• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of electromechanical gait trainer therapy in stroke patients. The gait trainer was designed to provide nonambulatory subjects the repetitive practice of a gait-like movement without overstraining therapist. To simulate normal gait, discrete stance and swing phase, lasting 60% and 40% of the gait cycle respectively, and the control of the movement of the centre of mass were required. Methods : This preliminary study investigated during 8 weeks therapy on the gait trainer could improve gait ability in 5 subacute and chronic hemiparetic stroke patients. Gait ability(time up & go [TUG], comfortable and maximal gait speed and functional ambulation category[FAC]), functional movement of lower extremity(Fugl-Meyer Assessment [FMA] and composite spasticity score [CSS]) and sensory of lower extremity(Fugl-Meyer Assessment sensory [FMA-s])were the measured. Results : TUG, comfortable and maximal gait speed and FMA were improved significantly. Although FAC, FMA-s and CSS were improved, there were not statistically significant. Conclusion : Therefore, the gait trainer enabled affected patients the repetitive practice of a gait-like movement, which is important for the restoration of walking ability.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.47-55
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• 2009

In this study, a robot foot having toes for firm stepping on uneven surface is proposed. The toes are connected to the lower leg by parallel links so that the lower leg can rotate in the rolling and pitching directions during stance phase without ankle joint. The landing performance of the foot on uneven surface was evaluated by relative comparison with that of the most common foot making point contact with the walking surface, since the test conditions considering real uneven surface could be hardly defined for its objective evaluation. Anti-slip margin(ASM) was defined in this study to express the slip resistance of a robot foot when it lands on a projection with half circular-, triangular- or rectangular cross section, assuming that uneven surface consists of projections having these kind of cross sections in different sizes. Based on the ASM analysis, the slip conditions for the two feet were experimentally confirmed. The results showed that the slip resistance of the new foot is not only higher than that of the conventional point contact type foot but also less sensitive to the surface friction coefficient.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in FT (free-torque) components between non-fatigue and fatigue conditions induced by prolonged running. Methods: Fifteen healthy runners with no previous lower-extremity fractures ($22.0{\pm}2.1$ years of age) participated in this study. Ground reaction force data were collected for the right-stance phase for 10 strides of 5 and 125-min running periods at 1,000 Hz using an instrumented force platform (instrumented dual-belt treadmills, Bertec, USA) while the subjects ran on it. The running speed was set according to the preferences of the subjects, which were determined before the experiment. FT variables were calculated from the components of the moment and force output from the force platform. A repeated-measures one-way ANOVA was used to test for significant differences between the two conditions. The alpha level for all the statistical tests was 0.05. Results: The absolute FT at the peak braking force was significantly greater after 5 mins of running than after 125 mins of running-which was regarded as a fatigued state-but there were no significant differences in the absolute peak FT or impulse between the conditions. Conclusion: The FT variables in the fatigue condition during prolonged running hardly affect the tibial stress syndrome.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.1-9
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• 1993

A human gait study is required for the biomechanical design of running shoes. A tow-dimensional dynamic model was developed in order to analyze lower extremity kinematics and loadings at the right ankle, knee, and hip joints. The dynamic model consists of three segments, the upper leg, the lower leg, and the foot. Each segment was assumed to be a rigid body with one or two frictionless hinge joints. The lower extremity motion was assumed to be planar in the sagittal plane. A young male subject was involved in the gait test and his anthropometric data were measured for the calculation of segement mass and moment of inertia. The experimental data were obtained from three trials of walking at 1.2m/s. The foot-floor reaction data were measured from a Kistler force plate. The kinematic data were acquired using a three-dimensional motion measurement system (Expert Vision) with six markers, five of which were placed on the right lower extremity segments and the rest one was attached to the force plate. Based on the model and experimental data for the stance phase of the right foot, the calculated vertical forces reached up to 492, 540, and 561 N at the hip, knee, ankle joints, respectively. The flexion-extension moments reached up to 155, 119, and 33 Nm in magnitude at the corresponding joints.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2013

Objective: This paper analyzes the changes on stride parameters, joint angles, and trajectories of the body parts due to high heels during walking and explains the causal relationship between the changes and high heels. Background: This study aims to indicate the comprehensive gait changes by high heels on the whole body for women wearing high heels and researchers interested in high-heeled walking. Method: The experiment was designed in which two different shoe heel heights were used for walking (1cm, 9.8cm), and twelve women participated in the test. In the experiment, 35 points on the body were tracked to extract the stride parameters, joint angles, and trajectories of the body parts. Results: Double support time increased, but stride length decreased in high-heeled walking. The knee inflexed more at stance phase and the spine rotation became more severe. The trajectories of the pelvis, the trunk and the head presented outstanding fluctuations in the vertical direction. Conclusion: The double support time and the spine rotation were changed to compensate instability by high heels. Reduced range of motion of the ankle joint influenced on the stride length, the knee flexion, and fluctuations of the body parts. Application: This study can provide an insight of the gait changes by high heels through the entire body.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2014

