• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7309-7314
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• 2013

Aim: To investigate factors that affect the place of death (POD) of terminal cancer patients. Materials and Methods: We recruited 702 consecutive patients (${\geq}18$ years) from 12 centers during July 2005 to October 2006, and 481 completed the questionnaire. In April 2011, we linked the data for 96.0% (n=462) of the deceased patients to the POD using the 2005-2009 death certificate data of Korea's National Statistical Office. The primary outcome variable was POD, and the predictive value of variables pertaining to patients and caregivers was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Most patients died in a hospital (91.5%, n=441) and age, education, preference for place of terminal care, wish to use hospice/palliative care services, terminal cancer awareness, time between diagnosis and death, and global quality-of-life subscale of the EORTC QLQ-C30 of patients, and education and preference for place of terminal care of caregivers were significant predictors in univariate analyses. On multivariate analysis, patients and caregivers who preferred hospital/palliative care as the terminal care option over home care [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 2.68; 95% confidential interval (CI), 1.18-7.04 and aOR: 2.65; 95%CI: 1.15-6.09 for patient and caregiver preferences, respectively] and caregivers who were highly educated (aOR, 3.19; 95%CI, 1.44-7.06) were predictors of POD. Conclusions: Most of the terminal cancer patients died in a hospital. Our findings indicate that major predictors of hospital deaths are preference of both the patient and caregiver for hospital/palliative care as the terminal care option and higher education of the caregiver.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.239-248
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• 2016

Background: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of chronic persistent post-surgical pain (CPPP) and the role of signal transduction genes in patients undergoing staging laparotomy for carcinoma ovary. Methods: The present observational study was undertaken following institutional ethical committee approval and informed consent from all the participants. A total 21 patients of ASA grade I to III with age 20-70 years, scheduled for elective staging laparotomy for carcinoma ovary were included. Patients were excluded if had other causes of pain, cognitive dysfunction or chronic neurological disorders. Statistical analysis of pool data was done using SPSS version-17. For various scales like GPE, PDQ, NPSI, the visual analogue scale (VAS), global perceived effect (GPE), the pain DETECT questionnaire (PDQ), and neuropathic pain symptoms inventory (NPSI), one factor repaeted measure ANOVA applied with simple contrast with baseline as on post-operative day 1 (considered as reference and compared with subsequent time-interval), and the P values were adjusted according to "Bonferroni adjustments". In patients with CPPP, the ${\Delta}ct$ values of mRNA expressions of genes at the end of postoperative day 90 were compared with the baseline control values by one factor repeated ANOVA. P value < 0.005 significant. Results: The present study demonstrates 38.1% (8 out of 21 patients) incidence of CPPP. The functional status and quality of life as were observed to be significantly diminished in all patients with chronic pain. An up-regulation in the mRNA expression of signal transduction and a positive correlation was noted between the mRNA expression of signal transduction genes and VAS score in all patients with CPPP at the end of postoperative day 90. Conclusions: The reported incidence of CPPP in patients with carcinoma ovary was 38.1%. An up-regulation and positive correlation between mRNA expression of signal transduction genes and VAS score depicts its potential role in the pathogenesis of CPPP.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.493-500
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• 2017

본 논문은 서울도시철도공사 유피스 내 전동차관리 고장데이타(BOM)을 통해 지속적으로 관리된 데이터를 활용하여 노후 철도차량부품의 신뢰성분석을 하고 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 분석대상인 서울도시철도공사 7호선 2차분 보조전원장치(Static Inverter)는 객실 내 각종 서비스장치에 전원을 공급하여 직접적으로 승객 만족도에 영향을 주는 핵심적인 장치이다. 경영정보시스템의 장기간에 걸친 필드데이타를 바탕으로 고장의 패턴을 분석하기 위해 운용환경 스트레스 인자를 고려한 통계 신뢰성분석을 하였다. 보조전원장치(Static Inverter)의 하절기 집중고장현상과 관련하여 고장과 온도 스트레스인자와의 상관성에 대해 통계적 분석을 하였고 IGBT 인버터의 수명분석을 통하여 수리 전 후의 온도 스트레스 인자의 영향을 분석해 보았다. 그리고 전동차 부하량과 외기온도의 두 변수를 고려한 최적운행조건을 분석하여 고장다수 발생조건과의 냉각용량차이가 발생함을 확인할 수 있었고, 이러한 분석을 바탕으로 최적의 운행을 위한 냉각용량차이를 줄일 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.76-94
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• 2001

