• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.333-341
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test whether pre-operative visual information and parental presence had positive effects on anxiety, delirium, and pain in pediatric patients who awoke from general anesthesia in a post-surgical stage. Methods: This study used a non equivalent control-group post test design (n=76). Independent variables were provision of pre-operative visual information and parental presence for post-surgical pediatric patients in PACU (post anesthesia care unit). Dependent variables were anxiety, delirium, and pain in the pediatric patients measured three times at 10 minute intervals after extubation in the PACU. Measurements included Numerical Rating Scale for assessing state anxiety, Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale by Sikich & Lerman (2004) for delirium, and Objective Pain Scale by Broadman, Rice & Hannallah (1988) for pain. Results: Experimental group showed significantly decreased state anxiety at time points-10, 20, and 30 minutes after extubation. Delirium was significantly lower at 10 minutes and 30 minutes after extubation in the experimental group. Pain was significantly lower at 10 minutes after extubation in the experimental group. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that this intervention can be a safe pre-operative nursing intervention for post-surgical pediatric patients at PACU.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.63-76
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to verify the clinical effects of herbal medicines on patients with depressive disorder. Methods: A prospective observational study on patients with depressive disorder was conducted. The patients were treated with herbal medicines for eight weeks. The Korean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (K-HDRS) was evaluated as the primary outcome and the Korean Beck's Depression Inventory (K-BDI), Instrument on Pattern Identification for Depression, Korean Symptom Checklist-95 (KSCL-95), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Korean State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-K), Korean State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-K), EuroQol five-dimensional Questionnaire (EQ-5D), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), Heart Rate Variability (HRV) were measured as the secondary outcome. Adverse events were assessed for safety. Results: A total of 35 participants were observed for 12 weeks. The K-HDRS improved significantly in four, eight, and 12 weeks and the K-BDI showed significant differences in four, and eight weeks. There were no significant improvements in other evaluation scales. Gyejibongnyeong-hwan was the most frequently and continuously prescribed, showing significant improvements of K-HDRS after eight weeks of treatment. Conclusions: In our observational study, herbal medicine was effective for relieving the depression of patients with depressive disorder and Gyejibongnyeong-hwan showed the most significant effectiveness.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2014

Objective : This study aimed to examine impact of anxiety and demographic factors on relationship between severity of depressive symptom and quality of life and disability. Methods : One hundred ninety five patients who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for depressive disorder were enrolled. It includes "Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)", "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S)", "General Health Questionnaire/Quality of Life-12 (GHQ/QL-12)", and "Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS)". Correlation analysis was used to see the correlations of each variable. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to see mediating effect of anxiety in the relationship. Sobel test was used to verify mediating effect. Multiple regression analysis was used to see moderating effect of demographic factors in the relationship. Results : There was partial mediating effect of anxiety on the relationship between severity of depressive symptoms and decreased quality of life (z=-11.68, p<.001)/increased disability (z=10.42, p<.001). Only religion was found to be moderating effect on the relationship between depressive symptoms and decreased quality of life. Conclusion : Rapid relief of anxiety along with depressive symptom had important implications for the treatment of patients with depression.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.76 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

The aim of this paper is to simply present live load factor calculation methodology formulation with the addition of a simple new future load projection procedure to previously proposed two methods. For this purpose, Oregon Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) data were used to calculate live load factors by using WIM data. These factors were calculated with two different approaches and by presenting new simple modifications in these methods. A very simple future load projection method is presented in this paper. Using four different WIM sites with different average daily truck traffic (ADTT) volume, and all year data, live load factors were obtained. The live load factors, were proposed as a function of ADTT. ADTT values of these sites correspond to three different levels which are approximately ADTT= 5,000, ADTT = 1,500 and ADTT ≤ 500 cases. WIM data for a full year were used from each site in the calibration procedure. Load effects were projected into the future for the different span lengths considering five-year evaluation period and seventy-five-years design life. The live load factor for ADTT=5,000, AASHTO HS20 loading case and five-year evaluation period was obtained as 1.8. In the second approach, the methodology established in the Manual for Bridge Evaluation (MBE) was used to calibrate the live load factors. It was obtained that the calculated live load factors were smaller than those in the MBE specifications, and smaller than those used in the initial calibration which did not convert to the gross vehicle weight (GVW) into truck type 3S2 defined by AASHTO equivalents.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.3 s.43
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• pp.412-429
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• 1993