Architecture is a product of numerous influences, as shown in the apprenticeships of Kim, Jung-Up and Kim, Swoo-Geun with Le Corbusier's influences. Therefore, its identity is need to be re-defined based on such complex relationships. The rhetorical images of 'the Map of Misreading', as the core of the poetic identification proposed by Harold Bloom's 'the Theory of Influence', provide an efficient way of explaining the relations between architectural apprenticeships and identities. This research is to re-build a new methodology of architectural criticism based on it. The diachronic transformations of the architecture of Seung, Hyo-Sang also had very characteristic 'revisionary ratios' about his precursor Kim, Swoo-Geun. As an antithetic stance of his precursor's final phase, his early days works pursued continuously geometric abstraction and objective images of the architecture of Adolf Loos. However, his recent works are showing the obvious symptoms of regression to his origins. Finally, the architectural identity should be re-conceptualized as a complexity, based on inter-textuality from complex influences. This new architectural identity can be reflected into the modern obsessive identity.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.23-29
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• 2007

The purpose of this study were to investigate the differences between female and male basketball players in knee neuromuscular biomechanical factors during basketball rebound jump. Twelve high school female ($17.9{\pm}0.8years$) and twelve male ($19.0{\pm}1.6years$) basketball players rebound jumped for maximal vertical height to sufficiently stress the anterior cruciate ligament. Kinematic and ground reaction data were collected and combined with inverse dynamics to estimate the knee extensor and abductor torque. The EMG data from the biceps femoris and rectus femoris was used to estimate the ratio of quadriceps muscle activity. Female athletes showed more reduced knee flexion at foot contact, more increased knee abduction, extensor and abductor knee joint torque at foot contact, and quadriceps ratio at stance phase than those of male athletes. In conclusion, Female athletes showed differences in knee neuromuscular biomechanical factors than male athletes during basketball rebound jump.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.183-207
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the temporo-spatial gait characteristics of healthy elderly people with those osteoarthritis patients. 100 patients reported knee osteoarthritis, diagnosed at the hospital or clinic located in Daegu and Kyungbuk province and 100 normal elderly subjects were participated in this study. Temporal and spatial parameters of gait were analysed for using the computerized GAITRite system. The system integrates specific components of locomotions to provide a single, numerical representation of gait, the Functional Ambulation Performance score. Differences in gait characteristics between the two groups were examined using a correlated t-test and Pearson Correlation(p<.05). Significant differences were observed between the groups for temporal parameters(step time, double support time, stance phase, mean velocity) and spatial parameters(step length, step/extremity ratio)(p<.05). Also there was difference in the functional ambulation performance score between normal elderly subjects and knee osteoarthritis patients(p<.05). Consequently, it may help detect the abnormal gait pattern indicated the main problem in degenerative knee osteoarthritis patients as well as provide data analysing the pathokinesiologic components by comparing normal elderly.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.587-592
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• 1999

압력측정시스템은 입각기동안 동적압력분포를 성공적으로 측정할 수 있으나 하중수용기-중간입각기, 말기입각기-전유각기의 전환기들에 대해서는 운동분석시스템을 사용하지않고는 정확한 정의가 불가능하다. 따라서 저자들은 수평자유보행 시 압력중심의 이동을 이해하기 위해서 정상적인 발을 가진 20-30대 성인남자 78명을 대상으로 동작분석과발바닥 압력측정을 동시에 수행하였다. 결과로 하중반응기-중간입각기 전환시기의 발바닥 압력중심점은 후족부와 중족부의 경계선에서 앞쪽으로 1.9$\pm$1.5frame(32$\pm$24msec)에 위치하였으며 말기입각기-전유각기 전환시기에는 중족골두 최대 압력점의 앞쪽으로 2.3$\pm$2.0 frame(38$\pm$33msec)에 위치하였다. 정상수평보행에 있어서 최초접지 순간 압력중심은 전방으로 빠르게 이동하다가 바로 급속히 감소하여 하중반응기-중간입각기의 전환시기에는 작은 속도로 이동하였다. 압력중심의 이동속도는 그 후 다시 서서히 증가하다가 전체 보행주기의 25% 전후에서 서서히 감소하여 비교적 일정하다가 말기입각기-전유각기의 전환시점에서 다시 급격한 증가를 보였다. 족부질환과 보행특성을 판단하는데 있어서 압력중심의 이동궤적은 매우 유용한 인자가 될 것으로 기대된다. 본 연구를 통해서 압력측정시스템만으로는 정의할 수 없었던 두 전환기인 하중반응기-중간입각기, 말기입각기-전유각기를 결정할 수있게 되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 2021

PURPOSE: This study examined the relationship between the severity of a hallux valgus (HV) deformity and the kinetic three-dimensional ground reaction force (GRF) through a motion analysis system with force platforms in individuals with a HV deformity during normal speed walking. METHODS: The participants were 36 adults with a HV deformity. The participants were asked to walk on a 6 m walkway with 40 infrared reflective markers attached to their pelvic and lower extremities. A camera capture system and two force platforms were used to collect kinetic data during gait. A Vicon Nexus and Visual3D motion analysis software were used to calculate the kinetic GRF data. RESULTS: This research showed that the anterior maximal force that occurred in the terminal stance phase during gait had a negative correlation with the HV angle (r = -.762, p < .01). In addition, the HV angle showed a low negative correlation with the second vertical maximal force (r = .346, p < .05) and a moderate positive correlation with the late medial maximal force (r = .641, p < .01). CONCLUSION: A more severe HV deformity results in greater abnormal translation of the plantar pressure and a significantly reduced pressure force under the first metatarsophalangeal joint.