• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.85-103
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine what effects would the midsole hardness of running shoes have on shoe flex angle and maximum propulsive force. Furthermore, the relationship between the shoes flex angle and maximum propulsive force was elucidated in order to provide basic data for developing running shoes to improve sports performances and prevent injuries. The subjects employed in the study were 10 college students majoring in physical education who did not have lower limbs injuries for the last one year and whose running pattern was rearfoot strike pattern of normal foot. The shoes used in this study had 3different hardness, shore A 40(soft), 50(medium) and 60(hard). The subjects were asked to run at a speed of $4{\pm}0.08m/sec$, and their movements were videotaped with 2 S-VHS video-cameras and measured with a force platform. And the following results were obtained after analyzing and comparing the variables. 1. Although the minimum angle of shoes flex angle was estimated to appear at SFA4, it appeared at SFA2 except in those shoes with the hardness of 40. 2. The minimum angle of shoes flex angle was $145.1^{\circ}$ with barefoot. Among the shoes with different hardness, it was the smallest when the hardness was 50 at $149.9^{\circ}$. The time to the minimum angle was 70.7% of the total ground contact time. 3. Maximum propulsive force according to midsole hardness was the largest when the hardness was 50 at $1913.9{\pm}184.3N$. There was a low correlation between maximum propulsive force and shoes flex angle.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.45-55
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• 2002

This article review the animals physical therapy. It is so called veterinary physical therapy. The animals physical therapist is working to physical therapy for animals in veterinary clinical field. The veterinary medicine has not veterinary rehabilitation medicine or physical therapy for animals, also physical therapy field in Korea. So, This research will explain about animals physical therapy of Korea and other countries' by journals and internet information and suggest the future of the animals physical therapist. Finally, The veterinary physical therapy is not used to veterinary clinical field in now. But, The veterinary physical therapy will desire to the view of medical serve and economy by the host of animals and clinical veterinarian the future. Animal physical therapy is a new and rapidly developing field of health care for animals. The benefits of physical therapy have long been recognized in humans. More recently, work in the veterinary field has shown the same benefits of physical therapy to be true for animal patients. Performing orthopaedic or neurological surgery, or fitting a human patient with a cast or splint, and then discharging the patient is an outdated approach. In such cases, physical therapy is clearly warranted. Similarly, recent research has shown that post-surgical rehabilitation and therapy after injuries significantly improves the functional outcomes for animals. Physical Therapy is a healthcare profession directed at evaluating, restoring and maintaining physical function and movement. Working with the owner, veterinarian and often other healthcare professionals, a physiotherapist helps your animal to achieve and maintain optimal health and well-being. Equipped with a specialized university Bacheloriate education and intensively educated in Anatomy, Physiology, Biomechanics, Histology, Neurology, and Pathology, PT's are able to assess, diagnose and treat movement and function. Physical Therapy, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation are recognized sciences applied to both humans and animals. The goals of physiotherapy are to relieve pain, restore range of motion/movement, improve function, prevent injuries and expand the physical potential of the patient. Once in the field, physical therapists actively continue their education to keep up to date on the latest treatments and technologies. Via continuing education courses, physiotherapists can learn how to apply their unique and specialized knowledge to other animal species.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.19-29
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• 2008

Background : Ankle inversion sprains are one of the most common injuries in sports and activities of daily living that mostly concern physically active individuals. In most researches, proprioceptive deficit, muscle weakness and/or absent coordination have been regarded as a contributing factors. Despite the high incidence of ankle sprain and instability, therapeutic approaches to properly manage the symptoms have rarely been investigated. This study aimed to identify the effect of proprioceptive exercise program that is easy to integrate in normal training program. Methods : Subjects were randomly allocated to control group and experimental group consisting of 11 and 10 patients, respectively. The conservative treatment for the control group consisted of hot packs, ultrasound and TENS. In addition, the experimental group performed 7 exercises to enhance proprioceptive function of ankle joint. The therapeutic intervention of the controland experimental groups was performed a total of 20 exercise sessions, averaging 50 hour each, 5 times per week for 4 weeks. To compare the two groups, the level of ankle disability was assessed by using the ankle injury score scale in pre- and post-treatment. Results : On assessment of post-treatment, there were statistically significant differences in the scores of all sub-items, except for ankle laxity and range of motion, and the total score of ankle injury score scale between the two groups(p<0.05). In comparison between pre- and post-treatments, the significant difference in the scores of all sub-items and total score didn't appear for the control group, while the scores of most sub-items and total score of the experimental group were shown the statistically significant difference(p<0.05). Conclusion : The findings suggest that the proprioceptive exercise program is more effective for relieving ankle disability than conservative treatment therefore, the program to improve proprioceptive function should be recommended for prevention and rehabilitation of recurrent ankle inversion injuries.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2021

