• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.1095-1099
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• 2008

Critical state theory involves two state boundary surface. One is Roscoe surface and the other is Hvorslev surface. The shape of these boundary surface was changed because of several parameters : Critical state constant(M), spacing ratio (r) and critical state pore pressure coefficient($\wedge$). As these constants make difference to each model and the way of solution, they may affect the shape of state boundary surface. Specially, spacing ratio (r) is important. On this study, triaxial compression test was performed using remolded weathered mudstone soil and investigated variation of state boundary surface because of spacing ratio. In the results of prediction, critical state point was located highly and the shape of boundary surface was changed more tightly curve as decreasing spacing ratio.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.66 no.12
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• pp.1759-1771
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• 2017

In this paper, an improved continuous integral variable structure systems(ICIVSS) with the prescribed control performance is designed for simple regulation controls of uncertain general linear systems. An integral sliding surface with an integral state having a special initial condition is adopted for removing the reaching phase and predetermining the ideal sliding trajectory from a given initial state to the origin in the state space. The ideal sliding dynamics of the integral sliding surface is analytically obtained and the solution of the ideal sliding dynamics can predetermine the ideal sliding trajectory(integral sliding surface) from the given initial state to the origin. Provided that the value of the integral sliding surface is bounded by certain value by means of the continuous input, the norm of the state error to the ideal sliding trajectory is analyzed and obtained in Theorem 1. A corresponding discontinuous control input with the exponential stability is proposed to generate the perfect sliding mode on the every point of the pre-selected sliding surface. For practical applications, the discontinuity of the VSS control input is approximated to be continuous based on the proposed modified fixed boundary layer method. The bounded stability by the continuous input is investigated in Theorem 3. With combining the results of Theorem 1 and Theorem 3, as the prescribed control performance, the pre specification on the error to the ideal sliding trajectory is possible by means of the boundary layer continuous input with the integral sliding surface. The suggested algorithm with the continuous input can provide the effective method to increase the control accuracy within the boundary layer by means of the increase of the $G_1$ gain. Through an illustrative design example and simulation study, the usefulness of the main results is verified.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 1997

Digital variable structure controller(DVSC) is implemented to control the temperature for the hot water heating circulating pump control system. For the DVSC, a control algorithm is suggested, which using a nonlinear sliding surface and a PID sliding surface outside and inside of steady state error boundary layer, respectively. Smith predictor algorithm is used for the compensation of long dead time. The DVSC of the suggested algorithm yields improved control performance compared with the one of existing algorithm. The system responses with the suggested DVSC shows good responses without overshoot and steady state error inspite of heating load change. By decreasing sampling time, dead time and rise time are increasing, and system output noise by flow dynamics is amplified.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.2231-2244
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• 2005

An efficient boundary-based optimization technique is applied in the numerical computation of free surface flow problems, by reformulating them into the equivalent optimal shape design problems. While the sensitivity in the boundary method has mainly been calculated using the boundary element method (BEM) as an analysis means, the finite element method (FEM) is used in this study because of its popularity and easy-to-use features. The advantage of boundary method is that the design velocity vectors are needed only on the boundary, not over the whole domain. As such, a determination of the complicated domain design velocity field, which is necessary in the domain method, is eliminated, thereby making the process easy to implement and efficient. Seepage and supercavitating flow problem are chosen to illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 2021

In this study, the method of determining the state of grid points in the adaptable surface particle method based on grid system developed as a free-surface tracing method was improved. The adaptable surface particle method is a method of determining the state of the grid point according to the shape of the free-surface and obtaining the intersection of the given free-surface and grid line where the state of the grid point changes. It is difficult to determine the state of grid points in the event of rapid flow, such as collision or separation of free-surfaces, and this study suggests a method for determining the state of current grid points using the state of surrounding grid points where the state of grid point are known. A grid layer value was assigned sequentially to a grid away from the free-surface, centering on the boundary cell where the free-surface exists, to identify the connection information that the grid was separated from the free-surface, and to determine the state of the grid point sequentially from a grid away from the free-surface to a grid close to the free-surface. To verify the improved method, a numerical analysis was made on the problem of dam break in which a sudden collision of free-surface occurred and the results were compared, and the results were relatively reasonable.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.281-283
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• 2009