For the purpose of promotion of mental health in the rural elderly, the author surveyed 558 elderlies aged 60 years or more, and assessed the prevalence rates of depression and cognitive impairment by using self-rating depression scale of Zung (SDS) and the Korean version of mini-mental state examination (MMSEK). Also the association between depression or cognitive function and socio-environmental factors were investigated. The major findings were as follows ; 1. The prevalence rates of severe depression and cognitive impairment were 20.9% and 14.9% in all the elderly of both sexes, respectively. 2. The rates of depression and cognitive impairment increased with increasing age in both sex groups. The mean scores of SDS increased and the mean scores of MMSEK decreased significantly among them (p<0.01). 3. Those being female, widows or widowers, and those having low levels of physical activity, showed significantly high the mean scores of depression and had significantly low the mean scores of cognitive impairment (p<0.01). 4. The depression scores relating to decreased libido, confusion, psychomotor retardation, hopelessness and indecisiveness were relatively high in both sexes. 5. All the items of mini-mental state examination were significantly correlated with depression. 6. In stepwise multiple regression analysis on depression, MMSEK, level of physical activity, chronic disease, marital status and family income were selected as highly correlated variables, and the $R^2$-value for these variables was 33.7%. 7. In stepwise multiple regression analysis on cognitive function, level of physical activity, age, depression, sex and marital status were selected as highly correlated variables, and the $R^2$-value for these variables was 62.6%. The depression and cognitive impairment of the elderly were positively correlated with nearly all sociodemographic variables.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.29-44
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this research is to examine the efficacy of Gamisoyosan on anxiety of generalized anxiety disorder according to dosage form. Methods : In this randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled study, we planned to give Gamisoyosan simple extract mixture or Gamisoyosan compound extract or controlled medication for major symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. As preparatory research, Hamilton rating Scale for Anxiety(HAM-A) was measured as the 1st evaluative instrument, and Korean State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI-K), Penn State Worry Questionnaire(PSWQ) Korean Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-K), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised(SCL-90R), WHO Quality of Life Abbreviated(WHOQOL-BREF) and Heart Rate Variability(HRV) were also measured as the 2nd evaluative instrument at the before treatment. Results : Demographic characteristics showed that there are Clinical characteristics-vital signs are within the normal range. The characteristics of disease-chief complaint, pattern Identification and etiological factor of the highest frequency number were worry, heart deficiency with timidity(心膽虛怯), family matters. The average period of disease in subjects is 6.31years. The results of Chest PA, EKG and clinicopathologic examination are within the reference range. The Scores of HAM-A, STAI-K, PSWQ were measured above the cutoff point. There are significant positive correlations among HAM-A, STAI-K, BDI-K and among HAM-A, STAI-K, PSWQ. There are no significant correlations between PSWQ and BDI-K. Conclusions : We considered that selection of subjects in this research is appropriately accomplished And this methodology is expected to be applied to the subsequent research. And also, we hope to make up for this study through various study and discussion.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.135-147
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• 2020

Objectives: Hwa-byung is a mental illness. It is also known as a Korean culture-related syndrome. In traditional Korean medicine, Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang is used to treat Hwa-byung related neuropsychiatric symptoms. The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang on Hwa-byung. Methods: A multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was performed for 160 patients with Hwa-byung. Patients were divided into a Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang group and a placebo group. Treatment period was 8 weeks. Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), Likert scale for major symptoms of Hwa-byung, Hwa-byung Scale (HBS), Korean Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI), Korean State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (K-STAI), Korean State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (K-STAXI), and Korean WHO Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF) were used to evaluate the effect of Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang on Hwa-byung. We also used an Instrument of Pattern Identification for Hwa-Byung to evaluate different responses for six patterns of patients. Results: Scores of all the measurements improved significantly for each group, showing no significant differences between the two groups. In the case of deficiency of both Qi and blood pattern, the Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang group showed a significant decrease in the HAM-A score compared to the placebo group. Conclusions: The effect of Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang on Hwa-byung did not exceed that of the placebo. Further studies involving more elaborate pattern identification are needed.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.64-72
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• 2015

Risk Based Inspection (RBI) Period was proposed for highway bridges in Korea. Hazard factors affecting bridge condition deterioration were found by analyzing condition data from Highway Bridge Management System (HBMS). Certain level of correlations between those factors and condition deterioration were found. They are used to evaluate hazard score. Summarizing several hazard factors, final hazard is classified as three level;high, moderate, low. Vulnerability is assessed only by the current state of bridge. Then, risk matrix is suggested for inspection periods. Inspection periods of the bridges with grade C, D, and E are maintained the same as before. But, those of grade A and B with moderate and high hazard score are elongated to maximum 6 years while the maximum inspection period is three years at present. By adjusting inspection period according to risk assessment, it was shown that 27% of average inspection manpower can be saved.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-107
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• 1997

As a preliminary step to develop the Daily stress Inventory(DSI) for assessing minor stressors frequently experienced in everyday lift. We examined the reliability and validity of the DSI. The Daily Stress Inventory(DSI), the Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI), the Social Readjustment Rating Scale(SRRS) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI) were administered to 111 college students. Compared with the weekly DSI Event, Impact and I/E ratio scores of the American college students, the weekly event and I/E ratio scores of the Korean college students were significantly higher but weekly Impact score was lower. The internal consistency reliability of the DSI as computed by Cronbach alpha was .98. The DSI I/E ratio scores were significantly correlated with the scores of State Anxiety$({\gamma}=.27)$ and Trait Anxiety${\gamma}=.24)$, but not with BDI scores. And the SSRS scores were not significantly correlated to the DSI Event or Impact and In ratio scores. Significant correlations were revealed between the DSI Impact scores and the Sc and Ma scales of the MMPI. And the correlation between the DSI I/E ratio scores and the L, D, Hy, Pd and Pa scales of the MMPI was also significant. But no significant correlation was found between the DSI Event scores and all the scales of the MMPI. This study suggests that the DSI can be a reliable and valid tool to assess the minor stress frequently experienced in everyday life future study should be directed to obtain normative data based on more varied and larger population. Especially gathering additional evidences for the validity of the DSI using other minor stressor scale will be required.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of conservative treatment on Achondroplasia patient who has low back pain with radiation. Methods : The patient was treated by conservative treatment including acupuncture, pharmaco acupuncture, chu-na manipulation, herbal medicine. Numeric rating scale(NRS), Oswestry disability index(ODI) were used to evaluate pain reduction. Physical examination also used to compare with admission state and discharge state. Results : After 1 month admission treatment, NRS decreased 9 to 6, ODI dcreased 56 to 42, ROM improved as normal person. Conclusions : It was efficient that Achondroplasia patient who has low back pain with radiation treated as conservative treatment including acupuncture, pharmaco acupuncture, chu-na manipulation, herbal medicine. But It was just one case and treatments were carried out in Integrative Package. So further studies are required to compare that which treatment is efficient.