Promoting positive values, attitudes, participation and personal actions on the basis of the acquisition of one's knowledge and skills is emphasized on teaching environmental education. To complete this purpose of environmental education, it is necessary not only to use various and practical educational resources, but also to develop information system, with multimedia and internet, which are effective for learning. This research attempts to assess the consistency of planning, organization and operation of integrated program for social environmental education which was developed for the necessities mentioned above. We surveyed about the accuracy of contents, usefulness, convenience and easiness of Integrated program for social environmental education. Also, we used a questionnaire to clarify the values and attitudes of respondents after they took environmental education. Then, technically, descriptive statistical method has been used to analyze the results of these surveys. Finally, we conduct an examination of the distribution of chi-square to verify the relationship between the learner's experience of using computer and one's concern about environmental issues. The results of this program, developed by research team, can be assessed by following five basic elements: usefulness, practicality, appropriation, efficiency and effectiveness. More than 90% of respondents said that this program is convenient and easy to loam. Also, more than 85% of whole respondents identified that after teaming this program they recognized more clearly what the main contents of environmental education are. In addition, we got positive response from 93% of respondents that they could understand environmental problems. On the other hand, values and attitudes of respondents have not improved a lot after the environmental education compared with the remarkable change in their recognition and understanding of environmental issues; only 34% of respondents responded that they changed their life style for making better environment after teaming this program. But it is clear that they understand much better about the environmental policy after they are educated. Developed by using information system, this integrated program for social environmental education may get different results according to a respondent's experience of using computer. Therefore, the more a respondent got a chance to use computer for a long period of time, the more he/she gave positive evaluation on the convenience and easiness of this program. However, there was no certain relationship between the frequence of using computer and one's understanding of environmental issues. Futhermore, a person who has constant concerns about environmental problems showed more positive attitudes against the understanding of environmental education. This integrated program for social environmental education, characterized by integrated, specialized and efficient educational system, can also be used as a curriculum or teaching materials for environmental education for adults; especially, it would be appropriate for teaching learners at all levels, who have different personal characteristics, to let them acquire virtual education by using information system.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제51권8호
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• pp.703-711
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• 2018

상수도관의 파열은 과도한 압력, 노후화, 온도변화 나 지진 등에 의한 지반이동에 의해 발생한다. 상수도관 파열이 대규모 단수, 싱크홀 등과 같은 더 심각한 피해 이어지지 않도록 신속하게 탐지 및 대응하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 상수도관 파열 탐지를 위해 개선 Western Electric Company (WECO) 방법을 개발하였다. 개선 WECO 방법은 통계적공정관리기법 중 하나인 기존 WECO 방법에 임계치 조정자(w)를 추가하여 대상 네트워크에 적합한 이상탐지 의사결정을 할 수 있도록 했다. 개발된 개선 WECO 방법을 미국 텍사스 오스틴 관망에 적용 및 검증하였다. 상수도관 파열 발생 시 측정한 비정상데이터와 수요량 변동만 고려한 정상데이터를 이용하여 기존 및 개선 WECO 방법을 비교하였다. 최적 임계치 조정자 w값을 결정하기 위해 민감도 분석을 수행하였으며, 다양한 계측시간 간격 데이터(dt = 5, 10, 15분 등)의 영향도 분석하였다. 각 경우 별 탐지성능은 탐지확률, 오경보확률, 평균탐지시간을 계산하여 비교하였다. 본 연구에서는 도출된 결과를 바탕으로 WECO 방법을 실제 상수도관 파열 탐지에 적용하기 위한 가이드라인을 제공한다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.128-148
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• 2019

