• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.101-116
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• 2008

Most who were polled stated that they use the internet everyday. Also, it is undeniable that Internet has become one of the popular shopping markets with the spatial-convenience and time-saving it provides. With the growth of Internet and Internet shopping malls, effects on clothing purchasing of adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clothing shopping orientation and Internet clothing purchasing type of high school students. Subjects were 685(male 354, female 331) high school students located in Jeollabukdo province. In this statistical analysis, SPSS 11.5 for Windows Program. These data were analyzed by factor analysis, $x^2$ test, t-test, One-way Anova, Duncan' multiple range, Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows. Six dimensions of clothing shopping orientation were derived by factor analysis: fashion hedonic shopping brand ostentation time convenience economic esthetics orientation. The clothing purchasing type in Internet had 3 factors(convenience active impulse buying economic pursuit). The groups were significantly different in regard to clothing shopping orientation, clothing purchasing type in Internet shopping mall according to demographic variables(gender, educational background of parents, a school record). Clothing shopping orientation variables had positive correlations except of hedonic shopping economic orientation with clothing purchasing type in Internet. As a conclusion, high school students' shopping orientation and purchasing type of apparel in Internet shopping mall constituted important characteristics which could affect directly Internet purchase behavior of adolescents. These results should be fundamental information for clothing and textile education in secondary school.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.659-668
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• 2006

The optimization of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process for decomposing nitromethane was studied by means of a design of experiments. The optimum operating region for the SCWO process to minimize COD and T-N of treated water was obtained in a lab scale unit. The authors had compared the results from a SCWO pilot plant with those from a lab scale system to explore the problems of scale-up of SCWO process. The COD and T-N in treated waters were selected as key process output variables (KPOV) for optimization, and the reaction temperature (Temp) and the mole ratio of nitromethane to ammonium hydroxide (NAR) were selected as key process input variables (KPIV) through the preliminary tests. The central composite design as a statistical design of experiments was applied to the optimization, and the experimental results were analyzed by means of the response surface method. From the main effects analysis, it was declared that COD of treated water steeply decreased with increasing Temp but slightly decreased with an increase in NAR, and T-N decreased with increasing both Temp and NAR. At lower Temp as $420{\sim}430^{\circ}C$, the T-N steeply decreased with an increase in NAR, however its variation was negligible at higher Temp above $450^{\circ}C$. The regression equations for COD and T-N were obtained as quadratic models with coded Temp and NAR, and they were confirmed with coefficient of determination ($r^2$) and normality of standardized residuals. The optimum operating region was defined as Temp $450-460^{\circ}C$ and NAR 1.03-1.08 by the intersection area of COD < 2 mg/L and T-N < 40 mg/L with regression equations and considering corrosion prevention. To confirm the optimization results and investigate the scale-up problems of SCWO process, the nitromethane was decomposed in a pilot plant. The experimental results from a SCWO pilot plant were compared with regression equations of COD and T-N, respectively. The results of COD and T-N from a pilot plant could be predicted well with regression equations which were derived in a lab scale SCWO system, although the errors of pilot plant data were larger than lab ones. The predictabilities were confirmed by the parity plots and the normality analyses of standardized residuals.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.214-219
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between inter-condylar width and inter-maxillary first molar width to present the criteria for prosthetic reconstruction of dental arch width in maxillary and mandibular fully edentulous patients. Materials and Methods: 120 Koreans (60 males and 60 females) who underwent the cone beam computerized tomography (Cone-beam CT) were selected. The Cone-beam CT images were analysed using Invivo 5.1. After reorientation of axis, inter-maxillary first molar width was measured by clicking both mesio-buccal cusp tip of maxillary first molar. And inter-condylar width was measured by clicking both middle points of condyles. The collected data were analysed with SPSS Version 20.0 and statistical significance of the correlation between inter-condylar width and inter-maxillary first molar width was verified by Pearson's correlation analysis. Results: The mean inter-condylar width of Korean was 105.9 mm, and that of male (108.3 mm) was statistically significantly wider than the female (103.4 mm). The inter-maxillary first molar width of Korean was 57.1 mm, and that of male (57.9 mm) was statistically significantly wider than the female (56.2 mm). Pearson's correlation analysis between inter-condylar width and inter-maxillary first molar width showed a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.614 and statistically significantly positive correlation. Conclusion: Intercondylar width and inter-maxillary first molar width showed positive correlation and the average ratio of inter-condylar with and inter-maxillary first molar width was 1:0.54. Based on the results of this limited study, inter-condylar width can be used as a guide for setting up dental arch width in fully edentulous patient.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.128-146
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to provide a basic research data for increasing the quality of 'creative engineering design' lesson and the teaching learning capability of high school teachers by analyzing the teaching learning management status and improvement plan of 'technology home economics subject' lesson for high school teachers. In order to investigate the teaching learning management status, the survey questionnaires from 63 teachers were collected from high school teachers who teach technology home economics subject currently and analyzed by statistical program SPSS 20. The main results of this study were as follows: First, for the contents of 'creative engineering design' lesson, the highest mean of response was 'creative thinking method'(M=4.22). In the learning activities, the teachers perceived the importance of the 'idea concept' highly. Second, in the management of 'creative engineering design' lesson, the teachers perceived the importance of the secure of tool, material budget, and practice space for the lesson highly. In the teaching capabilities, the teacher perceived the importance of the preparing teaching learning strategy most($$M{\frac{._-}{.}}4.14$$). Third, the teachers preferred to product for making uncomfortable things better in life and the other production outside from the content of textbook. Fourth, in the ratio of practice:theory lesson, they perceived the ratio of 3:7(36.5%), 4:6(25.4%), and 2:8(23.8%) are appropriate. In the assessment, the combination of production, portfolio, and presentation was preferred most. Fifth, there were statistically significant difference in teachers' interest and satisfaction and contents about 'creative engineering design' lesson between groups divided by the existence of practice space, certification held(technology teacher, non technology teacher), etc. Therefore, in order to improve the interest and satisfaction about the 'creative engineering design' lesson, the secure of space for technology practice and material budget were required. In addition, training and seminars program for improving the teaching capability for 'creative engineering design' lesson were required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.81-95
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• 1995