Background: To fight the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many countries have implemented social distancing and lockdowns. We investigated the changes in the trauma patterns of emergency plastic surgeries in the midst of a pandemic. Methods: A retrospective review of the medical records of all patients treated for emergency plastic surgeries was performed at our hospital in Seoul. We conducted the analysis between March 1 and June 30, 2020, and compared the data obtained with that of the same period in 2019. We also investigated changes in trauma patterns according to the social distancing level from July 2020 to February 2021. Results: There was a total of 800 emergency plastic surgery patients from March to June 2020, which was less than the 981 in the corresponding period in 2019. The proportion of patients aged 7-17 years and ≥ 80 in 2020 showed a significant decrease. In 2020, patients presenting with facial trauma decreased and hand trauma, markedly laceration, increased significantly. In 2020, more injuries happened at home, whereas significantly fewer injuries happened on the streets. In 2020, slipping and sports injury decreased, whereas penetrating injury increased significantly. In the changes observed according to the social distancing level, there were significant differences in age classification, facial open wound, and the mechanism of injury. Conclusion: Social distancing has caused a change in emergency plastic surgeries. To ensure safe and appropriate treatment, strict epidemiologic workup and protective equipment are required.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of injury in the anterior cruciate ligament tears sustained in participation in soccer. Materials and methods: 50 patients whose knees were injured during playing soccer were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 27 years old, 47 were male and 3 female. 15 of them were either professional or amateur soccer players, the rest were non-professional. The injury mechanism was investigated by evaluation of the medical records or by telephone interview. Results: The injury mechanism involved contact injuries in 17 patients and non-contact in 33. 41 patients were bearing weight on the involved side at the time of injury, and 9 patients were not. In cases of contact injury, 9 of the 17 patients had sustained a valgus force to the knee, and 5 patients had varus force, 11 patients had their foot planted, and 6 did not. Among those patients with a planted foot, 3 patients were injured by the rotation of the thigh, 1 patient was injured by hyperextension, and there were no deceleration mechanism injuries. In non-contact injuries, 30 out of 33 patients had their foot planted at time of injury and only 3 patients did not. Of these 30 patients, 16 were injured by the rotation of thigh, 6 sustained a varus force on the knee joint and 5 had a valgus force, 5 were injured by hyperextension, and 2 by deceleration. 3 patients, who did not have their foot planted, were injured while kicking with the involved leg. Conclusions: For soccer players in this series, the most common mechanisms resulting in anterior cruciate ligament tears were non-contact, most often by rotation of the torso over a planted foot. In contact injuries, the most common mechanism was the application of valgus force by tackle.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.92-95
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• 2012

Iliacus muscle tears are a rare injury seen after the high-energy trauma or as a result of low-energy injuries in patients with a bleeding diathesis as coagulopathy, receiving anticoagulation therapy and hemophiliac. Femoral nerve palsy due to compression from a hematoma by iliacus muscle rupture are rarely reported. Routine evaluation includes MRI to confirm and define the pathologic abnormality supplemented by EMG and nerve conduction studies to evaluate patterns and extent of femoral nerve injury. Hematologic evaluation for bleeding diathesis may preceded, if suspicion of coagulopathy is present. We report the case of a healthy 32-year-old male with iliacus rupture and concomitant femoral nerve palsy sustained by kicking motion during soccer game. After 6 months of observation with non-operative treatment regimen, satisfactory results were obtained, so we report it with a review of the literatures.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical properties of shock absorption strategy and postural stability during the drop landing for each types. Methods : The motions were captured with Vicon Motion Capture System, with the fourteen infra-red cameras (100Hz) and synchronized with GRF(ground reaction force) data(1000Hz). Ten male soccer players performed a drop landing with single-leg and bi-legs on the 30cm height box. Dependent variables were the CoM trajectory and the Joint Moment. Statistical computations were performed using the paired t-test and ANOVA with Turkey HSD as post-hoc. Results : The dominant leg was confirmed to show a significant difference between the left leg and right leg as the inverted pendulum model during Drop Landing(Phase 1 & Phase 2). One-leg drop landing type had the higher CoM displacement, the peak of joint moment with the shock absorption than Bi-leg landing type. As a lower extremity joint kinetics analysis, the knee joint showed a function of shock absorption in the anterior-posterior, and the hip joint showed a function of the stability and shock absorption in the medial-lateral directions. Conclusion : These findings indicate that the instant equilibrium of posture balance(phase 1) was assessed by the passive phase as Class 1 leverage on the effect of the stability of shock absorption(phase 2) assessed by the active phase on the effect of Class 2 leverage. Application : This study shows that the cause of musculo-skeletal injuries estimated to be focused on the passive phase of landing and this findings could help the prevention of lower damage from loads involving landing related to the game of sports.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2003