Massive environmental monitoring has been conducted continuously since the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power accident in March of 2011 by different monitoring methods that have different features together with migration studies of radiocesium in diverse environments. These results have clarified the characteristics of radiological environments and their temporal change around the Fukushima site. At three months after the accident, multiple radionuclides including radiostrontium and plutonium were detected in many locations; and it was confirmed that radiocesium was most important from the viewpoint of long-term exposure. Radiation levels around the Fukushima site have decreased greatly over time. The decreasing trend was found to change variously according to local conditions. The air dose rates in environments related to human living have decreased faster than expected from radioactive decay by a factor of 2-3 on average; those in pure forest have decreased more closely to physical decay. The main causes of air dose rate reduction were judged to be radioactive decay, movement of radiocesium in vertical and horizontal directions, and decontamination. Land-use categories and human activities have significantly affected the reduction tendency. Difference in the air dose rate reduction trends can be explained qualitatively according to the knowledge obtained in radiocesium migration studies; whereas, the quantitative explanation for individual sites is an important future challenge. The ecological half-lives of air dose rates have been evaluated by several researchers, and a short-term half-life within 1 year was commonly observed in the studies. An empirical model for predicting air dose rate distribution was developed based on statistical analysis of an extensive car-borne survey dataset, which enabled the prediction with confidence intervals. Different types of contamination maps were integrated to better quantify the spatial data. The obtained data were used for extended studies such as for identifying the main reactor that caused the contamination of arbitrary regions and developing standard procedures for environmental measurement and sampling. Annual external exposure doses for residents who intended to return to their homes were estimated as within a few millisieverts. Different forms of environmental data and knowledge have been provided for wide spectrum of people. Diverse aspects of lessons learned from the Fukushima accident, including practical ones, must be passed on to future generations.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2009

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. Recently Yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) has been introduced due to superior flexural strength and fracture toughness compared to other dental ceramic systems. Although zirconia has outstanding mechanical properties, the phenomenon of decrease in the life-time of zirconia resulted from degradation in flexural strength after low temperature aging has been reported. PURPOSE. The objective of this study was to investigate degradation of flexural strength of Y-TZP ceramics after various low temperature aging treatments and to evaluate the phase stability and micro-structural change after aging by using X-ray diffraction analysis and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). MATERIAL AND METHODS. Y-TZP blocks of Vita In-Ceram YZ (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad $S\ddot{a}ckingen$, Germany) were prepared in 40 mm (length) $\times$ 4 mm (width) $\times$ 3 mm (height) samples. Specimens were artificially aged in distilled water by heat-treatment at a temperature of 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, and $225^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours, in order to induce the phase transformation at the surface. To measure the mechanical property, the specimens were subjected to a four-point bending test using a universal testing machine (Instron model 3365; Instron, Canton, Mass, USA). In addition, X-ray diffraction analysis (DMAX 2500; Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) and SEM (Hitachi s4700; Jeol Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) were performed to estimate the phase transformation. The statistical analysis was done using SAS 9.1.3 (SAS institute, USA). The flexural strength data of the experimental groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and to detect statistically significant differences ($\alpha$= .05). RESULTS. The mean flexural strength of sintered Vita In-Ceram YZ without autoclaving was 798 MPa. When applied aging temperature at below $125^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours, the flexural strength of Vita In-Ceram YZ increased up to 1,161 MPa. However, at above $150^{\circ}C$, the flexural strength started to decrease. Although low temperature aging caused the tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation related to temperature, the minimum flexural strength was above 700 MPa. CONCLUSION. The monoclinic phase started to appear after aging treatment above $100^{\circ}C$. With the higher aging temperature, the fraction of monoclinic phase increased. The ratio of monoclinic/tetragonal + monoclinic phase reached a plateau value, circa 75% above $175^{\circ}C$. The point of monoclinic concentration at which the flexural strength begins to decrease was between 12% and 54%.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.115-124
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• 2007

Silica is known as a promising osteoconductive material, and polycaprolactone is a bioactive and degradable material. The purpose of this study was to monitor the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on the layer-built silica/poly caprolactone non-woven fabric produced by electrospinning. Non-woven fabric (silica, polycaprolactone, PSP, SPS) was made by electrospinning and they were inserted in the 48 well cell culture plate. MC3T3-E1 cells were prepared by subculture. Cells were seeded to each well $1{\times}10^5$ concentration per well. Dulbecco's modified eagle medium with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic solution was used. Confocal laser scanning microscope was taken 4 hours after incubation (95% air. 5% $CO_2$, $37^{\circ}C$). Cell proliferation was monitored by spectrophotometer on 1, 7, 14 days, and the morphology of the growing cells was observed by field emission scanning electron microscope. To monitor the differentiation of osteoblasts on the materials, MC3T3-E1 cells were incubated in 48 well culture plate after seeding with the density of $1{\times}10^5$ concentration. Then ELISA kit & EIA kit were used on to assess osteocalcin and osteopontin expression respectively. The other conditions were the same as above. MC3T3-E1 cells were proliferated well on all of the materials. There were no statistical differences among them. The osteopontin expression of silica, PSP, SPS was significantly higher than other groups on day 3 (p/0,05), but after that time, there were no statistically signigicant differences. The osteocalcin expression was significantly higher in silica and PSP than other groups on day 14. These findings show that PSP was as good as silica on the effect of osteoblast differentiation. The PSP non-woven fabric may have the possibility as bone graft materials.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.323-334
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• 2007