Now, safety assurance in construction sites should be accomplished by its own organization rather than control of the code or government. It is believed that the safety assurance can be considerably improved by a lecture or an education using the existing theories or literatures up to now, but it is thought that fundamental safety assurance we not able to be accomplished without developing safety devices '||'&'||' equipment or taking fundamental measures, based on the result analyzed from workers behaviors. There are various behaviors of the workers showed in construction site, but only tests for hammerusing works such as form, re-bar, stone workers directly related to the grip strength are mainly performed, investigated and measured here for the study. The above works are similar to power grip, 7th picture on seven items which are categorized for hand grip types(Ammermin 1956 ; Jones ; Kobrick 1958). Measurements of grip strength are commonly taken in anthropometric surveys. They are easy to administer but unfortunately it is rather dubious whether they yield any data that are of interest to the engineer. Very fewer controls of tools are grasped and squeesed studies showed very little overall correlation between grip strength and other measures of bodily strength (Laubach, Kromer, and Thordsen 1972), but hammer-using work which is practically progressed in construction site are mainly influenced with grip strength. According to the investigation on work measurement, it is shown that 77% of form worker are using hammer to be related to grip strength. In this study, it is particularly noticed that wearing safety gloves in construction site is required for workers safety but 20% difference between grip strength with safety gloves and without ones are commonly neglected in the site(Fig. 1). Nevertheless, safety operation with consideration of the above 20% difference is not considered in the construction site. Factors of age, kinds of work, working time, with or without safety gloves are in vestigated '||'&'||' collected at the sites for this study. Test, not at each working hour but at 14 : 00 when the almost all of the workers think the most tired, resulting from the questionaires, also when it is shown on the research report has been performed and compared for main kinds of works : form '||'&'||' re-bar work. Tests were performed with both left SE rightand of the workers simultaneously in construction site using Rand Dynamometer(Model 78010, Lafayette Instrument Co., Indiana, U.S.A) by reading grip strength on the gauge while they are pulling, and then by interviewing on their ages, works, experiences and etc., directly. The above tests have been performed for the dates of 15th march-26th May '95 with consideration of site condition. And even if various factors of ambient temperature on the testing date, working condition, individual worker's habit and worker's condition of the previous ate are concerned with the study. Those are considered as constants in this study. Samples are formwork 53, rebar 62, electrician 5, plumber 4, welding 1 from D construction Co., Ltd, ; formwork 12, re-bar 5, electrician 2, from S construction Co., Ltd, , formwork 78, re-bar 18, plumber 31, electrician 13, labor 48, plumber 31, plasterer 15, concrete placer 6, water proof worker 3, maisony 5 from B construction Co., Ltd. As In the previously mentioned, main aspect to be investigated in this study will be from '||'&'||' re-bar work because grip strength will be directly applied to these two kinds of works ; form '||'&'||' re-bar work, eventhough there are total 405 samples taken. It is thought that a frequency of accident occurrence will be mainly two work postures "looking up '||'&'||' looking down" to be mainly sorted, but this factor is not clarified in this study because It will be needed a lot of work more. Tests has been done at possible large scale of horizontally work-extended sites within one hour in order to prevent or decrease errors '||'&'||' discrepancies from time lag of the test. Additionally, the statistical package computer program SPSS PC＋has been used for the study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.42-50
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• 2012