Marquardt method is used to estimate the aerodynamic parameters in urban area of Beijing City, China, including displacement length (d), roughness length ($z_0$) and friction velocity (u*) and drag coefficient. The surface drag coefficient defined as the ratio between friction velocity and mean wind speed is 0.125 in our research, which is close to typical urban area value. The averaged d and $z_0$ are 1.2 m and 7.6 m. d and $z_0$ change with direction because of the surface heterogeneity over urban surface and reach their maximum values at S-SW sector, this tendency agrees with the surface rough element distribution around the observation tower.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.338-344
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• 2000

Grain boundary chemistry and electrical characteristics of polycrystalline BaTiO3 ceramics, which were prepared with sol-gel surface-coated semiconducting powders, were investigated. Mn ions were coated on the powder surface by sol-gel coating-techniques. The additives coated on the surface of the powders were observed to be present near the grain boundaries of the ceramics. The ceramics exhibit the PTCR characteristics with a resistivity jump ratio(Pmax/Pmin) of about 2$\times$103. With raising the temperature from room temprature to 20$0^{\circ}C$, the oxidation state of the Mn ions varied from Mn3+ to Mn2+ in the coating layers. Near the grain boundaries an excessive negative charge layer of about 20nm was formed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 1994

An one dimensional atmosphere-vegetation interaction model is developed to discuss of the effect of vegetation on heat flux in mesoscale planetary boundary layer. The canopy model was a coupled system of three balance equations of energy, moisture at ground surface and energy state of canopy with three independent variables of $T_f$(foliage temperature), $T_g$(ground temperature) and $q_g$(ground specific humidity). The model was verified by comparative study with OSUID(Oregon State University One Dimensional Model) proved in HYPEX-MOBHLY experiment. As the result, both vegetation and soil characteristics can be emphasized as an important factor iii the analysis of heat flux in the boundary layer. From the numerical experiments, following heat flux characteristics are clearly founded simulation. The larger shielding factor(vegetation) increase of $T_f$ while decrease $T_g$. because vegetation cut solar radiation to ground. Vegetation, the increase of roughness and resistance, increase of sensible heat flux in foliage while decrease the latent heat flux in the foliage.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.551-561
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• 2008

In order to clarify the impact of anti-heat insulation pavement on the thermal structure of atmospheric boundary layer, field experiments and numerical simulations were carried out. Field experiment with various pavements were also conducted for 24 hours from 09LST 19 June 2007. And numerical experiment mainly focused on the impact of albedo variation, which is strongly associated with thermal characteristics of insulated pavement materials, on the temporal variation of planterly boundary layer. Numerical model used in this study is one dimension model with Planterly Boundary Layer developed by Oregon State University (OSUPBL). Because anti-heat insulation pavement material shows higher albedo value, not only maximum surface temperature but also maximum surface air temperature on anti-heat insulation pavement is lower than that on asphalt. The maximum value of surface temperature only reach on $49.5^{\circ}C$. As results of numerical simulations, surface sensible heat flux and the height of mixing layer are also influenced by the values of albedo. Therefore the characteristics of urban surface material and its impact on atmosphere should be clarified before the urban planning including improvement of urban heat environment and air quality.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.50-56
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• 1986

This report deals with a study on the boundary layer characteristics of TP620 hydrofoil in the steady state by using two dimensional boundary layer theory. On the basis of complex velocity and laminar and turbulent boundary layer theory, the author attempts to know some tendency by evaluating the performance characteristic values of TP620 hydrofoil working in a uniform flow. In deriving characteristic values, he calculates numerically velocity, momentum thickness, skin friction coefficient, shape factor, and displacement thickness on the TP620 hydrofoil working at each attack angle in a uniform flow. Applying this present numerical calculation using Thwaites' and Head's method, the results of boundary layer on the hydrofoil are shown to be influenced by surface velocity and attack angle.