This study was made to analyze the condition and the needs of nutrition education considering the different stage of nutrition education recognized by the dietitian in industrial area. 165 female dietitian were surveyed by questionnaire and they were divided into 4 groups according to the different recognition stages of nutrition education: Pre-contemplation(PC) 4.8%, Contemplation(CO) 46.7%, Preparation(PR) 22.4%, Action & Maintenance phase(AM) 26.1%. For statistical analysis, SAS(Ver.8.1. for Window) was used to find out the distribution related with nutrition education and to calculate the scores of mean and standard deviation. General characteristics of the subjects are about 20 years old(71.5%), single(69.7%), careers over 5 years(40%) and university graduates(73.9%). The number of meals(p<0.05) and the employment status(p<0.05) were significantly different according to the recognized stage of nutrition education. The practice of nutrition education was different depending on the dietitian in the industry. Many of the factory dietitian were in pre-contemplation stage(87.5%), however, those in the office and service area were more in Action & Maintenance stage(27.9%). In the industrial area, just 26.1% of dietitian operated the nutrition education and most did not due to the work overload and insufficient support of staff(73.3%). The frequency for the most effective nutrition education was once a month(61.2%). The contents for desirable nutrition education were in the order of 'eating habits'(36.1%), 'relation with the daily life'(23.5%), 'food hygiene' (21.7%), 'nutrition knowledge'(9.7%), and 'disease prevention'(9%). In operating nutrition education, dietitian had concerns about 'insufficient support of staff', 'shortage of teaching materials' and 'lack of time'. And, the dietitian who were with lower recognition stage of nutrition education(P<0.05) concerned more about the insufficient educational contents. In conclusion, dietitian in the industry highly recognized the need of nutrition education, but it was so difficult to practice. For more programs and various materials should be developed, and the staff's perception, the view of dietitian and the meal service should be changed, too. For the health improvement of industrial workers, it would be necessary to proclaim the importance of nutrition education nationwide.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2004

Objectives: To investigate the effect of LH receptor in folliculogenesis, we confirm the expression level of LH receptor (LH-R) mRNA in human granulosa cells (GCs) and its expression levels were analyzed by comparison to embryo developmental rate and pregnancy rate. Materials and Methods: GCs were obtained at the time of oocyte retrieval from the patients undergoing IVF-ET program. The patients were divided into two groups: Group I (n=20) is poor responder (retrieved oocyte(s)$\leq$3ea), Group II (n=80) is normal responder (retrieved oocytes>3ea). After the extraction of total RNA, semiquantitative RT-PCR was performed and the expression level of LH-R mRNA was normalized by $\beta$-actin. Statistical analysis was performed by using $X^2$ test, Student's t-test and Pearson correlation. Results: In Group II, the relative values of LH-R mRNA (0.680 vs. 0.463, p<0.005) and pregnancy rate (54.7% vs. 23.1%, p<0.05) were significantly higher than in Group I. Number of retrieved oocyte(s) was gradually increased when the expression of LH-R mRNA was increased (p<0.05). But the quality of retrieved oocyte and transferred embryo were not related with the expression of LH-R mRNA. When the pregnancy rate was compared with FSH only group and FSH combined with hMG group in the ovarian stimulation protocol, FSH combined with hMG group was significantly higher than FSH only group in Group I (37.5% vs. 0%), and the expression of LH-R mRNA was significantly higher in hMG combined group than FSH only group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Expression level of LH-R mRNA has important role in ovarian function related with the response to gonadotrophin in human folliculogenesis. Furthermore these data might provide the evidence that additional use of hMG is helpful to poor responders.