-lingual inclination, but increased unwanted movements of the teeth.