City squares are public open spaces which are closely related to the peoples daily lives. Most squares are located in the center of the city, and they are usually used for community gatherings and they are suitable for open markets, music concerts, political rallies, and other events. City squares also play an important role as a grand public place operating in multi functions that require involvement of more people. The purpose of this study is to examine satisfaction on the spatial components, characteristics, and the user satisfaction in City Squares. The slady also analyzed the relationship between the satisfaction about spatial components, characteristics and it also shows that the user satisfaction is followed. This study sites are made in 3 grand public places in the center of Seoul including the Seoul plaza, Cheonggye Plaza, and Gwanghwarnun Square. Data were analyzed using several statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, factor analysis, ANOVA, correlation and regression. Results of the study are as follows: First, factor analysis carried out to extract the various factors of satisfaction on the sites; spatial components, usability, amenity/security, and spatial characteristics. User satisfaction concerning usability factor was higher than the satisfaction of the other factors. This result represented that the slady sites play an important role to the public open spaces in the city. Second, users showed high user satisfaction to study sites, and user satisfaction rate toward the Gwanghwarnun Square is the highest because of its facility planuing. Finally, user satisfactim was strongly correlated on the usability factor of spatial planning. Also, the significant correlations between the user satisfaction and the other factors such as spatial components, security, and spatial characteristics of spatial planning are presented. Results of this study can help guide the planning and management of the city square as a public open space based on the understanding of user perception and satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.107-120
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• 2001

This study is concerned with providing a reliable procedure of calibrating a set of places specific distance parameters and with applying it to U.S. inter-State migration flows between 1985 and 1900. It attempts to conform to recent advances in quantitative geography that are characterized by an integration of ESDA(exploratory spatial data analysis) and local statistics. ESDA aims to detect the spatial clustering and heterogeneity by visualizing and exploring spatial patterns. A local statistic is defined as a statistically processed value given to each location as opposed to a global statistic that only captures an average trend across a whole study region. Whereas a global distance parameter estimates an averaged level of the friction of distance, place-specific distance parameters calibrate spatially varying effects of distance. It is presented that a poisson regression with an adequately specified design matrix yields a set of either origin-or destination-specific distance parameters. A case study demonstrates that the proposed model is a reliable device of measuring a spatial dimension of migration, and that place-specific distance parameters are spatially heterogeneous as well as spatially clustered.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.313-319
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• 2014