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of patellar tendinitis, to discover the patellar tendinitis in top level male volley ball players. Materials and Methods: Thirteen members of the male adult volleyball players were included in this study. From history and physical examination, 3 of the 13 players had patellar tendon pain associated with activity and were diagnosed as patellar tendinitis at the time of the study. Investigators were blinded about the injury status of the players. For all players, data such as age, volleyball experience, amount of training and competition hours were recorded. Results: Of the thirteen cases, two spikers complained pain on the lower pole of the patella, one setter on the upper pole. Conclusion: This findings suggest that patellar tendinitis in the volleyball players are influenced by the amount of the practice and their position. In most cases, the supervised control of the practice will reduce the overuse injuries in the volleyball players.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.159-175
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• 1999

The purpose of this study lies in providing the basic materials for wrestlers' control of health and physical strength, the preventive, measure for injury during a practice or a game and the scientific training method for upgrading competitive power in a game. The result of analyzing the occurring tendency and therapeutical actions and attitude of sports injury, taking the 258 wrestlers from a high school, an university and pro-team as the object of study through a questioning sheet are like following. 1. Among every wrestlers' causes of injury, the main cause was a physical collision occupying $\50\%$, and an excessive training occupied $30\%$. on the contrary, the unsatisfied wrestler's cause of injury was a shortage of mental concentration and a burden of weight, occupying each $19\%$ and $17\%$. Therefore in order to prevent the injury, you should take care of especially in time of physical collision in a practice or a grme and prevent an excessive training. 2. The seasion with the most frequent occurrence of injury is the winter$(78\%)$, and in the spring and summer$(5.5\%)$, the frequency of occurrence of injury is very low. In the meantime, considering by occurring time, during a practice$(95\%)$ the injury occurs most frequently and during a game$(5\%)$ occure least frequently. Therefore, in order to reduce the injury, you should warm up sufficiently before the training and the practice and concentrate all of you attention and mind. 3. The injury occurs most highly in the afternoon hours occupying about $80\%$, and a little in the dawn and morning hours but in the contrary rarely in the night. 4. As the wrestler's injury type, the injury on muscles and tendons occupies the most to take $65\%$ of the whole injuries.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of shock attenuation strategies between double-leg and single-leg landing on sagittal plane using statistical parametric mapping. Method: Nine healthy female professional soccer players (age: 24.0±2.5 yrs, height: 164.9±3.3 cm, weight: 55.7±6.6 kg, career: 11.2±1.4 yrs) were participated in this study. The subjects performed 10 times of double-leg and single-leg landing from the box of 30 cm height onto force plates respectively. The ground reaction force, angle, moment, angular velocity, and power of the ankle, knee, and hip joint on sagittal plane was calculated from initial contact to maximum knee flexion during landing phase. Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare the biomechanical variables of double-leg and single-leg landing of the dominant leg throughout the landing phase. Each mean difference of variables was analyzed using a paired t-test and alpha level was set to 0.05. Results: For the biomechanical variables, significantly increased vertical ground reaction force, plantarflexion moment of the ankle joint, negative ankle joint power and extension moment of the hip joint were found in single-leg landing compared to double-leg landing (p<.05). In addition, the flexion angle and angular velocity of the knee and hip joint in double-leg landing were observed significantly greater than single-leg landing, respectively (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings suggested that negative joint power and plantarflexion moment of the ankle joint can contribute to shock absorption during single-leg landing and may be the factors for preventing the musculoskeletal injuries of the lower extremity by an external force.