Investigations for hematologic values and the differential count of WBC for Korean indigenous cattle (KIC) and Stripped Cattle (SC) are rarely performed. Therefore, when the index of complete blood counts (CBC) analysis of KIC and SC were requested, it had many difficulties to make the results for blood condition since the standard hematologic values of KIC and SC are lacking. The objective of this study was to investigated the hematologic values and the differential count of WBC for blood of total 19 striped cattle (SC) and 187 KIC as a control by estimation analysis of hematologic characteristics. As a result, the mean values of RBC and platelet of KIC were significantly decreased by age (P<0.05). The mean values of RBC, HCT, MCV and MCHC between KIC and SC of the same age (2~3 years) showed the statistical significance (P<0.05). Also, in the WBC of KIC, the mean values were decreased according to the age from $13.8{\times}10^3/{\mu}l$ under 1 year to $9.5{\times}10^3/{\mu}l$ over 5 years. In the differential count of WBC of KIC, it showed generally the rates of 46.2% lymphocyte and 36% segmented neutrophil. Additionally, in comparative analysis between pregnant and non-pregnant group of KIC, the mean values of Hg and HCT in pregnant group were significantly decreased(P<0.05). In conclusion, data obtained from this study may be valuable as a standard for interpretation of the results in hematologic analysis of KIC. Result of this study will be used for establishing reference range for hematologic analysis in SC.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.460-471
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate intake-related factors of energy drinks and educational needs regarding energy drinks in female high school students. Methods: Subjects were 340 female high school students in Incheon, and data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: Subjects who had drunk energy drinks were 74.3% (249 subjects) of all subjects. The first time they drank an energy drink was significantly associated with grade (p < 0.05). In 75.1% of 249 subjects who had drunk energy drinks, the places for buying energy drinks were supermarkets and convenience stores near their homes. For the effects of energy drink intake, sleeplessness (44.6%) and no effect (41.7%) were cited, and 24.5% experienced side effects such as palpitation, tremors, etc. The scores for self-diagnosis of caffeine addiction were significantly higher in the low weight group compared to the overweight group (p < 0.05). The degree of caffeine addiction was significantly associated with effects of energy drink intake (p < 0.001) and type of side effects (p < 0.001). Willingness to stop consuming energy drinks (p < 0.001) and necessity of nutrition education about energy drinks (p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the caffeine addiction group compared to the general group. About 75.0% of subjects wanted to be educated about the side effects of energy drinks and caffeine. Conclusion: This study shows that female high school students need proper education about the effects of intake of energy drinks. Therefore, guidelines and a nutrition education program right intake of energy drinks should be provided as well as campaigns concerning the side effects of energy drinks and caffeine in female high school students.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.11
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• pp.173-184
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• 1969

To elucidate the effect of Amo-1618(4-hydroxyl-5-isopropyl-2-methlphenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 1-piperidine carboxylate) known as a kind of growth retardant, on the growth, grain yield, increasing the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, behavior of mineral nutritions and the rate of phosphorus utilization, this experiment was conducted pot culture method in a vinyl house. Two nitrogen level, namely, practical nitrogen level(1 N) and three times nitrogen level(3 N) was made and labelled double-calcium-superphosphate $Ca(H_2P^{32}O_4)_2.\;2H_2O)$ as a source of radioactive phosphorus(P-32) was employed $80\;{\mu}c/pot$, respectively. Rice seedlings, variety 'Suwon No. 82', was transplanted to a 1/50,000 a china pot on June 13 in 1968. For treatment, at early stage of tillering, 10,000 ppm solution of Amo-1618 was foliar sprayed only one time. The Duncan's new mutiple-range test was adopted for statistical analysis evaluating experimental data at 5% level significance. The results obtained may be summarized as follows; 1) No significant difference was found among the treatments in plant height, but in plot of Amo-1618 treatment and 3 N level, number of tillers was significantly increased than that of others. 2) Weight of 10,000 kernels and seed-setting rate was also remarkably increased in same treatment above. 3) Grain yield per pot was significantly increased in Amo-1618 and 3 N level application. This results seemed to be due to the increased the factors on the yield. 4) Contents of nitrogen and phosphorus per cent in the grain was likewise increased in Amo-1618 and 3 N application. There is, however, no difference among treatments in the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the leaves and culms of rice plants. 5) On the other hand, the contents of potassium and magnesium, no distinctly tendeny showed among treatments. 6) The rate of phosphorus utilization was significantly increased in the plot of Amo-1618 and 3 N application.